Thesis advisor: Kevin Newmark / This thesis focuses on flora as metaphors and representations of identity in Simone Schwarz-Bart’s Pluie et vent sur Télumée miracle (1972), Xavier Orville’s Délice et le fromager (1977), and Maryse Condé’s Pays mêlé (1985). Within the context of the declining agricultural industry of the seventies and the eighties, these authors represent a new generation of writers from Guadeloupe and Martinique who add their own ambivalent landscape’s visions to those of Aimé Césaire’s Negritude and Édouard Glissant’s Creolization. As flora’s metaphors, trees and rhizomes reveal important aspects of the colonial world. Although the tree is a metaphor to unearth aspects of identity, does it have its own limitations in this colonial world? The theoretical basis for questioning the tree is rooted in Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Édouard Glissant's rhizome theories. Chapter one, “Le spectre du paysage tourmenté dans Pluie et vent sur Télumée miracle”, considers the connections of the tormented landscape with the various identities of characters. These identities use flora and characteristics of some trees and plants as rhetorical constructions to highlight different perspectives of the colonial world: race and rebellion and resilience. Chapter two, “Le fromager dans le monde putrescible” in Délice et le fromager, undertakes to understand the meaning of the tree as the narrator. The identity and the nature of the possessed ceiba tree, as the narrator, reveal a corrupted colonial world. As a witness to the main character’s family and the colonial world, this tree provides a unique perspective on the destruction of the family structure and on the corruption of the colonial world. Chapter three, “La thématique du retour à travers l’espace généalogique de Pays mêlé” examines how Maryse Condé’s Pays mêlé challenges the concept of a typical family tree. The family structure through adultery and illegitimacy shows that the fragmented Surena’s genealogy appears to be constructed like a rhizome with multiple wandering links. In this chapter, we will study the questions of origin often revisited within this genealogy and we will analyze the different factors that destabilize and marginalize characters throughout several generations. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures.

In this work, we have considered the theme of landscape in the poetry of Andrea Zanzotto, Philippe Jaccottet and Seamus Heaney within the perspective of a fragmentation of the aesthetics of nature. To that end, the most advanced theories of aesthetics applied to nature, such as environmental Aesthetics and Aesthetik der Natur (also known as ökologische Aesthetik) have been taken into account. The philosophical perspective of Paolo D’Angelo, insights from geography (in particular from the works of Franco Farinelli) and from ecology (considering the contributions of Gilles Clément to this discipline) have also been useful. We have argued that the poetic experiences of Zanzotto, Jaccottet and Heaney follow a similar path, each starting from the fusion between the poetic subject and landscape to reach a two-way relationship between them. In this interpretation, the concept of landscape has been considered, according to Michel Collot’s theory of pensée-paysage, as a phenomenon. The poetic texts have been analysed under the lenses of linguistic, stylistic and rhetorical approaches, consistent with the idea that every text must be studied within its context, as every poetic experience is constituted of three elements: the poetic subject, his language and his world, the latest being shaped by and shaping the subject’s position and the perspectives related to it: that is his discourse to the world and in this world.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Stuttgart, 1978. / Cover title: Taʻawwud al-bīʼah fī al-qism al-shimālī min Sāḥil Sūsah (Tūnis) maʻa akhdh al-jawānib al-ṭabīʻīyah bi-ʻayn al-iʻtibār. French and German on opposite pages. Includes bibliographical references (p. 590-638).

