This study assessed the implementation of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Programmes for primary school teachers in Zomba Rural Education District in Malawi. The study arose from a concern that, despite the Government of Malawi putting in place structures to facilitate the implementation of CPD for primary school teachers, research has shown that teachers have not improved their classroom practice. As a result, there has been poor learner performance at all levels of the primary education system to the extent that learners scored the lowest in the 2005 international examinations for the Southern Africa Development Community. From the literature, it appears that no thorough and conclusive studies to look into the issues behind the implementation of CPD programmes in Malawi have been conducted. Hence the researcher was motivated to assess how the CPD programmes are implemented with the view to explore better ways of implementing CPD programmes for teachers that can result in teacher change. The study was placed within the post-positivism paradigm and used a mixed method research design that incorporated concurrent procedures in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data while qualitative data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, CPD observations and document analysis. A total of 798 teachers filled the questionnaires. This figure represented 47% of the total number of teachers in the district. The researcher conducted 34 focus group discussions with teachers from various schools. She also held interviews with 34 head teachers and CPD programme facilitators (12 Primary Education Advisors and 3 CPD facilitators from organizations). Other interviews were held with the District Education Manager, the Coordinating Primary Education Advisor, the Coordinator of the New Curriculum, and the Coordinator for the Department of Teacher Education and Development. Further, the researcher made 3 CPD observations. The study revealed weaknesses in the implementation of CPD programmes for teachers in the district. Generally the study noted that there was much emphasis on the transmissive model of CPD implementation, to the neglect of transitional and transformative models such that the personal, social and occupational aspects of professional learning were not holistically considered in the programme designs. Specifically, the duration of the programmes was found to be inadequate for meaningful assimilation of new knowledge and skills; the expertise of facilitators was sometimes questionable; and the use of the cascade mode left teachers unsure and with knowledge gaps. Further, the study noted that the monitoring and support mechanisms for the programmes were weak; the consultation processes for teacher inputs in the CPD programme designs were dismal; and the welfare of teachers at the CPD venues was poorly handled.. At school level the study revealed that the teaching and learning environment compounded the problem of teachers’ difficulty in implementing what they learnt from CPD training. Large classes, inadequate teachers, lack of teaching and learning resources, limited infrastructure, lack of accommodation for teachers, lack of support from colleagues and learner absenteeism were some of the factors hindering implementation of CPD programmes at school level. The study has put forth recommendations for the effective implementation of CPD programmes for teachers in the district. Furthermore, based on the findings of the study and an extensive literature search, the researcher has suggested an alternative model for CPD implementation that can result in teacher change. Overall there is need for collaborative effort among stakeholders in education to ensure effective delivery of CPDs and their subsequent translation into practice at classroom level.

Death and bereavement are prevalent in Zimbabwe due to HIV/AIDS and other illnesses. It is estimated that a large population of school going learners have lost one or both parents and have become orphans. The aim of the study was two-fold: to understand the bereavement experiences of orphaned learners and to examine how such experiences can inform school counselling services. A multiple case study involving 13 school children and four school counsellors from two secondary schools in Harare Metropolitan Region was conducted. Each of the 17 participants was viewed as a bounded case due to his or her individual unique experiences. An interpretive phenomenological approach was employed to collect and analyse the data. All the cases were purposively selected as they were bearers of crucial information on bereavement experiences and bereavement counselling. The study established nine (9) key findings. First, it was found that the type of attachments and support systems the child had were contributory to the way the child experienced bereavement. Second, it was established that although learners manifested emotional pain, they found it difficult to verbalise it. Third, the study found that cultural practices either exacerbate or work for the better for bereaved children as some were seen to enhance their livelihood whilst some were detrimental and oppressive. Fourth, it was established that bereavement triggered philosophical and reflexive reactions on the part of bereaved children. The deaths of the parents resulted in them reflecting on the three phases of their life trajectories: life before death; at the time of death; and after death. Fifth, it was also established in the study that there was a mismatch in what children and counsellors claimed to be happening in secondary schools pertaining bereavement counselling provisioning. Sixth, the study found that most children did not receive any bereavement counselling in schools. Only three out of the 13 learner cases interviewed in this study had a teacher in the school talk to them about loss of their parents. In some instances, a child’s bereavement was only discovered through the grapevine or when this researcher got to the school. Seventh, it was established that although counsellors were qualified as both teachers and counsellors, they lacked confidence in dealing with sensitive issues such as bereavement. Eighth, the study also found that although there is a lot of death in Zimbabwe the counselling syllabi lacked focus on bereavement counselling. Ninth, it was also discovered that teachers who were not assigned to counselling duties had negative attitudes towards counselling, a matter which has serious consequences for the bereaved learners. Based on the above findings, the study concludes that bereaved children experienced a variety of