En Haïti, l’effort public pour l’éducation reste insuffisant. De plus, l’enseignement primaire est peu développé et de qualité faible. Ainsi, en dépit des progrès substantiels qui ont été réalisés durant ces vingt cinq dernières années, le pays reste très en retard face á l’objectif de l’éducation pour tous (EPT). En effet, les dernières données statistiques disponibles indiquent que plus de 4 500 000 filles et garçons sont actuellement en dehors du système scolaire. Outre l’abandon, le redoublement, le mauvais regroupement des élèves, l’encadrement pédagogique est médiocre. Ce qui pèse négativement sur les acquisitions des élèves. Les mauvais résultats obtenus des élèves aux examens officiels en témoignent. Par ailleurs, la rémunération des enseignants est très insignifiante et les conditions d’exercice de la profession enseignante laisse à désirer. Enfin, le système scolaire souffre d’un déficit de pilotage, de gouvernance et d’efficacité externe.Pour accompagner les décideurs politiques haïtiens et planificateurs nationaux dans leurs stratégies d’action en faveur de l’éducation pour tous, les principales organisations multilatérales, notamment la Banque mondiale, mettent en œuvre le Projet d’Education pour tous (EPT I et II). Spécifiquement, le Projet d’Ecoles Publiques à Gestion Communautaire (EPGC) cible la scolarisation primaire universelle (SPU) dans des milieux ruraux défavorisés où l’accès à l’enseignement primaire de base demeure un bien rare, voire inexistant dans les régions ciblées. Par l’aide. Cependant, malgré les divers projets ou programmes d’aide internationaux dédiés notamment à l’expansion de la scolarisation universelle sur l’ensemble du territoire national du pays, atteindre l’éducation pour tous est très aléatoire.Les conclusions de l’enquête empirique montrent que de nombreuses difficultés nuisent à la mise en œuvre effective de l’aide et ceci tant au niveau central, départemental et communal. Les données collectées sur le terrain indiquent un impact significatif sur la participation des acteurs locaux dans la gestion des affaires éducatives. Sur le plan des réalisations éducatives, les analyses de l’investigation confirment des effets sur les taux nets d’accès à l’école ainsi qu’un impact appréciable sur la parité filles-garçons. Les conclusions de l’enquête révèlent quelques effets pervers par exemple sur la qualité de l’école, des dynamiques locales, ainsi que des modes d’organisation administrative et de gestion pédagogique du système scolaire dans les zones allocataires ciblées pour la mise en application du Projet EPGC. Aussi, l’objectif de l’éducation pour tous ne sera pas atteint en Haïti et le chemin semble encore long. . / In Haiti, the public effort for education is insufficient. Primary education is underdeveloped and is of low quality. Despite substantial progress made during the last twenty five years, the country is still far behind from achieving the goal of Education for All (EFA). The latest available statistics indicate that more than 4.5 million girls and boys are currently outside the school system. Abandonment, repetition, bad grouping of students and poor educational support reflect negatively on learning achievement. Teachers' salaries are insignificant and teaching conditions deprived. Hence, the school system suffers a deficit of control, governance and external efficiency.To accompany Haitian national planners and policy makers in their strategies for universal education, major multilateral organizations, including the World Bank, implement the Project Education for All (EFA I and II) also called. Through a program called “Project for Public Schools to Community Management (PPSCM)” they aim to achieve universal primary education in some disadvantaged rural areas where access to basic primary education remains inadequate or nonexistent. However, despite the various projects or international aid programs dedicated to the expansion of universal education all over Haiti, the goal of achieving Education for All is far from being reached.The findings of our empirical analysis show, the positive effect of international aid on school access and its significant impact on gender parity in Haiti. On the other hand, it exposes many difficulties that obstruct an effective implementation of international aid for education in Haiti at central, departmental and communal levels. The data collected in the field point out some negative effects, for example on the quality of the school, local dynamics, as well as administrative organization methods and educational management of the school system in areas where the PPSCM is implemented. The conclusion of this study reveals that the goal of Education for All will not be achieved and there still is a long way to go to provide school to all children in Haiti.

