Consultórios Gramaticais são textos metalingüísticos formados por perguntas e respostas sobre as regras prescritas pela gramática tradicional. Esse gênero discursivo, veiculado no início do século XX na mídia impressa, atualmente, é propagado também na internet, todavia, os consultórios gramaticais da internet, ao mudarem de suporte, não se modificaram suficientemente para serem considerados um novo gênero. Assim, podem ser classificados como um gênero tradicional com suporte digital. Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo caracterizar os consultórios gramaticais como gênero discursivo, observar o discurso metalingüístico presente nos enunciados desse gênero e levantar as marcas de intolerância e preconceito lingüísticos nos enunciados dos consultórios gramaticais. Utilizamos como método de pesquisa a Análise do Discurso e como base teórica a Teoria da Enunciação e a Teoria dos Gêneros Textuais. Os principais autores referidos neste trabalho são: Maingueneau (2004); Authier-Revuz (1990) e Bakhtin (1992). O corpus para a pesquisa é composto por consultórios gramaticais impressos no início do século XX e por consultórios digitais, veiculados atualmente na internet. Os consultórios do início do século XX que foram analisados neste trabalho são de autoria de Candido de Figueiredo, Napoleão Mendes de Almeida e Mário Barreto. Já os sites com seções de consultas gramaticais que foram utilizados para a pesquisa são Sua Língua de Cláudio Moreno, Por Trás das Letras, de Hélio Consolaro e Gramática On Line de Dílson Catarino. Com a pesquisa, confirmou-se a hipótese de que as marcas de preconceito e intolerância lingüísticos é uma característica do gênero consultório gramatical. / Consultórios Gramaticais are metalinguistics texts constituted by questions and answers about rules dictated by the traditional grammar. This gender of discourse, popular in the early 20th century among readers of printed media, today, is propagated also in the internet, however, the \'consultórios gramaticais\' in the internet, when changed their media support, don\' t changed themselves sufficiently to be considered another gender. Therefore, they may be classified how a traditional gender with digital media support. The main aim of this dissertation is to charaterize the \'consultórios gramaticais\' how a gender of discourse, to observe the metalinguistic discourse in the enunciations of this gender and to make evident the linguistic intolerance and preconception marks in the enunciations of the \'consultórios gramaticais\'. The research method we used was the Discourse Analysis; the theoretical basements were the Enunciation theory and the Theory of the textual genders. Mainguenau (2004); Authier-Revuz (1990) and Bakthin (1992) are among the main works studied here. The corpus for the resarch is compound by printed \'consultórios gramaticais\' in the early 20th century and by digital \'consultórios gramaticais\' found recently on internet. The \'consultórios gramaticais\' of the early 20th century that were analysed in this work were compound by Cândido de Figueiredo, Napoleão Mendes de Almeida and Mario Barreto.The sites with sections of grammatical questions that were used in this resarch were \'Sua língua\', found by Cláudio Moreno, \'Por trás das letras\", by Hélio Consolaro and \'Gramática on line\' by Dilson Catarino. This research has confirmed the hypothesis that the linguistic preconceptions and intolerance marks are a characteristic of the \'consultórios gramaticais\' gender.

Consultórios Gramaticais são textos metalingüísticos formados por perguntas e respostas sobre as regras prescritas pela gramática tradicional. Esse gênero discursivo, veiculado no início do século XX na mídia impressa, atualmente, é propagado também na internet, todavia, os consultórios gramaticais da internet, ao mudarem de suporte, não se modificaram suficientemente para serem considerados um novo gênero. Assim, podem ser classificados como um gênero tradicional com suporte digital. Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo caracterizar os consultórios gramaticais como gênero discursivo, observar o discurso metalingüístico presente nos enunciados desse gênero e levantar as marcas de intolerância e preconceito lingüísticos nos enunciados dos consultórios gramaticais. Utilizamos como método de pesquisa a Análise do Discurso e como base teórica a Teoria da Enunciação e a Teoria dos Gêneros Textuais. Os principais autores referidos neste trabalho são: Maingueneau (2004); Authier-Revuz (1990) e Bakhtin (1992). O corpus para a pesquisa é composto por consultórios gramaticais impressos no início do século XX e por consultórios digitais, veiculados atualmente na internet. Os consultórios do início do século XX que foram analisados neste trabalho são de autoria de Candido de Figueiredo, Napoleão Mendes de Almeida e Mário Barreto. Já os sites com seções de consultas gramaticais que foram utilizados para a pesquisa são Sua Língua de Cláudio Moreno, Por Trás das Letras, de Hélio Consolaro e Gramática On Line de Dílson Catarino. Com a pesquisa, confirmou-se a hipótese de que as marcas de preconceito e intolerância lingüísticos é uma característica do gênero consultório gramatical. / Consultórios Gramaticais are metalinguistics texts constituted by questions and answers about rules dictated by the traditional grammar. This gender of discourse, popular in the early 20th century among readers of printed media, today, is propagated also in the internet, however, the \'consultórios gramaticais\' in the internet, when changed their media support, don\' t changed themselves sufficiently to be considered another gender. Therefore, they may be classified how a traditional gender with digital media support. The main aim of this dissertation is to charaterize the \'consultórios gramaticais\' how a gender of discourse, to observe the metalinguistic discourse in the enunciations of this gender and to make evident the linguistic intolerance and preconception marks in the enunciations of the \'consultórios gramaticais\'. The research method we used was the Discourse Analysis; the theoretical basements were the Enunciation theory and the Theory of the textual genders. Mainguenau (2004); Authier-Revuz (1990) and Bakthin (1992) are among the main works studied here. The corpus for the resarch is compound by printed \'consultórios gramaticais\' in the early 20th century and by digital \'consultórios gramaticais\' found recently on internet. The \'consultórios gramaticais\' of the early 20th century that were analysed in this work were compound by Cândido de Figueiredo, Napoleão Mendes de Almeida and Mario Barreto.The sites with sections of grammatical questions that were used in this resarch were \'Sua língua\', found by Cláudio Moreno, \'Por trás das letras\", by Hélio Consolaro and \'Gramática on line\' by Dilson Catarino. This research has confirmed the hypothesis that the linguistic preconceptions and intolerance marks are a characteristic of the \'consultórios gramaticais\' gender.

This dissertation explores the ethnic and religious dimensions of the northern Nigeria conflict in which gruesome killings have intermittently occurred, to determine whether there are genocidal inclinations to the episodic killings. The literature review provides the contextual framework for examining the conflict parties and causation factors to address the research questions: Are there genocidal inclinations to the ethno-religious conflict in northern Nigeria? To what extent does the interplay between ethnicity and religion help to foment and escalate the conflict in northern Nigeria? The study employs a mixed content analysis and grounded theory methodology based on the Strauss and Corbin (1990) approach. Data sourcing was from 197 newspaper articles on the conflict over the study period spanning from the 1966 northern Nigeria massacres of thousands of Ibos up to present, ongoing killings between Muslims and Christians or non-Muslims in the region. Available texts of the conflict cases over the research period were content-analyzed using Nvivo qualitative data analysis software involving processes of categorizing, coding and evaluation of the textual themes. The study structures a theoretical model for determining proclivity to genocide, and finds that there are genocidal inclinations to the northern Nigeria conflict, involving the specific intent to ‘cleanse’ the north through the exclusionary ideology of imposition of the Sharia law through enforced assimilation or extermination of Christians and other non-Muslims who do not assimilate or adopt the Muslim ideology. The study also suggests that there is latency in the recognition of these genocidal manifestations due to their episodic nature and intermittency of occurrence. he study provides further understanding of factors underlying and sustaining the violent conflict between Muslims and Christians in northern Nigeria. It contributes new perspectives and theoretical model for determining genocidal proclivity to the field of conflict analysis and resolution, and proffers alternative strategies for relationship building and peaceful coexistence among different religious groups. The findings will guide recommendations on policy formulations for eliminating religious intolerance in northern Nigeria. The study creates further awareness on the need for global intervention on the region’s sporadic killings to avert full blown Rwandan type genocide in Nigeria.

The dispute over the place, accommodation and tolerance of religion and religious expression in South African public schools, as well as globally, has been vehement. This is, to some extent, because public schools reflect the multicultural and religious societies in which they are found. In addition to their diverse backgrounds, public schools in South Africa and elsewhere are dominated by Christianity, with most people claiming allegiance to it and, sometimes, discriminating against the other minority religions. This has led to governments developing a plethora of legislation, policies and regulations to redress the dominance, unequal treatment and discrimination of the dominant religion. This study was undertaken to answer the question: “How do public schools promote the learners’ right to freedom of religious expression?” This interpretive multisite case study explored the experiences of the SGB chairpersons, principals, Life Orientation educators and learners at three public secondary schools in the Bohlabela District of the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. The research used interviews, document analysis and observations to elicit the participants’ views and understandings of how their various schools’ religious observance policies promoted the learners’ right to freedom of religious expression. The findings revealed that most schools have not changed the way they conduct religious observances since the promulgation of the National Policy on Religion and Education of 2003. Moreover, learners still experience religious intolerance and religious discrimination because schools promote single-faith religious observances. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria 2021. / pt2021 / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