circumstances that impacted both positively and negatively on their schooling and rendered them in need of bereavement counselling. It also concludes that bereaved learners in selected Harare schools were not receiving adequate bereavement counselling; schools neither had policies nor laid down procedures on bereavement counselling. For further research, the study recommends that there should be research focusing on methodologies designed to access children’s innermost feelings of emotional pain. There should be further research on the nature of the relationship between a child’s bereavement and educational experiences. Studies involving other bereaved populations, such as, children from rural areas and primary school children should be carried out in order to gain insights on how the phenomenon is experienced by different age groups in different contexts. To improve counselling practice in schools, the study recommends that there should be capacity building programmes aimed at assisting teachers to deal with bereavement counselling. School bereavement counselling should explore collaboration with other stakeholders such as peers, care givers and government as well as non-governmental organisations. Above all, the study recommends that schools should be proactive and have school bereavement policies and procedures on bereavement counselling.

The past two to three decades have seen unprecedented expansion in enrolments in Universities across the world. Increased participation rates in Higher Education, however, has not been matched by a corresponding increase in success rates as reflected in students' poor retention rates and unsatisfactory outcomes. One strand of explanation claims that students, for a variety of reasons, come to university `unprepared' and suffer an articulation gap in the transition between high school and university; the other explanation seeks to move away from the deficit perspective and puts emphasis on the need to enrich experiences of students to enable them to exercise agency and change constraining circumstances in order to succeed. This study reports on one programme, a grounding programme known as the Life, Knowledge and Action (LKA) in one South African university. One of the central purposes of the LKA is to enrich students' first year experiences through liberating dialogue embedded in its pedagogical architecture. A sequential mixed methods study was carried out. A survey of first year students who had been exposed to the LKA was first carried out. This was followed by a case study of purposively selected first year students. Findings show that LKA promoted dialogue in varied ways depending on the level of the pedagogical architecture. At Umzi level students as peers across disciplines exchanged ideas freely about their circumstances and social issues. At the Ekhaya level where the abakwezeli (facilitators) were active, power dynamics emerged between students and the facilitators which had the effect of diminishing dialogical moments. At village level, there was not much discussion; instead there was a lot of lecturing. Dialogue was limited to a few minutes of discussion at the end of the lecture. The other finding was that seen from Archer's lens of morphogenetic analysis, the `articulation gap' can be seen as a structural constraint, that can be addressed through liberating dialogue which enables the students to question the status quo. There was evidence that through dialogue in the LKA, students felt that it liberated them in the sense that it exposed them to different perspectives as well as enabled them to explore alternatives. It can be concluded that through an appropriately designed dialogical pedagogy, students can be empowered to transform the structural constraints to their education and create enablers that can help them succeed in their learning. There is evidence that within the LKA pedagogical architecture, the students have the opportunity to take responsibility for their learning and thus enabled to exercise agency. It is recommended that the processes that take place at each level of the LKA architecture must be further studied with a view to discovering mechanisms at work that may undermine the liberating thrust of the programme. As a liberating core curriculum, LKA must not be limited to first year students; consideration must be given to roll it out across the levels of the undergraduate offerings.

This study investigated stakeholder participation in strategic planning processes in three teacher training colleges in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted within the qualitative research methodology. Three colleges of education were purposively sampled. All principals in the sampled sites took part in the study. Two Heads of Departments (HODs), two Lecturers in Charge (LICs) two Students Representative Council (SRC) members as well as College Advisory Council Board Members (CACBM) participated in this study. A total of 18 informants participated through interviews. Documents such as strategic planning minutes were scrutinized. Strategic planning meetings were also observed at two sites. The findings were that the practice of strategic planning still appears to be rigid and bureaucratic for organizations that operate in rapidly changing environments such as those in Zimbabwe. Secondly, participation in strategic planning is not all inclusive; only a select few individuals do take part in the planning exercise. Colleges of education and the Ministry focus on the product activities, that is, crafting the strategic plan. They seem to ignore the process activities such as reviewing plans periodically and taking note of key performance indicators which promote continuous improvement. The study also found that participants received no formal training in strategic planning and that the planning process was skewed towards control and compliance; and exhibited managerial accountability tendencies which lie within central bureaucratic approaches. The main recommendations were that the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education and the Department of Teacher Education, at the University of Zimbabwe, in consultation with relevant stakeholders should, develop norms and standards for teacher education to align Zimbabwe‟s stakeholder participation in strategic planning to the global trends. Colleges should supplement their understanding of operational contexts by exploring possible future trends and circumstances. The criteria for reviewing strategic plans should be developed by peers, and practitioners in the field, in consultation with national norms and standards for teacher education.

