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Un enjeu scientifique majeur du XXIème siècle est de prédire l'impact du changement climatique sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Dans les Océans, le plancton joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation du climat, les cycles biogéochimiques et la dynamique des réseaux trophiques marins. Le zooplancton transfert l'énergie depuis les producteurs primaires vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs, tout en participant à la pompe à carbone biologique. Pourtant, les liens entre sa diversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins demeurent méconnus. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la diversité taxinomique et fonctionnelle du groupe majeur du zooplancton, les copépodes, dans un point chaud de biodiversité : la Mer Méditerranée. Le travail effectué vise à: (i) définir de nouveaux groupes fonctionnels du zooplancton à partir de traits fonctionnels; (ii) tester si ces groupes possèdent des niches environnementales distinctes; et (iii) analyser comment le changement climatique pourra modifier la diversité des assemblages en Mer Méditerranée, et la diversité fonctionnelle associée. Un nouveau jeu de données de traits fonctionnels a été implémenté depuis la littérature afin de définir des groupes fonctionnels. Les occurrences des espèces ont été utilisées pour modéliser leurs niches environnementales. Puis, plusieurs modèles de niche ont été développés pour prédire l'évolution de la diversité α et β des assemblages de copépodes de la Mer Méditerranée sous divers scénarii de changement climatique. Finalement, les résultats sont discutés pour fournir une vision synoptique de l'impact du changement climatique sur la diversité fonctionnelle des copépodes en Mer Méditerranée. / One of the 21st century’s greatest scientific issues is to predict the impact of climate change on the functioning of ecosystems. In the Ocean, the plankton plays a pivotal role in climate regulation, biogeochemical cycles, and marine food webs dynamics. The zooplankton transfer energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels, while actively exporting organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean. However, the links between zooplanktonic diversity and marine ecosystem functioning are still poorly understood. During this PhD project, we have studied the taxonomic and functional diversity of the major marine zooplanktonic groups, the copepods, in biodiversity hotspot: the Mediterranean Sea. This work aims to: (i) define new zooplankton functional groups based on functional traits of many copepod species; (ii) test whether said groups present distinct environmental niches; and (iii) explore how climate change may modify the diversity of Mediterranean assemblages, and the associated functional diversity. A new dataset of species functional traits was gathered from the literature and was used to identify functional groups. The species’ occurrences were used to model their environmental niches, thus highlighting the control of abiotic conditions on the distribution of species. Multiple niche models were implemented to predict the evolution of the α and β diversity of Mediterranean copepod species assemblages under different climate change scenarios. Finally, the results from this PhD are discussed to provide a synoptic vision of the impact of climate change on copepod functional diversity in the Mediterranean Sea.

abstract: Second-generation biofuel feedstocks are currently grown in land-based systems that use valuable resources like water, electricity and fertilizer. This study investigates the potential of near-shore marine (ocean) seawater filtration as a source of planktonic biomass for biofuel production. Mixed marine organisms in the size range of 20µm to 500µm were isolated from the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) seawater filtration system during weekly backwash events between the months of April and August, 2011. The quantity of organic material produced was determined by sample combustion and calculation of ash-free dry weights. Qualitative investigation required density gradient separation with the heavy liquid sodium metatungstate followed by direct transesterification and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced. A maximum of 0.083g/L of dried organic material was produced in a single backwash event and a study average of 0.036g/L was calculated. This equates to an average weekly value of 7,674.75g of dried organic material produced from the filtration of approximately 24,417,792 liters of seawater. Temporal variations were limited. Organic quantities decreased over the course of the study. Bio-fouling effects from mussel overgrowth inexplicably increased production values when compared to un-fouled seawater supply lines. FAMEs (biodiesel) averaged 0.004% of the dried organic material with 0.36ml of biodiesel produced per week, on average. C16:0 and C22:6n3 fatty acids comprised the majority of the fatty acids in the samples. Saturated fatty acids made up 30.71% to 44.09% and unsaturated forms comprised 55.90% to 66.32% of the total chemical composition. Both quantities and qualities of organics and FAMEs were unrealistic for use as biodiesel but sample size limitations, system design, geographic and temporal factors may have impacted study results. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Technology 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the production efficiency of processed triticale and compared to unmodified triticale during 135 day feeding experiment on ponds in the system Naděj. Dosing of feed, feeding technique and condition of the market carp in experimental ponds, the quality and quantity of natural food were observed. At the end of the experiment the main production indicators were evaluated and data were statistically evaluated. Higher production efficiency of mechanical and thermally processed cereals was not proved. The highest production efficiency was observed in variant with triticale supplementary feeding without processing (FCR ? 1.4; SGR ? 0.97 %.d-1; PER ? 6.74) and in variant with thermally processed triticale (FCR ? 1.63; SGR ? 0.88 %.d-1; PER ? 5.79). The lowest effective production was reached using grinded triticale (FCR ? 1.68; SGR ? 0.86 %.d-1; PER ? 5.62). Results were affected by different levels of quantity of zooplankton in the monitored ponds.