This thesis explores the apparent paradox that exists between Voltaire's promotion of universal tolerance and his negative writing about the Jews. It considers the way that past critics have tended to approach these two aspects of his work, often either ignoring those elements that do not fit with their view of Voltaire, or interpreting his comments relating to the Jews as manifestations of an 'antisemitism' that denies the sincerity of his drive for tolerance. We therefore explore today's understanding of the term antisemitism, and trace the development in such thinking from historical Christian anti-Judaism and anti-Jewishness through to the nineteenth- and twentieth- century pseudo-biological theories of race. The thesis contends that Voltaire's promotion of tolerance and his often vitriolic Jewish discourse do not offer contradictory arguments, but represent differing approaches to the same problematic questions: the causes and effects of intolerance, and the ways mankind might be encouraged to use reason and to avoid fanaticism. Using psychocritical analysis, we investigate Voltaire's figures relating to the Jews and the Christians, figures that represent them as both victims and victimizers. This methodology further allows us to consider Voltaire's own self-understanding, an understanding that appears not only in terms of an empathy with fellow sufferers, but also of a suggested awareness of a certain relationship to the Jews themselves. The thesis therefore presents two propositions: first, that it was Voltaire's unconscious acknowledgement of this (for him) troubling kinship with the Jews that gave birth to his more 'hallucinatory' anti- Jewish form of writing, and second, that it was only when he began to embrace this awareness, to tolerate his self-understanding, that he embarked on his programme to promote the rights of all people, including the Jews.

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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) presentation is usually classic but cold-related Raynaud's phenomenon (RP)-like symptoms were described in CTS and more commonly in the injured hand (HI). The work presented in this thesis is divided into two domains; the first aims to extend understanding of the response of the hand to cold in CTS and HI using two processes. [1] The modified cold provocation test (CPT) validated in a group of controls and both primary and secondary (vibration induced) RP subjects. Both hands were immersed in a 12°C water bath and the digital temperature recorded every 6 seconds using thermocouples until the digital temperature dropped to 15°C. The hands were then removed and allowed to passively re-warm. Baseline temperature (difference between the ambient temperature and the digital temperature), T30sec (temperature gain in the first 30 seconds post-cooling) and T5°C (time required to gain 5°C) were assessed. [2] Laser Doppler Imaging (LDI), a well-established method for investigating skin microcirculation with an endothelial challenge (facilitated by iontophoresis delivery Sodium Nitroprusside and Acetylcholine). The second domain centred on the management of CTS and in particular outcome assessment of conservative versus surgical treatment in registrar and nurse practitioner CTS clinics in a community hospital. Data on 86 controls, 31 primary RP and 59 secondary RP were collected. In the control group the baseline temperature was >6°C, which was higher than the primary and secondary RP groups (p-value <0.05, sensitivity 79%, 78%, specificity 43%, 45%, inter-class correlation 53%, 49%); T30sec in secondary RP was >1.8°C, which was higher than controls and the primary RP groups (p value <0.001, sensitivity 70%, 71%, specificity 76%, 79%, inter-class correlation 3%, 40%); and T5°C in primary RP was >300 seconds, which was longer than that of the controls and secondary RP groups (p-value <0.001, sensitivity 64%, 61%, specificity 70%, 64%, inter-class correlation 70%, 70%); data given for left and right hands respectively. CPT and LDI studies were undertaken on 60 controls and 60 CTS patients pre-operatively and repeated on 40 subjects 5-7 months post-decompression. Post-operatively, the baseline temperature increased by 1.5°C (p-value <0.05) in both hands and 2.5°C (p-value <0.001) in the median nerve supplied digits, T5oC was reduced in the hands (pre- versus post-operative from 474 to 348 seconds) (p-value 0.06) and from 468 to 273 seconds in the median nerve supplied digits (p-value 0.01). Endothelial dependent and independent control at mean and maximum pre- and post-cooling perfusion was significantly depressed (p value 0.05) post-cold exposure in the control group. LDI limited to the dorsum of the hand identified no significant difference pre- and post-operatively (p-value >0.05). HI subject recruitment was challenging: the absence of a financial incentive and the possible income loss during working days for a young working cohort might have contributed to the poor recruitment. Of the 60 subject targets only 14 recruited and the injury severity varied widely between the recruits; the data gathered through CPT and LDI in this group did not show a significant difference from that collected in controls. CTS management audits on 74 subjects in a nurse-led clinic and 173 subjects in a registrar-led clinic identified a high failure rate of the conservative management (60%) at 6 months follow up in both clinics with unclear success predictors suggesting an extra burden on clinics providing decompression surgery.