Cette thèse contribue à la littérature économique sur les compétences non cognitives essentielles pour la réussite de la vie, particulièrement pour la réussite scolaire. Elle comprend quatre essais basés sur des approches économiques comportementales et expérimentales, avec deux objectifs principaux. Le premier objectif est d’étudier deux compétences non cognitives, à savoir la confiance en soi et la créativité. Notre but est alors de comprendre les déterminants de la confiance en soi et l’impact de la créativité sur les résultats économiques. Le deuxième objectif est d’étudier comment le système scolaire influence les décisions éducatives, les résultats scolaires et la mobilité intergénérationnelle, secteurs où les compétences non cognitives peuvent jouer un rôle important, en particulier via leurs effets sur la confiance en soi et la motivation. Nous observons un impact important des capacités non cognitives sur le comportement et sur les résultats économiques, notamment en ce qui concerne les décisions éducatives. Tout nous montre à penser que fondamentalement les écoles s’inquiètent du développement de ces capacités non cognitives - et non pas seulement des capacités cognitives. Aider les élèves à avoir de meilleures estimations de leur confiance en soi, favoriser le développement du potentiel créatif, stimuler la motivation et l’effort devraient alors faire partie de l’éducation que les élèves reçoivent dans les écoles ; promouvant alors de meilleures décisions, de meilleurs résultats et une société plus équitable. / This thesis contributes to the growing economic literature on noncognitive skills that are critical for life success, specially for academic success. It comprises four essays based on behavioral and experimental economics approaches, with two main objectives. The first objective is to study two noncognitive skills, namely self-confidence and creativity. We aim at understanding the determinants of self-confidence, and the impact of creative potential on economic outcomes. The second objective is to study how school systems impact educational decisions, educational outcomes and intergenerational mobility, where noncognitive skills may play an important role, specially self-confidence and motivation. We observe an important impact of the noncognitive abilities on behavior and economic results, especially for the educational achievements. Taken all our evidences together, it seems fundamental that schools worry about the development of these noncognitive abilities - and not only of the cognitive abilities. Helping students to have better estimates of self-confidence, favoring the development of creative potential, and stimulating motivation and effort should be part of the education that pupils receive in schools ; promoting then better decisions, better outcomes and a more equitable society.

La formation technique et professionnelle a souvent été considérée comme un facteur déterminant dans le processus de développement des forces productives des pays en quête de progrès, de croissance et de modernité tel que le Gabon. C'est dans cette logique qu'elle fut institutionnalisée et légitimée dans la loi 16/66 portant organisation générale de l'enseignement dans la République gabonaise. Mais depuis la tenue des Etats Généraux de l'Education et de la formation de 1983 au Gabon, le bilan diagnostic et les perspectives de l'enseignement technique et professionnel scolaire conduisent au désenchantement. Ses effets, pervers ne cessent d'être relevés dans les discours tenus par la société civile nationale et internationale. La parole n'étant jusqu'à ce jour pas donnée à ses principaux bénéficiaires que sont les élèves et les enseignants, c'est tout l'objectif de la présente étude. Avec eux, nous débattons des attributs sociaux de l'enseignement technique et professionnel scolaire, afin de répondre à la question de son attractivité, en dépit des discours peu élogieux prononcés à son égard. Nous examinons aussi les causes de l'inefficacité de l'enseignement technique et professionnel scolaire en interrogeant les conditions de scolarité des élèves, les certifications, les rendements scolaires et le vécu de carrière enseignante. / Technical and vocational studies have often been considered as a major element in the development process leading to progress, growth and modernity in countries such as Gaboon. lt is in such a state of mind that it was institutionalized and became legitimate with the law 10/66 which dealt with the general organization of education in the Republic of Gaboon. Since the EtatsGénétaux de l'Education Formation in 1983, the balance and perspectives of technical and vocational education led to a disillusioned view. lts biased effects are examined by the civil national and international society. Although, up to now the main benefactors such as the students and the teachers have not been allowed to speak up, it is thus the main object of our study. With their comments, on one hand, we shall view the main social features of the technical and vocational school in order to check its interest, notwithstanding the lack of favorable comments in public speeches. On the other hand we shall examine the causes of the lack of efficiency of the technical and vocational schools regarding the schooling, the process of graduation, the output and the insight of a teacher's career concerning his wages.