This study explores the potential for critical pedagogical innovation to expand student learning activity, meaning making and learning agency of first year undergraduate students. The study is located in a larger critical project. Rather than looking to support ‘unprepared’ students to better adapt to the current culture of higher education, the larger critical project looks to the generative potential of new students to elaborate the structure of higher education itself over time. The study emanates from a process of reflective self-critique of one higher education institution in South Africa serving a student population with little access to educational advantage. The emerging critique was located at the interface of institutional practice, student learning activity and the meaning making processes mediating the two domains. This critique gave birth to the pedagogical innovation at the centre of this study. The pedagogical innovation took the form of an activity system, with three sets of pedagogical tools mediating the system: tools to expand the learning practice of students, symbolic tools to expand the critical meaning making toolkit available, and tools designed to build a new learning community better aligned with interactive learning activity. This study is an intervention case study, theoretically grounded in the work of activity and socio-cultural theorists. The pedagogy was embedded within a semester long credit-bearing core course for entering first year students. The study follows the experience of the 652 students participating in the 2010 pilot experience. Upwards of 70% of students suggest that their reading (76%) and writing (71%) practice had changed by the end of the course. Over 80% indicated that the course made them better readers (85%) and writers (84%.) Students suggest that they read and write more and enjoy reading and writing more. They suggest that as motive expanded, activity of reading and writing expanded, complimentary activity expanded (e.g. expression and critical engagement), and participation across a number of domains expanded. Students with less historical access to educational advantage made stronger claims about the pedagogical toolkit than students with more access to educational advantage. This study suggests that under the right conditions, critical pedagogy focusing on student learning activity and meaning making can expand learning practice and meaning making of first year undergraduate students, contributing to an expanding claim on learning agency. It tentatively suggests that this type of learning architecture is well aligned for appropriation of students with less access to historical socio-educational learning privilege, but remains sensitive to the situated nature of historic disadvantage (for example, in campus sites.) The study points to the specific potential of three toolkits: toolkits to mediate expanded learning activity, toolkits to expand meaning making, and toolkits designed to directly reconstitute the learning community itself. The study concludes by extracting some lessons for critical pedagogical innovation serving first year studies into the future. It points to the importance of the domain of learning activity and meaning making, and suggests the kind of changes within the culture of higher education required to better unleash innovation in this area. It points to the generative potential of methods that better combine students and lecturers within pedagogical innovation processes. The study concludes by pointing to the relatively unoccupied area of critical research, whereby the work to expand the learning activity of first year students is aligned to the potential of students to elaborate the structure of higher education itself over time. The study points to three specific research areas: research building stronger pedagogical tools for first year students; research to better understand the critical meaning making project of students; and research to better understand the transformation of the pedagogical inheritance within higher education.