La thèse constitue une analyse physique, sociale et économique du paysage de deux villages himalayens de l’Inde (Uttarakhand) : Darkot et Sharmoli, par rapport au bourg voisin de Munsiyari qui jouit de fonctions administratives, commerciales et touristiques. Sharmoli est plus proche de Munsiyari, tandis que Darkot est distant de 7 km, et à une altitude plus basse. 173 ménages furent enquêtés. Les villages sont peuplés de Bhotias (classés Scheduled Tribes mais hindous de haute caste), Thakurs (haute caste) et ex-intouchables (Scheduled Castes). Les Bhotias pratiquaient le commerce avec le Tibet, et les autres castes étaient en position de dominés, mais à partir de 1962, avec l’arrêt du commerce et le transfert des terres des Bhotias aux Thakurs leurs anciens métayers, nombre de changements sont apparus dans la vie physique, sociale et économique des deux villages. Darkot est un village très ancien où les structures de caste, de religion et les hiérarchies demeurent très visibles dans les espaces publics comme privés, tandis que Sharmoli, construit il y a 4 ou 5 décennies, est moins marqué. Les habitants des deux villages adoptent de nouveaux types de maisons, avec de nouveaux matériaux de construction et un changement d’utilisation des pièces. Mais l’utilisation du sol à Sharmoli est marquée par le tourisme, au contraire de Darkot. L’agriculture dépasse le seuil de subsistance dans les deux cas. La majorité des hommes des deux villages est engagée dans les services (commerce) mais très peu comme fonctionnaires. L’âge moyen des actifs dans les villages dépasse 40 ans, ce qui signale l’émigration des jeunes vers les villes et la présence d’un grand nombre de retraités, notamment à Darkot. Le revenu par tête dépasse le seuil de pauvreté (3 $ par jour), mais pourrait être supérieur si les qualifications étaient supérieures et les opportunités dans les villages plus abondantes. Les femmes, notamment Bhotia, travaillent souvent dans l’artisanat, et les chambres d’hôte sont devenues une bonne source de revenu pour des ménages de Sharmoli. Globalement, le système clientéliste entre les Bhotias et les deux autres castes a disparu. Mais le paysage social de Darkot témoigne de plus d’orthodoxie dans l’espace public, puisque la religion, le temple, la caste jouent un rôle important en comparaison avec Sharmoli où dominent des fêtes modernes et profanes. La situation des femmes n’est pas très bonne dans aucun des villages, et des factions existent, notamment entre Bhotias et Thakurs. Au final, Darkot comme Sharmoli montrent les caractéristiques de la tradition et de la modernité, à travers l’analyse socio-économique des espaces privés et publics. / The thesis revolves around the physical, social and economic analysis of the landscape of two Himalayan villages in Uttarakhand, India: of Darkot and Sharmoli with respect to the core Munsiyari which exhibits administrative, market and tourism functions. Sharmoli is located near the core while Darkot is situated at a distance of 7 kms. and at a lower height than Sharmoli. The villages are inhabited by Bhotias (scheduled tribe as well as high-caste Hindus), Thakurs (high-caste Hindus) and lower-caste (scheduled castes) people. Around 173 families belonging to different castes are surveyed in the two villages. Bhotias used to practice trade with Tibet and the other two castes were their subordinates, but after 1962 with the stoppage of trade and transfer of Bhotias’ land to the tiller Thakurs, a lot of changes have come about in the physical, social and economic life of both the villages. The analysis of the landscape of Darkot and Sharmoli shows that Darkot is a very old village with the presence of elements of caste, religion, hierarchy etc. in its settlement pattern of private and public spaces, while Sharmoli has been constructed in the last 4-5 decades with a lower degree of influence of social and physical factors. The inhabitants of both the villages are adopting modern-design and new types of houses with contemporary construction materials while the uses of rooms are changing as per need. Land in the Sharmoli is used more for tourism-related activities which are absent in case of Darkot, while agriculture is far from subsistence level in both the villages. Majority of the male inhabitants of both the villages are engaged in service sector activities such as labour, business, private jobs etc. while very few are in government services. The average age of the earner in both the villages is beyond 40 years which shows the out-migration of young people to the towns and cities along with the presence of a large number of pensioners, esp. in Darkot. Though the villagers are not poor with regard to per-capita income, yet their earnings are lower (i.e. around $3 per day) because of poor educational qualifications and skills, along with lack of good opportunities in the villages. Women (esp. of Bhotia caste) are engaged in handicrafts while home-stays have come up as a new and good source of income for the families in Sharmoli. Overall, the patron-client relationship between Bhotias and the other two castes in economic terms has been loosened. The social landscape of Darkot depicts more orthodoxy in public space as religion, temple, caste play an important role in Darkot in comparison to Sharmoli where modern cultural and secular festivals dominate the landscape. The situation of women is not very good in both the villages while the caste factions (esp. among Bhotias and Thakurs) are clearly visible. Hence, both Darkot and Sharmoli depict characteristics of tradition and modernity depending upon the social and economic analysis of private and public spaces.