Dans cette thèse, nous traitons de l'efficacité comparée de l'enseignement public et de l'enseignement privé au Cameroun. Le système éducatif camerounais actuel porte les marques de la période coloniale. L'école est passée par trois stades : avant, pendant et après la colonisation. Le système éducatif actuel se caractérise par une forte demande d'éducation et une offre d'éducation insuffisante aussi bien publique que privée. Les redoublements et les abandons sont fréquents et élevés. Le système éducatif est peu efficace dans son ensemble. Deux sous-systèmes éducatifs hérités de la période coloniale fonctionnent à la fois, l'un francophone et l'autre anglophone. Deux secteurs d'enseignement fonctionnent également, l'un public et l'autre privé. Le secteur privé est composé de quatre types d'écoles : le privé laïc, le privé confessionnel, le privé communautaire et et le privé des parents. Un grand nombre de parents d'élèves choisissent de scolariser leurs enfants dans les structures scolaires privées. Ils estiment que le secteur d'enseignement privé est plus efficace que le secteur d'enseignement public. L'analyse comparée des deux secteurs montre que les écoles privées sont associées à une meilleure progression des élèves. Elles sont en définitive plus efficaces que les écoles publiques. Un élève scolarisé dans le secteur privé obtient en moyenne de meilleurs résultats que son camarade qui fréquente le secteur public. L'analyse de la réussite des élèves au Certificat d'études primaires montre la supériorité numérique des élèves des institutions privées. Les chances d'obtenir le CEP sont plus élevées chez les élèves d'écoles privées confessionnelles et des structures publiques. Les variables de contexte scolaire sont aussi responsables de la variabilité des résultats des élèves dans chaque secteur d'enseignement. / In this thesis, we treat with the efficiency compared by the state education and by the private education in Cameroon. The current educational system carries the marks of colonial period. The school is crossed by three stages the school before the colonization, the school during the colonization and the school after the colonization. The current educational system is characterized by a strong educational request and an insufficient educational offer. The redoubling and the abandonments are frequent and raised. The educational system is little effective in general. Two educational sub-systems inherited from colonial period work, the one French speaker and the other English speaker. Two sectors of education also work the one public and the other deprived. The private sector consists of four types of schools: the school private layman, the school deprived confessional, the school deprived community and the school deprived of the parents. A large number of the parents choose to school their children in the private school structures that consider more effective than the public schools. The analysis compared by both sectors shows that private schools are associated with a better progress of the pupils. They are more effective after all than the public schools. The analysis of the success of the pupils to the Certificate of Primary Studies shows the numeric superiority of the pupils of the private institutions. The chances to obtain the CEP (Basic School-Leaving Qualification) are more raised (more brought up) at the pupil's of confessional private schools and the public structures. The variables of school context are also responsible for the variability of the results (profits) of the pupils in every sector of education (teaching).

No description available.

This thesis investigated the apparent effectiveness of environmental education essential elements in school field trip programming. First, the elements essential to environmental education field trips were identified from the literature. Second, these elements were incorporated into a questionnaire that was administered as a pre/post test to elementary school students visiting an extensive indoor environmental education facility located in Montreal. Finally, 24 environmental education programs at eight institutions in Montreal were observed to investigate the extent and methodology of implementation of the essential elements. With regard to the chief institution, it was concluded that (1) the educational programming appeared to significantly increase environmental knowledge, and (2) the environmental attitudes were most strongly correlated with student background. Program observation at the eight institutions demonstrated that a wide array of environmental topics was presented, but there was insufficient instruction of environmental issues and action strategies. The list of observed implementation methodologies and the study conclusions could prove useful as a research-based foundation for effective environmental education field trip program development.

This is a study of educational change that was carried out at the School of Education (SOE) of the University of Cape Town's (UCT) in July 1998. It is about institutional and human transformation in South African higher education in 1998. The context of this inquiry is situated in South African society and polity from the start of the Apartheid era in the late nineteenth century colonization by the Britain, through the 1948 period of minority Afrikaner nationalist government, and to the time of the historic democratic election in 1994. It deals with postapartheid policies aimed at eliminating apartheid in all areas of society and education. The thesis examines new educational policies and practices that resulted from postapartheid transformational initiatives that addressed past inequities and injustices committed against the African and black majority population. / South African universities were charged with the responsibility of increasing access to formerly excluded students and staff, in circumstances of declining economic fortunes. My central research question was concerned with the changes that had been brought about in the educational system to enable the process of transformation to come about. More specifically, I inquired whether changes had occurred at UCT and if they did, to what extent could they be indicative of a transition from apartheid to a democratic ideal. The research targets the respondents' (students, teachers, administrators) views of transformational experiences, whether positive or negative. The research adopts a case study approach to gain insights into transformation in South African universities' reform process. / UCT was chosen as the focus of this study because as the country's first university established in 1829, it has distinguished itself in many fields and yet has remained largely a historically all white university, up to 1994. The University was also the first to be led by an African female academic leader, the Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Mamphela Ramphele, to transformation. This study found that the University had been greatly transformed at an intellectual and administrative level. Notably, access for disadvantaged South African students has been improved; teaching and learning encouraged critical thinking and participation, and administrators demonstrated dedication to democratic change. However, the study also reveals that there is still a gap between the expectations of a top-notch research university and preparation of students; financial restraints still limit students' learning opportunities. Race, gender, and class issues still constrain efforts to fully democratise the University. Also, the constructs and content of knowledge require changes that reflect a democratic ethos. / The significance of this study lies in its attempts to form a part of the growing body of research concerned with conflict resolution, peace, and the maintenance of stability in South Africa and indirectly, in the world. This study furthermore exposes a view of what open education means within the South African context. / In highlighting the example of UCT's SOE, the most outstanding feature of this work is that it formulates questions about the actual nature and process of educational, pedagogical, and administrative transformation taking place in contemporary South African universities.