Σε αυτήν την εργασία αξιοποιούνται οι συνεισφορές από τα τέσσερα πλέον σημαντικά επιστημονικά περιοδικά Ιστορίας της Εκπαίδευσης: History of Education Quarterly, History of Education, Historica Paedagogica και Θέματα Ιστορίας Εκπαίδευσης, τα οποία εξετάζονται σε θεματολογικό και θεωρητικό επίπεδο. Στόχος της είναι: η ανίχνευση, συστηματική καταγραφή και ανάδειξη θεματολογικών και θεωρητικών τάσεων στα τέσσερα αυτά περιοδικά το διάστημα 2004-2009, η διερεύνηση της προέλευσης, ακαδημαϊκής και γεωγραφικής των αρθρογράφων τους, προκειμένου να εξαχθούν συμπεράσματα με βάση τις πρόσφατες διεθνείς επιστημονικές εξελίξεις στην Ιστορία της Εκπαίδευσης. Πρόκειται για έρευνα σε τρία αγγλόφωνα περιοδικά και ένα ελληνικό, ή με βάση την ακαδημαϊκή προέλευση των αρθρογράφων τους δύο ευρωπαϊκά, ένα αμερικάνικό και ένα ελληνικό. Βασική σε αυτήν την εργασία είναι η αντίληψη ότι τα επιστημονικά περιοδικά αποτελούν σημαντικούς φορείς εκφοράς επιστημονικής γνώσης σε ειδικούς τομείς εκπαίδευσης. Παρουσιάζονται οι θεματικές και θεωρητικές τάσεις των τεσσάρων περιοδικών και συγκρίνονται οι σχέσεις ομοιότητας και διαφοράς που προκύπτουν. Η θεωρητική κατάταξη στηρίζεται στην αναζήτηση και τον εντοπισμό των κοινωνικών θεωριών στην εκπαίδευση και ειδικότερα στην ανίχνευση των συγκρουσιακών και φιλελεύθερων κοινωνικών θεωριών των άρθρων, χωρίς αυτό να σημαίνει ότι δεν υπάρχουν και άλλες σημαντικές θεωρίες που δε συμπεριλαμβάνονται σε αυτά τα πλαίσια. Η ανάλυση δείχνει ότι τα ευρωπαϊκά περιοδικά συγκλίνουν ως προς τη θεματικής τους κατάταξη, ενώ το αμερικανικό διαφοροποιείται. Αναφορικά όμως με τη θεωρητική τους κατάταξη παρατηρείται αξιοσημείωτη ομοιογένεια. Τα αποτελέσματα συζητούνται λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τις σχέσεις τους με τα ευρύτερα κοινωνικο-πολιτικά, οικονομικά, πολιτισμικά και εκπαιδευτικά δεδομένα, σε εθνικό και διεθνές επίπεδο. Βασική θεωρείται η αντίληψη ότι οι συστατικές συνθήκες των διανοητικών σχηματισμών αλλάζουν μαζί με τις κοινωνικές συνθήκες. Η μελέτη αυτή επικεντρώνεται στην πενταετία 2004-2009, διότι το διάστημα αυτό σημειώθηκαν ραγδαίες εξελίξεις σε όλους τους τομείς της ζωής. Η ερμηνεία των εκπαιδευτικών εξελίξεων, ειδικά των τελευταίων χρόνων και στην Ελλάδα και στο εξωτερικό, είναι αποτέλεσμα πρωτίστως των τεράστιων αλλαγών που έχουν συντελεστεί έξω από το χώρο του σχολείου: μεταβιομηχανική, μετανεωτερική κοινωνία παγκοσμιοποίηση, κοσμοπολιτισμός, πλανητική αλληλεξάρτηση, διαπολιτισμική επικοινωνία, εποχή του διεθνισμού κυριαρχία της οικονομίας της ελεύθερης αγοράς, οικονομία της γνώσης και των παγκόσμιων πόλεων μονοκρατορία μιας υπερδύναμης, κοινωνία της γνώσης ή των πληροφοριών, εποχής πληροφορίας, επιστημονική διεθνοποίηση, εισαγωγή της έννοιας του δικτύου, είναι ορισμένες από τις βασικές έννοιες που εξετάζονται. Οι συνθήκες αυτές διαμόρφωσαν και την παγκόσμια ιστορία. Από τα τέλη του 20ου αι. σημειώθηκε το τέλος των μεγάλων αφηγήσεων και των καθολικών θεωριών, που υποκίνησε την εμφάνιση των μαύρων, Λατίνων, ομοφυλοφίλων, γυναικών, αντρών, μετα-αποικιακές, μετα-κοσμικές, μετα-εθνικές, οπτικές, υλικές και άλλες ιστορίες. Τα σύγχρονα δεδομένα επιβάλλουν τη διαμόρφωση σφαιρικής ιστορικής συνείδησης, οι ιστορικοί, επιζητούν να καταστήσουν τον κόσμο ως σημείο αναφοράς. Και η εκπαίδευση προσπαθεί να συμβαδίσει με τις σύγχρονες ανάγκες των καιρών, όπως προκύπτουν από την κοινωνία της γνώσης και της πληροφορίας που ξεπρόβαλλε από την τεχνολογική επανάσταση. Μέσα σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, οι θεματικές και θεωρητικές τάσεις των τεσσάρων περιοδικών παρουσιάζονται, οι βασικοί θεωρητικοί και θεματικοί τους άξονες περιγράφονται και οι ιδιαίτερες σχέσεις τους με την κοινωνική πραγματικότητα αξιολογούνται. Τα συμπεράσματα που προκύπτον είναι ενδεικτικά της στενής σχέσης που υπάρχει μεταξύ εκπαίδευσης και κοινωνίας και λειτουργούν ενθαρρυντικά για περαιτέρω έρευνα, και προτρεπτικά για μεγαλύτερη συμμετοχή των Ελλήνων κυρίως επιστημόνων στο διεθνή επιστημονικό χώρο Iστορίας της Εκπαίδευσης. / In this study the contributions of the most important scientific journals in the History of Education, are valuated in a thematological and theoritical level. Its aim is: the detection, systematic recording and appointment of thematological and theoritical tendencies og this four magazines during the period 2004-2009, the investigation of the origin, academic and geografic of the writters, in order to conduct conclusions due to the recent international scientific developments ih the History of Education. It involves research into three anglophone magazines and one greek or due to ths academic origin of its writters, two europpean, one american and one greek. Basic to this work is the view that scintific magazines constitute significant institutions of scientific knowledge of srecific aducational sectors.The thematological and theoritical tedencies of ths four journals are presented and the relations of difference and resemblance are compared. The theoretical classification is supported in the search and the localisation of social theories in the education and more specifically in the detection the conflict and liberal social theories of the articles, without meaning the absence of other important theories that are not included in these frames.The analysis shows that the European magazines converge as for their thematic classification, while American is differentiated. Relatively however with their theoretical classification is observed remarkable homogeneity.The results are discussed taking in mind their relations with the wider sociopolitical, economically, cultural and educational data, in national and international level. Basic is considered the perception that the constitutive conditions of mental shapings change with the social conditions. This study is focused in the period 2004-2009, because during this interval rapid developments in all the sectors of life were taken place. The interpretation of educational developments, specifically the last years and in Greece and in the abroad, is result of mainly enormous changes that has taken place outside from the space of school: industrial society globalisation, cosmopolitanism, planitjki' interdependence, cross-cultural communication, season of internationalism sovereignty of economy of free market, economy of knowledge and world cities autocracy of superpower, society of knowledge or information, season of information, scientific internationalisation, import of significance of network, are certain from the basic significances that are examined.This conditions shaped also the world history. The 20th century was marked by the end of big narrations and catholic theories, that instigated the appearance of blacks, Latins, homosexuals, women, men, colonial, secular, national, optical, material and other histories. The modern data impose the configuration of overall historical conscience, the historians, seek to render the world as point of report. Education as well tries to keeps pace with the modern needs of times, as they result from the society of knowledge and information that emerged from the technological revolution. In this frame, the thematic and theoretical tendencies of four journals are presented, their main theoretical and thematic axes are described, their particular relations with the social reality are also evaluated. The conclusions that emegre are indicatively of narrow relation that exists between education and society and function encouraging for further research, and bigger attendance of Greek mainly scientists in the international scientific space of History of Education.