As Unidades de ConservaÃÃo representam uma estratÃgia importante para preservaÃÃo da natureza. A Caatinga à o Ãnico bioma exclusivamente brasileiro e possui rica uma biodiversidade, altas taxas de endemismos e uma forte pressÃo antrÃpica sob seus recursos naturais. Apesar disso, apenas 1% do bioma à protegido atravÃs de Unidades de ConservaÃÃo de proteÃÃo integral. O presente estudo foi realizado na EstaÃÃo EcolÃgica do CastanhÃo, criada no ano de 2001 como forma de compensaÃÃo aos impactos ambientais gerados com a construÃÃo do aÃude CastanhÃo, o maior do estado e do Nordeste. à localizada nos municÃpios de Jaguaribara, Alto Santo e Iracema e tem como objetivos proteger amostras do ecossistema de Caatinga, realizar pesquisa cientÃfica e educaÃÃo ambiental. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral realizar a anÃlise geoecolÃgica da paisagem na EstaÃÃo EcolÃgica do CastanhÃo, com o intuito de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma proposta de plano de gestÃo ambiental e de sua implantaÃÃo. E teve como objetivos especÃficos: descrever e analisar as unidades geoecolÃgicas presentes na EstaÃÃo EcolÃgica; realizar um diagnÃsticointegrado identificando impactos, limitaÃÃes e potencialidades; e apresentar propostas e diretrizes para a efetividade e viabilidade da gestÃo ambiental da EstaÃÃo EcolÃgica. A fundamentaÃÃo metodolÃgica teve como base a geoecologia da paisagem, que tem seus pressupostos na teoria sistÃmica e no estudo da paisagem. As tÃcnicas de cartografia e de geoprocessamento bem como os levantamentos de campo possibilitaram o alcance dos resultados. Foram delimitadas e caracterizadas diferentes unidades geoecolÃgicas, divididas em comarcas e fÃceis, tendo o relevo como principal fator diferenciador. Os resultados apontaram como principais impactos dentro da EstaÃÃo a agropecuÃria, extraÃÃo da cobertura vegetal, caÃa e a presenÃa de estradas como fatores limitantes a conservaÃÃo da unidade. O estado de conservaÃÃo e uso do solo mostrou que 36% da Ãrea à usada para agropecuÃria, 18,2% contÃm vegetaÃÃo conservada e 15,7% apresenta solo desprovido de cobertura vegetal. A partir desses dados foi elaborada proposta de zoneamento da unidade, dividido em zona intangÃvel, zona de proteÃÃo, zona de uso especial, zona de recuperaÃÃo e zona de amortecimento. Posteriormente, foi proposto mosaico de conservaÃÃo com o estabelecimento de novas Ãreas protegidas e de dois corredores ecolÃgicos, destacando o papel dessas Ãreas para a recuperaÃÃo de Ãreas degradadas e a importÃncia da EstaÃÃo EcolÃgica do CastanhÃo no contexto regional. A geoecologia da paisagem se mostrou uma ferramenta eficaz para o estudo de unidades de conservaÃÃo e para o planejamento ambiental. / Protected areas are fundamental tools in any strategy for nature conservation. However, their creation is not only sufficient to effect protection. The Caatinga is the only exclusively Brazilian biome and has a rich biodiversity, high rates of endemism and a strong human pressure on natural resources. However, only 1% of the biome is protected by protected areas for full protection. This study was conducted at the Ecological Station of CastanhÃo (Brazilian category), created in 2001 as compensation for the environmental impacts generated by the construction of CastanhÃo dam, the largest in the state and the Northeast. Owns 12,579 ha in area and is located in the cities of Jaguaribara, Alto Santo and Iracema, in order to protect the samples Caatinga ecosystem, conduct scientific research and environmental education, and is administered by ICMBio. This research aimed to conduct the analysis geoecologic Landscape in Ecological Station of CastanhÃo, in order to contribute to the development of a draft environmental management plan and its implementation. And had the following objectives: to describe and analyze the geoecological units present at Ecological Station, performing integrated diagnosis identifying impacts, limitations and potential, and make proposals and guidelines for the viability and effectiveness of the environmental management of the Ecological Station. The methodological foundation was based on geoecology landscape, which has its premises in systems theory and the study of landscape. The techniques of cartography and GIS and field surveys enabled the achievement of results. Were delineated and characterized different ecology units, with relief as the main differentiating factor. The results showed as major impacts within the agriculture, extraction of vegetation, hunting and the presence of roads as factors limiting the conservation area. The state of conservation and land use showed that 36% of the area is used for agriculture, contains 18.2% and 15.7% conserved vegetation provides soil devoid of vegetation. From these data was elaborated proposed zoning unit, divided into intangible zone, buffer zone, special-use zone, recovery zone and buffer zone. Later, it was proposed mosaic of conservation with the establishment of new protected areas and wildlife corridors 2, highlighting the role of these areas for the recovery of degraded areas and the importance of the Ecological Station CastanhÃo in the regional context. The geoecology landscape proved an effective tool for the study of conservation and environmental planning.

