Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The non-profit sector has grown and changed substantially since its origins more than 2 000 years ago. At present there is an increase in organised voluntary activity around the globe, which reflects a set of social and technological changes, as well as an increasing lack of confidence in the ability of the state to render certain vital services. NPOs that do not work in the fields of housing, the aged, HIV/AIDS and education, for instance organisations doing missionary work, are faced with the difficult task of procuring funds within this highly competitive environment. The overall purpose of relationship marketing is customer retention and development, not simply a series of transactions. With this in mind, it seems that relationship marketing has an important role to play in the non-profit sector. Why is it then so difficult to "sell brotherhood like soap"? To answer this question tools have been developed and adapted to fit the non-profit sector. Donor behaviour plays a crucial role in the survival of an organisation and insights into behaviour can give the organisation an edge over its competitors. In the case of this study the research problem relates to the identification of the dimensions impacting on donor behaviour in religious (Christian) organisations. A conceptual model of donor behaviour in religious non-profit organisations was developed and used for the eventual formulation of 23 hypotheses to guide the study and to represent the possible relationships. For the statistical analysis it was deemed necessary to revise both the model and the proposed hypotheses. The model was split into three models: - Perceptions of non-profit organisations; - Individual donor characteristics; and - Donor perceptions of the non-profit organisation. A thorough overview of the literature was undertaken, mainly to investigate the nature of the non-profit sector in general as well as in South Africa, its marketing and behaviour of its donors. The conceptual model that was developed through the literature study was used to develop a measuring instrument specifically for this study for collecting primary data. It was empirically tested in a religious (Christian) non-profit organisation in South Africa by collecting primary data. Questionnaires were mailed to its whole donor database. The questionnaires returned were captured with the aid of an Excel spreadsheet and merged with data from the donor database. The first step was to assess the validity and reliability of the measurement instrument used. Next, an exploratory factor analysis was done to identify the unique factors evident in the study data. The next step entailed testing the proposed theoretical model by means of the "Structural Equation Modelling" technique. The results of the data analysis led to the creation of a model suitable for the management of the donors of a Christian missionary organisation. This study is a pioneering study of donor behaviour in South African religious non-profit organisations, in particular Christian organisations. It is clear from the results that donors of religious organisations react differently than donors of other non-profit organisations and therefore that different approaches are needed to secure Christian donor loyalty and trust. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nie-winsgewende sektor het sedert die oorsprong daarvan, meer as 2 000 jaar gelede aansienlik gegroei en verander. Op die oomblik is daar oral in die wêreld 'n toename in georganiseerde vrywillige optrede. Hierdie neiging weerspieël sekere maatskaplike en tegnologiese veranderinge, asook 'n toenemende gebrek aan vertroue in die staat se vermoë om sekere noodsaaklike dienste te lewer. Die nie-winsorganisasies wat nie binne die veld van behuising, bejaardesorg, MIV/VIGS en onderwys werk nie, soos byvoorbeeld organisasies wat sendingwerk doen, het 'n moeilike taak om fondse te bekom. Die oorwegende doel van verhoudingsbemarking is die behoud en ontwikkeling van klante, nie net 'n reeks transaksies nie. As hierdie feit in ag geneem word, word dit duidelik dat verhoudingsbemarking 'n belangrike rol binne die sektor te speel het. Hoekom is dit dan so moeilik om "broederskap soos seep te verkoop"? Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord is hulpmiddele ontwikkel wat aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie sektor. Donateursgedrag speel 'n uiters belangrike rol in die oorlewing van 'n organisasie en daarom kan insig in hierdie gedrag die organisasie 'n voorsprong gee bo die van sy mededingers. In die geval van hierdie studie gaan dit oor die identifisering van dimensies wat donateurs se gedrag beïnvloed binne religieuse (Christelike) organisasies. 