There is widespread research evidence that sense of belonging to school is critical to the success of public education. Schools are influential settings for extra-familial socialization and therefore important places to satisfy children’s social and psychological needs, such as the innate need to belong. In case individual’s need of belonging and participation are not satisfied, the situation might lead into voluntary or involuntary social exclusion. Avoiding this is of particular concern to societies, not only because of moral reasons and legally binding curriculum, but also because of long-term impact on social stability and prosperity. The purpose of this descriptive literature review is to have an overview of what kind of perspectives have been taken, and what kind of claims have emerged in the prior research on sense of belonging. The research questions are what is sense of belonging, and why and how should it be nurtured in inclusive basic education. The sources of information are mainly psychological, educational and sociological studies about belonging, with special focus on studies related to school context. The most central sources of this thesis have been published in peer reviewed academic journals in either Finnish or in English. Based on the literature review I suggest that the transdisciplinary conceptualization of sense of belonging developed by Mahar, Cobigo and Stuart (2012) should be used in future research, as it captures all the dimensions of sense of belonging: subjectivity, reciprocity, groundedness, dynamism and self-determination. A positive sense of belonging among pupils should be considered as a high priority among educators, other school-based adults as well as decision makers, because when the need to belong is met, positive outcomes occur for example in academic performance. Sense of belonging can be nurtured by focusing on nurturing social relationships and taking into consideration the structural and contextual characteristics of school, such as physical environment and amenities of the school, safety, the presence of supporting resources, used learning methods and teachers’ attitudes. When striving for inclusive education, it is crucial that teachers consciously aim to create a new kind of national identity and culture that enables everyone’s sense of belonging. / Tutkimustiedon valossa yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteen on sanottu olevan ratkaisevassa roolissa julkisen koulutuksen onnistumisessa. Koulut ovat merkittäviä perheen ulkopuolisia sosiaalisia ympäristöjä ja siksi tärkeitä lapsen sosiaalisten ja psykologisten tarpeiden, kuten synnynnäisen yhteenkuuluvuuden tarpeen tyydyttämiselle. Mikäli yksilön yhteenkuuluvuuden ja osallisuuden tarpeet eivät tyydyty, seurauksena voi olla joko vapaaehtoinen tai tahdosta riippumaton syrjäytyminen. Syrjäytymisen välttäminen on yhteiskunnalle erityisen tärkeää, ei pelkästään moraalisten syiden ja laillisesti sitovan opetussuunnitelman vuoksi, vaan lisäksi koska sillä tiedetään olevan pitkäaikaisia vaikutuksia myös yhteiskunnan sosiaaliseen vakauteen ja hyvinvointiin. Tämän kuvailevan kirjallisuuskatsauksen tavoitteena on tehdä yleiskatsaus aikaisempaan tutkimukseen yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteesta. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat: Mitä yhteenkuuluvuuden tunne on sekä miksi ja miten siitä tulisi pitää huolta inklusiivisessa perusopetuksessa. Perehdyin tutkimusaiheeseeni monipuolisen teoreettisen katsauksen kautta. Keskeisimpänä lähdeaineistona toimivat aikaisemmin tutkimusaiheesta tehdyt ja mielellään koulumaailmaan liittyvät psykologiset, kasvatustieteelliset ja sosiologiset tutkimukset. Tutkimuksen tärkeimmät lähteet on julkaistu vertaisarvioiduissa akateemisissa lehdissä joko suomen ja englannin kielellä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen pohjalta ehdotan, että tulevaisuuden tutkimuksissa käytettäisiin tutkijoiden Mahar, Cobigo ja Stuart (2012) kehittämää yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteen poikkitieteellistä käsitettä, sillä siinä yhdistyvät kaikki yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteen ulottuvuudet: subjektiivisuus, vastavuoroisuus, perusteltavuus (groundedness), dynaamisuus ja itsemääräämisoikeus. Oppilaiden positiivisen yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteen tulisi olla korkealla opettajien, muiden koulun aikuisten ja päättäjien tärkeysjärjestyksessä, koska sillä tutkimusten mukaan sillä on positiivisia seurauksia esimerkiksi koulumenestykseen. Yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteeseen pystyy vaikuttamaan keskittymällä sosiaalisten suhteiden hoivaamiseen sekä ottamalla huomioon koulun rakenteet ja kontekstuaaliset piirteet, kuten koulun fyysisen ympäristön ja palvelut, turvallisuuden, tukiresurssien olemassaolon, käytetyt opiskelutavat ja opettajien asenteet. Pyrittäessä inklusiiviseen opetukseen, opettajien täytyy tietoisesti pyrkiä luomaan uutta kansallista identiteettiä ja kulttuuria, joka mahdollistaisi kaikkien yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteen.