The impact of fish predation on zooplankton assemblage was studied in the mesocosm experiment. Presented thesis focuses on the effect of size selective fish predation on species diversity, biomass and body sizes of zooplankton and the impact of fish occurrence on zooplankton behaviour with regard to diel horizontal migration. I also studied a change in some life history traits of zooplankton caused by fish with a special focus on keystone species of freshwater ecosystems Daphnia spp.

The object of my thesis was to document the basic characteristics of four small ponds. Register seasonal changes in the occurrence of selected zooplankton groups and compare individual ponds among them. Then evaluate management on ponds and assess the possible impact on the formation of plankton. These results were then compared with the current situation on standard economic ponds. In this study, I observed three private ponds and local pond, which were located in the cadastral area Lodhéřov. From the results it is evident, that the zooplankton development was in private ponds very slow, while at local pond was developed zooplankton quickly. The diversity of zooplankton species was higher in local pond. On private ponds showed a high increase in fish, which amounted to R1 597 kg/ha and R3 519 kg/ha. In terms of management of ponds R2 was the least effective because the gain was only 113 kg/ha. Private ponds, according to the average annual ration 2910 kg/ha still ranked in halfintesification, while local pond to intensification ration with 4557 kg/ha.

Since the year 2013 there is going a hydrobiology monitoring of some selected ponds in Duchcov. It is Rybochovný n. 1, Rybochovný n. 2, Rybochovný n. 3, Kravský, Růžový, Dubský and Barbora onces, when all ponds were for some time monitored in basic hydrochemical parameters: temperature, alkalinity, conductivity, oxidation reduction potential, dissolved oxygen concentration in water, transparency and turbidity. I examined seasonal change in phytoplankton and zooplankton composition. I compared my results with data from previous years. In these ponds is a risk of eutrophication, resulting in the occurrence of algal blooms. Several situations with the occurrence of algal bloom was observed during monitoring. This would may be problem for ecological conditions of pond´s reservoirs, also for fish composition because of oxygen out-pumping. There weren´t noticed extreme changes during pH monitoring, even so it is important to monitor the supply of nutrients and in case of deflection to make various steps.

The aim of this study was a comphensive assessment of the food of pikeperch fry in the monoculture rearing from the stage of summer fry to the stage of autumn fry in ponds with three different types of management and assessment of the influence of individual treatments for pikeperch production. The experiment was performed in small ponds in experimental facility of FFPW in Vodňany. The variants of pond treatment were: a) ponds with additional prey fish (fry of common carp (C. carpio) and grass carp (C. idella)), b) ponds with installed substrate from heather, c) control variant without any support of natural food of pikeperch. All treatments had four repetitions. Rearing of pikeperch fry lasted 97 days. In all treatments, the opportunistic food strategy of pikeperch fry was recorded during the whole period of rearing and the main recorded food was macrozoobenthos, especially insect larvae. Bigger species of zooplankton had also been often found in the stomachs of pikeperch. Considerable development of macrozoobenthos in all experimental ponds was probably caused by the presence of submerged macrophytes. Thus, this factor made harder to estimate influence of installed substrates from heather for production of pikeperch fry and composition of its food. In the treatment with prey fish, the total length (F (9. 450) = 91.1; p < 10-3) and weight (F (9. 450) = 61.9; p < 10-3) of pikeperch fry were for the whole period of rearing significantly higher in comparison to the other treatments. In addition, the survival of pikeperch in the treatment with prey fish reached to 56 - 92,4 % at the end of rearing. In the treatment with substrate from heather, the total length and weight of pikeperch was significantly higher in comparison to the control treatment only in the first term of sampling. In the rest of pikeperch fry rearing period were the values comparable or higher in control treatment. Thus, for the rearing of pikeperch from the stage of summer fry to the stage of autumn fry is appropriate to stock prey fish in ponds. In comparison to installation of artificial substrate, the diversity of water environment, which is subsequently able to provide sufficiently wide natural food for reared pikeperch, seems to be more decisive.