'n Konseptuele model is ontwikkel om donateurs, soos dit verband hou met religieuse nie-winsorganisasies se gedrag, te ontleed. Die model is gebruik as riglyn vir die navorsing, asook om uiteindelik 23 hipoteses te formuleer en hulle moontlike onderlinge verhoudings uiteen te sit. Gebaseer op die statistiese ontledingsproses, is die model en die voorgestelde hipoteses aangepas. Die model is onderverdeel in drie modelle: - Persepsies van nie-winsorganisasies; - Individuele kenmerke van donateurs; en - Donateur persepsies van die nie-winsorganisasie. 'n Deeglike oorsig van die literatuur is gedoen, hoofsaaklik om ondersoek in te stel na die omstandighede van die nie-winssekor oor die algemeen en veral binne Suid-Afrika, asook na donateurs se gedrag. Die konseptuele model wat ontwikkel is volgens die literatuurstudie, is empiries getoets binne 'n Christelike nie-winsorganisasie in Suid-Afrika. 'n Metingsinstrument is spesfiek ontwikkel om primêre data te verkry en vraelyste is gepos aan die totale dontateurbasis van die organisasie. Die inligting van die vraelyste wat teruggestuur is, is opgeneem in 'n Excel-spreitabel en saamgevoeg met inligting van die donateurdatabasis. Die eerste stap was om die geldigheid en betroubaarheid van die metingsinstrument te bepaal. Daarna is 'n ontleding van verkenningsfaktore gedoen, wat gebruik is om unieke faktore uit die navorsingsinligting te identifiseer. Die volgende stap was die toetsing van die teoretiese model volgens 'n erkende toetstegniek wat gebruik word vir strukturele vergelykings. Die resultate van die ontleding is daarna gebruik om 'n geskikte model te skep vir die bestuur van donateurs van 'n Christelike sendingorganisasie. Die navorsing van die gedrag van donateurs van religieuse nie-winsorganisasies en veral Christelike organisasies is baanbrekerswerk in Suid-Afrika. Die resultate dui ook daarop dat donateurs van religieuse organisasies verskillend reageer as donateurs van ander nie-winsorganisasies en dat ander benaderings dus noodsaaklik is om eersgenoemde se lojaliteit en vertroue te bekom en te behou.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to identify didactic strategies for the use of lyrics in children's religious education. This is done to enhance and facilitate children's spiritual growth by means of singing lyrics. The study pays particular attention to the recognition of the role of lyrics in Christian religious education as a maturing agent. Lyrics help to provide children with the opportunity to communicate with God by revealing God's characteristics through theoretical and doctrinal content in an artistic form. Lyrics enrich children's religious development by helping them to express their joy and praise of God. Lyrics can also help children to experience a special quality of fellowship when they sing together. Lyrics ease the stiffness which can occur during the process of education. The survey of lyrics in Christian history also reveals that lyrics played an essential role in the lives of Christians throughout history. Lyrics have been used for worship, education, evangelisation and fellowship. Lyrics have functioned as a medium in which people have conversations with God and worship Him. They have also been a delightful source through which people learn about God through joyful experiences. Lyrics have helped Christians to establish true fellowship in their faith by singing together. The study reveals, however, that lyrics today do not seem to be effective in supporting people, including children, in their encounters with God. As much as lyrics can help children, they can also be obstacles to children's spiritual growth because of their inappropriate contents or improper ways of presentation. Children might misunderstand religious concepts by acquiring "unfamiliar" doctrine from lyrics. It seems that children can also develop inappropriate ideas and attitudes about worshipping under the influence of self-oriented or fun-seeking styles of lyrics. This potential of lyrics to influence children either positively or negatively is often overlooked. The question that may be raised is: what should be done to facilitate the lyric's maturing role and to keep it from being a hindrance in children's religious education? This study attempts to identify systematic and scientific didactic approaches of teaching lyrics as a way of heightening the positive role of lyrics in children's spiritual growth. For the identification of didactic strategies which are best suited for children's spiritual growth, the study presents approaches in which systems of coherent ideas, findings, activities and views concerning instruction and learning are performed. The didactic strategies are illustrated in three main phases, i.e. introductory, executive and assessment phases. Essential characteristics of the instruction-learning phenomenon in all its facets are absorbed into the theory as an overall guide for every teaching situation. The study makes an effort to apply these didactic strategies to the practical situation of teaching lyrics. Korean children are chosen as the subjects for the teaching oflyrics and their religious development is empirically investigated as the basic research on the understanding