Abstract The two universities in Oulu developed an interprofessional (IP) curriculum by implementing the theory and training periods for different undergraduate medical and health care students. The aim was to investigate how interprofessional education (IPE), use of collaborative learning methods and innovative learning environments will promote students’ IP competencies. Furthermore, the aim was to understand how the patients and families experienced the students’ receptions in the training periods. Students’ readiness and attitudes towards interprofessional learning (IPL) were investigated with the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and their learning experiences after the courses and training periods with a structured questionnaire. The patients and families filled in the feedback questionnaire after the reception. The data was collected between 2007 and 2015. Almost all students indicated, according to RIPLS great importance towards teamwork and collaboration, and felt their professional identity promoted. The medical students evaluated their roles and responsibilities significantly lower than the other health care students. After the first semester, IP course students’ learning outcomes correlated linearly with their own activity and collaboration with the IP group in the e-learning platform. During the training periods in the out patients diabetes clinic, as well as in the preventive maternity and child health clinics, they performed well with IP competencies such as patient-centeredness, communication and teamwork. Students were well briefed to take responsibility as an IP team of the patients’ visit. The care plan was finalized with the facilitators. In the reflection session, learning outcomes were summarized. Students got an overview of primary and preventive services and their professional roles there. Patients and families were very satisfied with their experience with the students. IPE programs have positively changed the overall attitudes to IPL, both with students and the educators and professionals. In addition, students’ professional and IP clinical competencies have developed and the trust in working together has increased. Feedback from patients and families has been very positive. It showed the importance of IPE and the development of collaborative practice in the service system to stakeholders. IP teamwork experience benefits current and future health care professionals in organizing patient-centered care in collaboration with educational organizations and their working life partners. / Tiivistelmä Oulun yliopiston ja ammattikorkeakoulun yhteistyönä kehitettiin lääketieteen ja terveydenhuollon eri perustutkinto-ohjelmille moniammatillinen opetussuunnitelma. Koulutus sisälsi teoriaopintoja sekä harjoittelua hyvinvointikeskuksessa. Tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten moniammatillinen oppiminen, osallistavien opetusmenetelmien käyttö sekä innovatiiviset oppimisympäristöt edistävät opiskelijoiden moniammatillisia taitoja. Tavoitteena oli myös kuvata potilaiden ja perheiden kokemuksia moniammatillisesti toteutetuista vastaanotoista harjoittelujaksoilla. Opiskelijoiden valmiuksia ja asenteita moniammatilliseen oppimiseen tutkittiin ”Valmiudet ja asenteet moniammatilliseen oppimiseen” (RIPLS) - mittarilla. Heidän oppimiskokemuksiaan koottiin opintojen ja harjoittelun päätteeksi strukturoidulla kyselymittarilla. Potilaat ja perheet täyttivät palautekyselyn vastaanoton päätyttyä. Aineisto kerättiin vuosina 2007-2015. Tarkasteltaessa opiskelijoiden asenteita RIPLS-mittarilla mitattuna suurin osa heistä piti erittäin tärkeänä tiimityötä ja vuorovaikutusta ja koki moniammatillisen oppimisen vahvistaneen heidän ammatillista identiteettiään. Lääketieteen opiskelijoiden arvio omasta ammattiroolistaan ja vastuistaan oli merkittävästi epävarmempi kuin muilla terveysalan opiskelijoilla. Opiskelijoiden oppiminen opintojen alkuvaiheen moniammatillisella kurssilla korreloi suoraan heidän omaan aktiivisuuteensa ja kommunikointiin moniammatillisen ryhmän kanssa verkkoalustan tehtävissä. Harjoittelujaksoilla sekä diabetesvastaanotolla että äitiys- ja lastenneuvolassa opiskelijat oppivat moniammatillisia taitoja, kuten potilaskeskeisyyttä, kommunikointia ja tiimityöskentelyä. He saivat kokonaiskuvan terveyskeskustyöstä ja ennaltaehkäisevistä palveluista sekä omista ammatillisista rooleistaan niissä. Potilaat ja perheet olivat erittäin tyytyväisiä saamaansa palveluun opiskelijavastaanotoilla. Opiskelijoiden asenteet moniammatillista oppimista kohtaan olivat positiivisia yhteisten opintojen alussa ja kehittyivät entistä positiivisemmiksi harjoittelujaksojen myötä. Samanaikaisesti opiskelijoiden ammattialakohtaiset sekä moniammatilliset taidot kehittyivät ja luottamus yhdessä työskentelyyn lisääntyi. Potilaiden ja perheiden antama erittäin myönteinen palaute on osoitus päättäjille ja palvelujärjestelmille moniammatillisen koulutuksen ja työkäytäntöjen kehittämisen merkityksestä. Moniammatilliset tiimityötaidot hyödyttävät sekä nykyisiä että tulevia terveysalan ammattilaisia toteuttamaan ja kehittämään asiakaslähtöistä työtä yhteistyössä korkeakoulujen ja työelämän palveluorganisaatioiden kanssa.

