Given the need for further understanding of Chemical Intolerance (CI), the aim was to examine how persons living with CI describe their experiences of the course of CI. Eleven participants were recruited via Swedish websites hosted by CI support groups. A questionnaire was sent by postal mail to participants, and their written replies were analysed narratively. The analysis resulted in 5 types of narrative. The types were constructed based on similarities in onset and course of CI. Differences between types were related to possible effects on health and well-being based on theories of social support, coping and basic psychological needs. Differences in participants’ perceptions of symptom onset were related to aetiological theories of CI. Implications of similarities between types were also discussed. The 5 narrative types were similar in their descriptions of alienation from society and poor social support. Perceptions of symptom onset differed between types with regard to suddenness, point in life and cause of symptoms. Moreover, the results indicate that coping among persons with CI is dynamic and vary with contextual conditions.

In Computer Aided Design model the shape is usually defined as a boundary representation, a cell complex of faces, edges, and vertices. The boundary representation is generated from a system of geometric constraints, with parameters as degrees of freedom. The dimensions of the boundary representation are determined by the parameters in the CAD system used to model the part, and every single parametric perturbation may generate different changes in the part model shape and dimensions. Thus, one can compute dimensional sensitivity to parameter perturbations. A "Sensitivity Analysis" method is proposed to automatically quantify the dependencies of the Key Characteristic dimensions on each of the feature parameters in a CAD model. Once the sensitivities of the feature parameters to Key Characteristic dimensions have been determined the appropriate perturbations of each parameter to cause a desired change in critical dimension can be determined. This methodology is then applied to real applications of tolerancing in mechanical assembly models to show the efficiencies of this new developed strategy. The approach can identify where specific tolerances need to be applied to a Key Control Characteristic dimension, the range of part tolerances that could be used to achieve the desired Key Product Characteristic dimension tolerances, and also if existing part tolerances make it impossible to achieve the desired Key Product Characteristic dimension tolerances. This thesis provides an explanation of a novel automated tolerance allocation process for an assembly model based on the parametric CAD sensitivity method. The objective of this research is to expose the relationship between parameters sensitivity of CAD design in mechanical assembly product and tolerance design. This exposes potential new avenues of research in how to develop standard process and methodology for geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) in a digital design tools environment known as Digital MockUp (DMU).

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Background: There are approximately 12 million statin users in the United Kingdom. Reports of statin intolerance occurs between 7 and 29% of users, manifesting as muscle ache, fatigue or more seriously, muscle breakdown leading to myopathy. Creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels are used as a biomarker of statin-induced muscle damage. Non-adherence or discontinuation of therapy is a common result of intolerance and can result in negative cardiovascular disease-related outcomes. Aim: This thesis attempts to identify trends in record-linked medical data in a Scottish Caucasian cohort (GoDARTS) that best represent statin intolerance in order to study associated genetic factors. Methods: Prescribing trends such as switching or discontinuation of statin therapy were examined, and thresholds created to select true cases of intolerance. Information on CK levels was gathered from medical records and appropriate test results were utilized. Genotypic data was gathered for the variants and genetic regions of interest using a variety of methods including chip-based genotyping followed by imputation, TAQMAN genotyping, and exome sequencing. Subsequently hypothesis-based association analyses were conducted, including linear and logistic regressions, followed by meta-analyses, regional GWAS followed by a regional meta –analysis. Results: The phenotypes of statin intolerance were validated both internally and externally. Previously reported missense variants in LILRB5 (Asp247Gly) and CKM (Glu83Gly) were replicated and shown to be associated with CK levels irrespective of statin usage in the GoDARTS cohort and the clinical trial setting (JUPITER). Further, the CKM variant was also associated with inducibility of CK at times of tissue injury. The Asp247 genotype in LILRB5 was associated with increased risk of statin intolerance, and was replicated in associations with non-compliance to statin therapy and the development of myalgia in the JUPITER trial. The association with myalgia showed a stratified effect based on therapy (statin or placebo), with those on placebo showing the genotype effect. Further, the variant was also associated with increased risk of statin-induced myositis, cases of which had been clinically adjudicated and exome sequenced for the PREDICTION-ADR consortium. Further exploration of the LILR gene region showed an association with variants in LILRB2 (His20Arg and Val235Met) which were in strong LD with each other but were not in linkage with the variant in LILRB5. Stratified analysis revealed that the risk for carriers of the LILRB2 variants was increased depending on the genotype carried at the LILRB5 variant. Conclusions: This study characterises novel genetic factors associated with statin intolerance impacting adherence. The findings point to the immunomodulatory effects of statins. The results suggest that true statin-induced myalgia and non-specific myalgia are distinct, with a possible role for the immune system in their development. The findings encourage further investigation into the immune-physiology of statin-induced muscle damage and identifies genetically susceptible groups who are more likely to be statin intolerant.