This study explores the relationships between the integration experiences of adolescent newcomers in one francophone secondary school in Montreal and the current policies and programs related to educational integration. The research draws on observations and participants' descriptions and insights to address three principal questions: How is integration experienced by adolescent newcomers in a francophone school in Montreal? How do these students' experiences inform our understanding of the relationships among host (second) language learning/teaching, integration, and identity construction? What are the implications of these newcomer students' integration experiences for educational theories, policies and programs/practices that target such newcomers? These questions emerge from a consideration of theories of identity construction current in a variety of disciplines. / The study offers an overview of Quebec's past and present immigration and integration policies and programs. It considers those policies in light of identity theory and, more specifically, focuses on the relationships between language learning, integration, and identity in the experience of adolescent immigrants within a francophone secondary school in Montreal. Based on interviews and participant observation conducted over 15 months, the study describes the ways in which the participants' integration and identity are shaped by school discourses and the standardizing imperative of most North American educational institutions. Findings suggest that the participants resist the school's discourses in order to assert themselves dialogically and relocate their sense of identity in their host society. However, the dialogic relationships that the students are able to establish with and within the school discourses are imbalanced, leaving several students to feel dislocated both physically and psychically throughout the study. The study indicates that a distributed notion of the Self might improve theory, policy, and pedagogy related to newcomer integration. Finally, specific suggestions are made for building on current educational-integration research and practice.

While studies in the social sciences have looked at lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth, few have focused on how they experience school. Sexual orientation is still a taboo subject or only treated cursorily in educational institutions and teacher-training programmes. Research that does look at schools is mitigated by subjects who are at different degrees of being out in their schools, or are treated as a monolith with other LGBT youth, or have been recruited through psychosocial agencies, and by data gathered retrospectively and/or at arms-length through surveys. / This dissertation describes the experience of being gay and out at school for seven male students aged sixteen to eighteen. Data was collected through multiple semistructured interviews with participants recruited through the various urban, suburban, and alternative high schools they attended at the time of this study. / Data was analyzed using a modification of the Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method of analyzing phenomenological data (Moustakas, 1994). The theoretical framework undergirding this study is phenomenological research, arts-based research, and queer theory in education. Findings are represented as a literary novel in order to better preserve participants' voices. / Data analysis indicates that the experience of being out in high school is characterized by: (a) managing "the secret" of being gay before and during coming out; (b) seeing being gay as just being yourself; (c) perceiving the school as privately supportive, but publicly indifferent to gay students; (d) emotionally reflecting the school environment; (e) valuing relationships as a positive; (f) seeing harassment, gossip, and gender differences as negatives; (g) ascribing to perpetrators of homophobia and harassment character flaws and anachronistic beliefs; (h) being left on your own to deal with homophobia and harassment as others abdicate their responsibilities; (i) employing escapist, self-protection, and resistance strategies to deal with homophobia and harassment; (j) searching for connectivity to other gays and the LGBT community; (k) facing the silence of information and resources in schools on LGBT issues and people; and (l) advising others to be true to themselves. / This research has implications for teachers, administrators, policy-makers, and those involved in teacher education programmes who are interested in addressing the needs of gay students.

This study is an inquiry into cultural conflict experienced by adolescents of Vietnamese origin in Montreal. It examines the nature of the conflicts as they are experienced by the adolescents themselves, as they are perceived by the parents, and by the teachers, counsellors and principals at the secondary schools they attended. The study also examines the course of the conflicts and the kinds of solutions used to resolve them. Separate semi-structured interviews were conducted with six adolescents, five parents and seven school personnel in two public schools attended by the students. Analysis of the interviews showed that students, parents and school personnel tended to define the problems in different ways and to have very different perceptions of their causes. In those families in which the problems of cultural conflict manifested themselves most severely, parents and children tended to use behaviours leading to a deterioration of relations between them and employed a very limited range of alternatives for conflict resolution.