Abstract This study focuses on practices of engagement and representation in North–South international partnerships, and in global and development education in Finland. The first objective was approached through a qualitative methodology involving document analyses, and interviews with northern and southern partners engaged in education sector partnerships in Zambia from 2003 to 2007. The second objective discusses challenges and possibilities for more ethical North–South partnerships in global and development education policies in Finland. This doctoral study report consists of four articles and a thesis summary. This study draws on three fields of scholarship: postcolonial studies, development studies and global and development education studies. Postcolonial theory is used selectively as a ‘tool for thinking’ that connects critical examinations of North–South engagements and representations with educational possibilities. The methodological framework consists of a combination of different qualitative methods including ethnography and content analysis of three sets of data: 1) 19 semi-structured theme interviews, 2) five open-ended narrative interviews and 3) selected Finnish global and development education policy documents. In the analysis of structures, narratives and relationships in educational partnerships in Zambia, this study outlines tensions and paradoxes that point to the need for more ethical practices that can move beyond hegemonic, ethnocentric and paternalistic patterns of representation and engagement in international development work. The study concludes that ethical engagements in North–South education sector partnerships require an approach that goes beyond individual skills, knowledge and competencies. The importance of systemic analyses of power and knowledge production, of acknowledging the historical and cultural referents that frame possibilities of understanding, and of acknowledging the complexities that are present in North–South engagements are emphasized. Furthermore, the importance of self-reflexivity is suggested as a starting point for understanding the limits of universalised forms of knowing to support ethical engagements. / Tiivistelmä Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan pohjoinen–etelä -yhteistyötä Sambian opetussektorilla ja siihen liittyvää tematiikkaa globaali- ja kehityskasvatuksessa Suomessa. Tämä kvalitatiivinen tutkimus analysoi Sambiassa vuosina 2003–2007 koulutussektorin kumppanuusohjelmiin osallistuneiden sambialaisten ja eurooppalaisten kehitysyhteistyöntekijöiden haastatteluja sekä kehitysyhteistyöhön, globaali- ja kehityskasvatukseen liittyviä asiakirjoja. Tutkimus käsittelee haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia pyrittäessä eettisempiin pohjoisen ja etelän välisiin kumppanuuksiin koulutussektorin kehitysyhteistyössä sekä globaali- ja kehityskasvatuksen alueella Suomessa. Väitöskirjatutkimus koostuu tiivistelmästä ja neljästä artikkelista. Tutkimus hyodyntää kolmea tutkimusalaa: postkolonialistista tutkimusta, kehitystutkimusta sekä gloobaali- ja kehityskasvatusta. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys perustuu postkolonialistiseen teoriaan, joka tarkastelee krittisesti pohjoisen ja etelän välisiä kumppanuuksia ja niissä ilmeneviä koulutuksellisia mahdollisuuksia.Tutkimuksessa käytetään postkolonialistisia käsitteitä ja näkemyksiä ’ajattelun työkaluina’. Tämän tutkimuksen metodologinen viitekehys yhdistää useita kvalitatiivisia menetelmiä, kuten etnografiaa, sisällönanalyysia ja narratiivisuutta. Etnografian avulla pyritään ymmärtämään tutkimuksen tärkeintä kontekstia, Sambian koulutussektoria. Tämän tutkimuksen ensimmäinen primääri aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoiduilla teemahaastatteluilla (19). Toinen käytetty tutkimusaineisto sisältää avoimia haastatteluita (5), joissa hyödynnettiin narratiivista aineistonkeruumenetelmää. Kolmas tutkimusaineisto sisältää suomalaisia globaali- ja kehityskasvatuksen asiakirjoja. Näitä kolmea tutkimusaineistoryhmää analysoidaan kvalitatiivisen sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Sambian koulutussektorin kumppanuuksien rakenteiden, narratiivien ja suhteiden analyysi paljastaa jännitteitä sekä paradokseja. Tutkimusanalyysi osoittaa, miten tarkeää on tiedostaa historiallisia ja kulttuurisia seikkoja, jotka ulottuvat yksilöiden taitoja, osaamista sekä pätevyyksiä syvemmälle tasolle. Tutkimus esittää, että refleksiivisyys (self-reflexivity) on hyvä lähtökohta tiedon, taitojen ja osaamisen suhteellisuuden ymmärtämiseen eettisempien pohjoisen ja etelän välisten kumppanuuksien tukemisessa koulutussektorin kehitysyhteistyössä sekä globaali- ja kehityskasvatuksessa Suomessa.

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