This portfolio Thesis consists of three parts: a Systematic Literature Review, an Empirical Research Report and Appendices. Part One is a Systematic Literature Review, concerning the prediction of worry in adults. Though various definitions of worry implicate different psychological constructs, Intolerance to Uncertainty (IU) has been considered to have a unique relationship with worry. Hence, the review evaluated whether IU is a superior predictor of worry. Sixteen studies were identified by applying eligibility criteria in searches across two electronic databases. Methodological quality of studies was incorporated into the interpretation of findings. Generally, it was found that IU is indeed predictive of worry. However, IU did not always explain the highest proportion of worry, when compared with constructs tied to alternative theories of worry. Reasons for this are discussed, as well as clinical implications, future research directions and limitations of literature included and the review itself. Part Two is an Empirical Research Report, exploring IU and attention. A clearer understanding of how IU influences cognitive processes can help to improve current treatments for Generalised Anxiety Disorder. The report extended a previous study by investigating whether IU biases attentional processes towards information considered as threatening in GAD and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Fifty-seven participants completed questionnaires on Depression, Anxiety and IU. Participants also provided personal relevance ratings of words used in a computerised task, in which reaction times to Threat words were considered a measure of attentional bias. No significant relationships between levels of Depression, Anxiety, IU and attentional threat bias were found. Discussion of findings focuses on the experimental task’s sensitivity to detecting the hypothesised effects. Theoretical implications are tentatively drawn and recommendations for improving the future use of the experimental task are made. Part Three contains Appendices to Parts One and Two and a Reflective Statement on the research process.

Adult lactose intolerance due to low lactase levels is often associated with varying degrees of abdominal distress ranging from bloating and distension to severe cramps and diarrhea. Recent studies have suggested that these gastrointestinal disturbances may interfere with normal absorption of nutrients in addition to lactose. In order to investigate this possibility, both human and animal studies were conducted. Twenty-three healthy Caucasian adults were used to study the effect of lactose on the absorption of vitamin A, ascorbic acid and protein. Eight of the 23 subjects were lactose intolerant on the basis of a maximum rise of blood glucose of less than 20 mg/100 ml over the fasting blood glucose level after ingestion of 50 g of lactose in 300 ml water. In each study, blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast and at intervals up to k hours after consuming 50 g lactose in an aqueous solution or test meal containing gelatin, vitamin C or vitamin A. Sucrose replaced lactose as a control. The results from the human studies failed to demonstrate that lactose had an effect on the absorption of ascorbic acid, vitamin A or protein in lactose intolerant subjects. It may be that the composition of the test drink which contained fat and protein, may have affected the rate of absorption of the nutrients tested through a delay in gastric emptying time. However, the finding that absorption of vitamin C remained unaffected even when consumed with an aqueous solution of lactose, is attributed to the possibility that the level of ascorbic acid given was too low to show measurable differences in blood levels of that nutrient. To study the effect of lactose on the absorption of calcium, fat and protein, balance studies were conducted using postweaning rats. The experimental groups received either 10?S, 20fo or 30$ lactose diets, while an equivalent amount of sucrose replaced the lactose in the control diets. In addition, postweaning rats were given vitamin A intragastrically with either lactose or sucrose to investigate the effect of lactose on vitamin A absorption. From the balance studies with rats, the results indicate that fecal nitrogen and fat excretion was significantly (p <0,05) higher in all the animals fed lactose as compared to the controls. However, fecal calcium excretion was found to be generally lower for each lactose group relative to the controls, but the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) only at the 30% level of lactose intake. Improved calcium absorption may have important nutritional implications where dietary calcium intake is low. It appears though, that the level of dietary lactose would most likely have to exceed the limits of normal lactose consumption to have an effect on the absorption of nutrients. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

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Este documento de tesis fue desarrollado con la intención de estudiar la propuesta de arquitectura religiosa desde un punto de vista fenomenológico y social. La propuesta toma como punto de partida a Huaycán, una zona de Lima con problemas sociales particulares, y se identifica a su comunidad franciscana y la falta de un centro social y religioso como el componente clave para el desarrollo de una identidad espiritual faltante en el lugar, pues a pesar de ser una zona rica, importante y compleja en historia y dinámica religiosa, no se haya como tal. Es así que la propuesta trata de aprender de las raíces prehispánicas del lugar sin desviarse de su identidad verdaderamente cristiana e incluso retomando tradiciones simbólicas de uso infrecuente. / This thesis was developed with the intention of studying the proposal of religious architecture from a phenomenological and social point of view. The proposal takes as its starting point Huaycán, an area of Lima with particular social problems, and identifies its Franciscan community and the lack of a social and religious center as the key component for the development of a missing spiritual identity in the location as despite it being a rich, important and complex area in history and religious dynamics, there is no such manifestation. Thus, the proposal tries to learn from the pre-Hispanic roots of the place without deviating from its truly Christian identity and even retaking symbolic traditions of infrequent use. / Tesis