Este estudo foi realizado com base em coletas sazonais no período de um ano (2010-2011), em três pontos na Lagoa do Peixe e um ponto na Lagoa do Ruivo, lagoa à montante, com objetivo de avaliar a existência de padrões espaciais e/ou sazonais na estrutura fitoplanctônica. Este ambiente lagunar subtropical está incluso no Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe (sul do Brasil) e é conectado ao Oceano Atlântico por uma barra de areia localizada na porção central da laguna. A salinidade variou amplamente de condições limnéticas à euhalinas, sendo observada em média, salinidade mais baixa no inverno, e mais elevada no verão, exceto na Lagoa do Ruivo no verão, que mostrou tendência oposta. Em relação à espacialidade, a salinidade apresentou tendência à um gradiente crescente dos pontos extremos da laguna em direção a barra, apresentando menor variação nesta (mesohalino à euhalino). A comunidade fitoplanctônica esteve formada por sete classes com 136 táxons genéricos à infra-específicos. A densidade variou de 653 a 114.829 ind.mL-1, sendo os menores valores registrados próximos a barra. Os grupos abundantes em relação a densidade foram as cianobactérias e diatomáceas. A biomassa variou de 0,3 a 24,1 mg.L-1, sendo o menor valor registrado no inverno e o maior no outono, ambos próximo a barra. A elevada biomassa no outono ocorreu devido o predomínio de euglenofíceas. Espacialmente, a Lagoa do Ruivo (menor salinidade) apresentou maior riqueza. O grupo das diatomáceas apresentou a maior riqueza total. Análises de ordenação (ACP, RDA e ACC) para verificação de tendências sazonais e/ou espaciais foram realizadas, sugerindo existência de tendências a padrões, tanto sazonais, quando espaciais na estrutura e distribuição fitoplanctônica do sistema lagunar da Lagoa do Peixe, onde a salinidade foi a variável que contribui para estes gradientes. / This study was based on seasonal sampling during one year (2010-2011) at three points in Peixe Lagoon and one point in Ruivo Lagoon, located upstream, to evaluate the spatial and seasonal patterns of phytoplankton communities. These subtropical lagoon environments are included in the National Park of Peixe Lagoon (southern Brazil) and are connected to the Atlantic Ocean by a sand bar located at the central portion of the lagoon. Salinity ranged widely from limnetic to euhaline conditions, on average from lower salinity in winter to higher in summer being observed, except at Ruivo Lagoon in summer, which showed an opposite trend. Regarding spatiality, salinity tended to an increasing gradient from extreme points of the lagoon toward the bar, with less variation at this points (mesohaline to euhaline). The phytoplankton taxonomic community was composed of seven classes with 136 generic to infraspecific taxa. Density ranged from 653 to 114,829 ind.mL-1, with the lowest values recorded near the bar. The most abundant groups in density were cyanobacteria and diatoms. Biomass ranged from 0.3 to 24.1 mg.L-1, with the lowest value recorded in winter and higher, in the fall, both near the bar. The high biomass in fall was due to the predominance of euglenoids. Spatially, the Ruivo Lagoon (lower salinity) showed greater richness. Diatoms groups showed the highest total richness. Ordination analysis (PCA, RDA and CCA) were performed, suggesting the existence seasonal and spatial patterns in relation to the structure and distribution in phytoplankton of this lagoon system, where salinity was the variable that most contributed to these gradients.

A bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Candiota está situada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Sofre intensa atividade antrópica, como mineração de carvão e calcário, pecuária, silvicultura e agricultura. Apresenta ainda em seu território a Usina Termelétrica Presidente Médici - UTPM - Candiota II. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variação temporal da comunidade zooplanctônica, representada por Rotifera, Cladocera e Copepoda, a partir das variáveis ambientais e atributos funcionais em alguns arroios impactados pelos diferentes usos da bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Candiota. Foram realizadas coletas trimestrais de água e zooplâncton com o intuito de caracterizar as estações climáticas do ano, durante o período de abril/2007 a outubro/2014. As coletas ocorreram em sete estações amostrais diferentes, totalizando 161 unidades amostrais. As variáveis físicas e químicas selecionadas para este trabalho foram pH, turbidez, ferro dissolvido, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura. Para as análises estatísticas foram utilizados modelos lineares generalizados (GLM), cálculo da diversidade das espécies, que envolveu duas medidas baseadas em distâncias topológicas, a distinção taxonômica (Δ*) e a diversidade taxonômica (Δ), análise de espécies indicadoras (ISA) e análise de atributos indicadores (ITA). Foram identificados 152 táxons ao total das coletas. Rotifera foi predominante com 122 espécies, após Cladocera com 16 espécies e Copepoda com 14 espécies. Os resultados mostraram que o pH foi a única variável que apresentou resultado significativo com valores positivamente proporcionais para a abundância de espécies. Em relação à riqueza de espécies, as variáveis pH, ferro dissolvido e oxigênio dissolvido influenciaram positivamente ao longo do tempo. O cálculo da diversidade e distinção taxonômica demonstrou que das 161 unidades amostrais, 127 mostraram valores de diversidade conforme o esperado ao acaso na natureza. Quatro unidades amostrais apresentaram valores da diversidade acima do esperado e 31 exibiram valores abaixo do esperado ao acaso. A ISA identificou duas espécies indicadoras da estação amostral 1 e cinco espécies indicadoras da estação amostral 2. Foram encontradas cinco espécies indicadoras específicas do inverno, cinco do outono, quatro da primavera e nove espécies indicadoras no verão. A ITA demonstrou que espécies de tamanho C4 (≥ 1000 μm), tiveram maior ocorrência no inverno e primavera. O atributo funcional “coletores e raspadores” foi considerado indicador para as estações amostrais EA1 e EA3 por cinco espécies. Os resultados encontrados não demonstraram um gradiente contínuo de crescimento ou declínio da abundância e riqueza de espécies ao longo do tempo. Assim, a comunidade zooplanctônica parece ser mais fortemente influenciada pelas características naturais de Candiota, como relevo e rede de drenagem, com exceção dos riachos que recebem diretamente efluentes da mineração de carvão. / The Arroio Candiota watershed is located in the southwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It suffers intense human activity, such as mining of coal and limestone, livestock, forestry and agriculture. It also presents in its territory the Thermoelectric Plant Presidente Medici - UTPM - Candiota II. This study aimed to analyze the temporal variation of zooplankton community, represented by Rotifers, Cladocera and Copepoda, from the environmental variables and functional attributes in some streams impacted by different uses of the Arroio Candiota watershed. Quarterly sampling of water and zooplankton were conducted in order to characterize the seasons of the year, during the period April/2007 to October/2014. The collections occurred in seven different sampling stations, totaling 161 sampling units. The physical and chemical variables selected for this study were pH, turbidity, dissolved iron, dissolved oxygen and temperature. For statistical analysis we used generalized linear models (GLM), calculating the diversity of species, which involved two measures based on topological distances, the taxonomic distinction (Δ*) and taxonomic diversity (Δ), indicator species analysis (ISA) and indicators atributes analysis (ITA). There were identified 152 taxa to the total collections. Rotifera was predominant with 122 species, 16 species of Cladocera and 14 species of Copepoda. The results showed that pH was the only variable that showed significant results with positive values proportional to the abundance of species. The variables pH, dissolved iron and dissolved oxygen positively influenced the richness of species over time. The calculation of diversity and taxonomic distinction showed that of the 161 sampling units, 127 showed diversity of values as expected at random in nature. Four sampling campaigns showed values of diversity than expected and 31 showed values lower than expected by chance. The ISA has identified two indicator species of the sampling station 1 and 5 indicator species of sampling station 2. We found five specific indicator winter species, five in autumn, four in spring and nine summer indicator species. The ITA has shown that species of C4 size (≥ 1000 μm), were more frequent in winter and spring. The functional attribute "collectors and scrapers" was considered indicator for the sampling stations 1 and 3 with five species. The results did not demonstrate a continuous gradient of growth or decline in abundance and species richness over time. Thus, the zooplankton community seems to be more strongly influenced by Candiota natural features like topography and drainage network, except for streams that receive wastewater directly from coal mining.