Within the United States (U.S.), one-third of those who use cannabis (the most commonly used illicit drug in the U.S.), exhibit cannabis use problems significant enough to warrant a diagnosis of cannabis use disorder (CUD; Compton, Grant, Colliver, Glantz, & Stinson, 2004). Data suggests that quitting cannabis is highly difficult (Copersino et al., 2006), yet, there is little empirical knowledge about the nature of factors that relate to quit processes (e.g., self-efficacy). One potentially promising variable of relevance to CUD is distress intolerance (Leyro, Zvolensky, & Bernstein, 2010). Distress intolerance is referred to as (a) the perceived capacity to withstand negative emotional and/or aversive states, and (b) the behavioral act of withstanding distressing internal states elicited by some type of stressor. Although theoretically nested within a broader network of risk and protective processes, distress intolerance is posited to be related to, though conceptually distinct from, other variables (e.g., anxiety sensitivity; emotion regulation; Leyro et al., 2010). Individuals with higher levels of distress intolerance may be prone to maladaptively respond to distress (e.g., life stressors), and attempt to avoid negative emotions and/or aversive states (e.g., use cannabis to alter the perception or impact of negative mood, or to enhance positive mood). In contrast, persons with lower levels of distress intolerance may be more able to adaptively respond to distress (e.g., seek out alternative, more adaptive coping strategies instead of using cannabis). There is limited knowledge of the explanatory role of the inability to tolerate negative affect and other aversive internal sensations (e.g., withdrawal) in terms of CUD and the nature of the quit experience (e.g., beliefs about barriers to quitting). The aim of the present study was to examine the main and interactive effects of perceived and behavioral indices of distress intolerance in terms of cannabis quit-related variables, including (a) failed quit attempts, and duration of average time to relapse for past quit attempts; (b) greater severity of withdrawal symptoms experienced while quitting in the past, lower self-efficacy for abstaining, and greater perceived barriers for quitting cannabis; and (c) greater CUD problems. The sample recruited was characterized by racially and ethnically diverse (65.2% minority) adult cannabis users, many of whom had not completed college (46.5%). The sample had high rates of co-occuring psychiatric and medical illness (e.g., 36.1% had a current anxiety disorder, 26.4% had a current mood disorder, and half endorsed a medical condition), and over 25% fell below the 2013 Federal Poverty Level. There was no empirical support for an interactive or main effect of perceived or behavioral distress intolerance for any of the dependent variables. Although previous studies did not employ most of the cannabis dependent measures utilized in the current report, the lack of significant effects in the regression models was surprising given previous work on the topic (focused largely on coping motives for cannabis use). At the bi-variate level, there was some modest evidence of a 'signal' for perceived distress intolerance for certain cannabis dependent variables; these effects ranged from small to moderate. These data suggest, at least among the present largely minority sample, neither perceived or behavioral distress intolerance are robustly related to the cannabis dependent measures. One conservative interpretation of these findings is that distress intolerance may not perform the same across all CUD samples. Post hoc analyses focused on perceived distress intolerance subfactors relations to the dependent variables; indirect explanatory role of negative affect in perceived distress intolerance-cannabis relations; and bi-variate relations between perceived and behavioral distress intolerance with other transdiagnostic distress processes. Results suggested (a) no incremental explanatory effect for specific perceived distress intolerance subfactors; (b) a significant indirect effect of negative affect in the relation between perceived distress intolerance and certain cannabis dependent variables; and (c) consistent evidence of convergent validity for perceived distress intolerance with other transdiagnostic affective vulnerability factors. I contextualize the findings in relation to past work, and the methodology employed in the current study. I discuss how future theory-driven work that seeks to uncover the time course and patterning between distress intolerance, negative mood, and cannabis use behavior are needed. I also suggest that this work will likely have the greatest impact when the social contexts of CUD populations (e.g., social determinants of health) are more directly integrated into the theoretical models.

The premise of this thesis is that Western thought is characterised by the need to enforce binary classification in order to structure the world. Classifications of sexuality and gender both embody this tendency, which has been largely influenced by Judeo-Christian tradition. Thus, it is argued that attitudes to sexuality, particularly homosexuality are, in part, a function of the way in which we seek to impose structure on the world. From this view, it is (partly) the ambiguity, inherent in gender and sexual variation, which evokes negative responses. The thesis presents a series of inter-linked studies examining attitudes to various aspects of human sexuality, including the human body, non-procreative sex acts (anal an oral sex) and patterns of sexuality that depart from the hetero-homo dichotomy. The findings support the view that attitudes to sexuality are significantly informed by gender-role stereotypes, with negative attitudes linked to intolerance of ambiguity. Male participants show large differences in their evaluations of male and female bodies, and of male and female sexual actors, than do female participants. Male participants also show a greater negativity to gay male sexual activity than do female participants, but males perceive lesbian sexuality similarly to heterosexuality. Male bodies are rated as being less 'permeable' than female bodies and male actors are more frequently identified as being the instigators of sexual acts. Crucial to the concept of heterosexism is the assumption that 'femininity' is considered inherently inferior to 'masculinity'. Hence, the findings provide an empirical basis for making connections between heterosexism and sexism, and therefore between the psychology of women, and gay and lesbian psychology.