Retratos de uma Casa de Candomblé na cidade de São Paulo, traz uma pesquisa que trabalha com a etnografia como forma de aferir o cotidiano de um Ilê (Casa de Candomblé) urbano, que sobrevive em São Paulo desde 1988, em uma região de classe média, cercado de edifícios, preconceitos e intolerância religiosa. Muitos registros fotográficos foram realizados e parcela deles compõe a iconografia da pesquisa, essas imagens expressam a forma de ver e de viver do povo do santo na cidade, mas que possui ligações com as casas ancestrais no Recôncavo Baiano e em Salvador, além de fazer parte de uma Família de Santo que se ramifica através de outros Ilês. A pesquisa procurou ter um olhar voltado para os Filhos de Santo e buscou escutar o que os Iyawôs , Abians, Ebomis, dirigentes do Ilê, dirigentes de casas ancestrais e pessoas públicas, tinham a falar sobre as relações vividas e como essas vivencias afetavam suas vidas, como era a construção dessa Família de Santo e como solidificavam as relações de parentesco dentro do Ilê, partindo da observação participante e das imagens fotográficas, o processo segue realizando entrevistas que foram fundamentais para o entendimento desse sentimento que é ser do santo, ser uma pessoa iniciada ou prestes a passar pelos ritos de iniciação, tudo isso comparado com uma vasta bibliografia sobre o assunto, o texto que compõe essa dissertação foi construído. Foram entrevistadas 25 pessoas em um universo de 55 adeptos e partindo do questionamento de como o Candomblé entrou na vida deles e delas, cada um contou sua história para formar um mosaico de diversidade. As vivências, a forma de ensinar e aprender, os sentimentos antes de se iniciarem os ritos e a intolerância religiosa, foram preocupações observadas e retratadas no trabalho de campo. A pesquisa teve a oportunidade de acompanhar o processo de iniciação de duas Iyawôs desde o momento que elas se preparavam para os ritos de iniciação(2016) até o ano de 2018, onde passaram pelos primeiros rituais e na hora que estavam se recolhendo, na saída de santo, no final do preceito e um ano após realizarem a iniciação foram entrevistadas, pois a ideia era expressar o sentimento vivido naqueles momentos. Os trânsitos territoriais e religiosos foram detectados, e um fator recorrente na vida da maioria dos entrevistados foram suas vivencias na Umbanda. Outra questão interessante que a pesquisa aferiu foi a introdução das crianças no ambiente e nos ritos do Candomblé e por último a questão da intolerância religiosa que aparece como uma constante na vida das pessoas e na Casa de Candomblé. / Portraits of a Candomblé House in the city of São Paulo brings a research which works with ethnography as a way to measure the daily life of an urban Ilê (Candomblé House), which remains in São Paulo since 1988, in a middle-class region, surrounded by buildings, prejudices and religious intolerance. Many photograph logs were realized and some of them compose the iconography of the research. This image expresses a way of seeing and living of the people of saint group in the city, which has connections with ancestral houses at Recôncavo Baiano and Salvador, besides being part of a Sant´s Family, which branches through other Ilês. The research aimed to look at the Children of Saint and listen what the Iyawôs, Abians, Ebonis, respectively the leaders of Ilês, the leaders of ancestral houses and public people, had to say about the lived relations and how these livings affected their lives, how was the construction of this Sant´s Family and how they solidified the family relations inside the Ilê. Beginning with participant observations and photographs, the process follows realizing interviews which were fundamental to understand this feeling which is being of the holy, being an initiated one or a person about to pass through the initiation rites, all of this compared with a wide bibliography about this subject, building this work. A total number of 25 people were interviewed inside a group of 55 people, beginning with a question about how the Candomblé entered in their lives, each one told their history to form a diversity mosaic. The livings, the way of teaching and learning, the feelings before the beginning of the rites and the religious intolerance were concerns observed and portrayed in the field work. The research had the opportunity to go along the process of initiation of two Iyawôs, since the moment they were preparing to the rites (2016) to the year of 2018, when they passed through the first rites and in the hour, they were gathering, in the saints exit, at the end of the precept and one year after they realized the initiation. At each one of these moments, they were interviewed, since the idea was to express the feelings, they lived at each one. The territorial and religious moving were detected, and a frequent variable in the life of the subjects were their livings at the Umbanda. Other interesting question which the research measured were the introduction of children in the environment and the rites of the Candomblé and the religious intolerance question, which appears as a constant in the peoples life and at the Candomblé House.