L’histoire des monuments religieux de la rive droite de Paris au Moyen Âge est étroitement liée à celle dudéveloppement de la ville. L’étude considère, sur dix siècles, l’ensemble des manifestations monumentales, dela simple chapelle à l’enclos monastique, comme des éléments structurants de la « Ville ». Lorsque le Parismédiéval atteint son apogée dans le courant du XIVe siècle, l’évolution de la construction religieuse dépendd’un espace urbain complexe dans lequel se confrontent les pouvoirs royal, ecclésiastique et laïc. La création etle développement du fait monumental religieux sont soumis à des influences architecturales diverses et à dessituations multiples dans un contexte bâti de plus en plus dense. La compilation de ces données architecturalesrépond à de nouvelles problématiques d’étude du paysage urbain, notamment l’iconologie des monuments, enmettant en place une méthodologie au confluent d’analyses architecturale, topographique, cartographique eticonologique. / The history of the religious monuments of Paris right bank in the Middle Ages is closely linked to that of thecity’s development. This study is looking at every monumental expression as structuring elements of the ‘City’,from the simple chapel to the monastic enclosure, over ten centuries of history. When medieval Paris reachedits pinnacle during the fourteenth century, the evolution of religious construction depended on a complexurban space in which royal, ecclesiastical and lay powers confronted each other. The creation and developmentof the religious monumental phenomenon were the result of diverse architectural influences and manifoldsituations, in a progressively denser built context. The compiling of this architectural data responds to newproblems regarding the study of the urban landscape, specifically the iconology of monuments, by establishinga new methodology at the crossroad of architectural, topographical, cartographical and iconological analysis.

Le sujet de la recherche est fondé sur l'étude du bord urbain-rural comme une structure territoriale qui accueille les dynamiques de contact, la transformation et l'hybridation des tissus. Le bord, à travers son épaisseur variable, est le milieu de l'interface, du changement, de la fragmentation et de la rupture. C’est intéressant d'étudier les caractères, la structure, les propriétés, les attributs, les adaptations que cet épaisseur assume, en se basant sur le caractère du lieu, la morphologie, l'utilisation des terres, sur la façon d'occupation de l'espace, sur les écologies relatives aux processus environnementaux et leurs implications dans le temps. C’est possible étudier spécifiquement ces phénomènes? Comprendre ses composantes, les raisons structurelles et de les interpréter dans une nouvelle pratique d’utilisation, d'emploi, de génération du bord? Le contact et les dynamiques qui en dérivent, nous permettent d'introduire le concept du changement d'état: la transmission des caractères d'un état à un autre (urbain-rural) comme nouvelle façon de lire les trasformations. La recherche est basée sur l'observation des études de cas en Sardaigne avec le but de construire une matrice de morpho typologies de paysages "en contact". L'objectif est pouvoir identifier et vérifier les processus de bord de qualité, et, par contre, les épisodes-processus qui affectent la qualité de ces espaces. Ces analyses seront réinterprétées sous forme de lignes directrices pour une révision plus consciente de l'espace du bord. / The theme of the search founds him on the urba-rural border study like a territorial structure that includes contact dynamics, the transformation and the hybridization among fabrics.The border, through his varying thickness, it is the place of the interface, of the mutation, of the fragmentation and the breakup. it is interesting to study the characters, the structures, the ownerships, the attributes, the adaptations that this thickness assumes, founding himself on the characters of the place, the morphologies, the uses of the ground, on the formalities of occupation of the space, on the ecologies related to the environmental trials and to their implications in the time. it is possible to study in the specific these phenomena? The contact among fabrics and the dynamics that derive of it, allows us to introduce the concept of passage of state, or rather the exachange of factors from a state to the other (urban-rural) as new way to read her transformations. The method of the search founds him on the observation and the analysis of a series of Sardinian cases study, with the objective to build a matrix of morfo typologies of "landscapes in contact". The objective is to be able to identify and to verify the processes of edge of quality and, contrarily, the episode-trials that injure the quality of the spaces. These analyses will constitute material of base for a reinterpretazione in the form of lines it drives for a more aware afterthought of the space of edge.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thesis--Catholic Univ. of America. / Bibliography: p. 199-208.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.