of the learner in the didactic situation. The application of the general approaches to the definite and specific situation of teaching Korean children is explained. Didactic approaches are redesigned, taking the specific didactic situation of Korea, including Korean children's specific religious characteristics, into consideration. These programmes can be effectively applied to other didactic situations, keeping them flexible in the light of the uniqueness of each lesson. The ultimate aim of this study - the recognition of systematically organised didactic strategies and exemplification of their practical application to the detailed situation of teaching lyrics - is to maximise the effectiveness of lyrics for children's spiritual goodness, particularly in enriching children's religious knowledge and experience. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om didaktiese strategieë te identifiseer vir die gebruik van lirieke in kinders se religieuse opvoeding. Dit word gedoen om leerders se sprituele groei deur middel van die sing van liedjies te fasiliteer. Die studie fokus in die besonder op die herkenning van die rol wat lirieke, in hoofsaaklik Christelike religieuse onderrig, in die proses van volwassewording speel. Lirieke verskaf aan kinders die geleentheid om met God te kommunikeer deurdat God se eienskappe deur middel van teoretiese en dogmatiese inhoud as 'n vorm van kuns openbaar word. Lirieke verryk kinders se religieuse ontwikkeling deurdat dit hulle help om hul blydskap en eer vir God uit te druk. Lirieke kan kinders ook help om 'n besondere kwaliteit van gemeenskap ("fellowship") te ervaar wanneer hulle saam sing. Deur die gebruik van lirieke kan die stramheid wat dikwels met die opvoedingsproses gepaard gaan, in 'n groot mate verlig word. Die opname wat van lirieke in die Christelike geskiedenis gedoen is toon aan dat lirieke dwarsdeur die geskiedenis 'n baie belangrike rol gespeel het in die lewens van Christene. Lirieke is deur die eeue gebruik vir aanbidding, opvoeding, evangelisasie en geloofsgemeenskap. Lirieke funksioneer as 'n medium waardeur mense in gesprek tree met God en Hom aanbid. Dit dien ook as 'n bron waardeur mense deur vreugdevolle ervaring van God leer. Lirieke help Christene om ware geloofsgemeenskap deur hul samesang te bewerkstellig. Dit blyk uit die studie dat lirieke vandag nie meer effektief is om mense, insluitende kinders, in hulontmoeting met God te ondersteun nie. Alhoewel lirieke kinders kan help, kan hulle in dieselfde mate struikelblokke wees in kinders se sprituele groei weens onaanvaarbare inhoud of onvanpaste aanbieding. Kinders kan religieuse konsepte misverstaan deurdat hulle met "vreemde" dogmas vanuit lirieke gekonfronteer word. Dit blyk dat kinders ook onaanvaarbare idees en houdings oor aanbidding kan ontwikkel weens die invloed van die selfgeoriënteerde of pretsoekende styl van sommige lirieke. Die potensiaal van lirieke om kinders óf positief óf negatief te beïnvloed word dikwels misgekyk. Die vraag wat ontstaan is: Wat moet gedoen word om die lirieke se rol in die verwerwing van volwassenheid te fasiliteer en te verhoed dat dit 'n hindernis in kinders se religieuse opvoeding word? Hierdie studie poog om sistematiese en wetenskaplik-didaktiese benaderings te identifiseer om die onderrig van lirieke te bevorder ten einde die positiewe rol van lirieke in kinders se spritiuele groei te versterk. Om didaktiese strategieë te identifiseer wat die beste by kinders se spirituele groei pas, bied die studie benaderings aan wat stelsels van samehangende idees, bevindinge, aktiwiteite en sieninge betreffende onderrig en leer behels. Die didaktiese strategieë word in drie hooffases geïllustreer, nl. die inleidende fase, die uitvoerende fase en die assesseringsfase. Essensiële kenmerke van die onderrig-leerverskynsel in alle fasette daarvan is in die teorie opgeneem as 'n allesomvattende riglyn vir elke leersituasie. Die studie poog voorts om hierdie didaktiese strategieë toe te pas in 'n praktiese lirieke-onderrigsituasie. Koreaanse kinders is gekies as proefpersone vir die onderrig van lirieke, en hul religieuse ontwikkeling is empmes ondersoek as die basiese navorsing ten opsigte van die begrip van die leerder in die didaktiese situasie. Die toepassing van die algemene benaderings tot die bepalende en spesifieke situasie van onderrig aan Koreaanse kinders word verduidelik. Didaktiese benaderings word herontwerp met inagneming van die spesifieke didaktiese situasie in Korea. Koreaanse kinders se besondere religieuse karaktertrekke word tegelykertyd in aanmerking geneem. Hierdie plooibare programme kan ook effektief op ander didaktiese situasies toegepas word, wat beteken dat hulle by elke unieke les aangepas kan word. Die uiteindelike doel van hierdie studie - die erkenning van sistematies georganiseerde didaktiese strategieë en die toeligting van hul praktiese aanwending in die onderrig van lirieke - is om die effektiwiteit van lirieke vir kinders se sprituele welsyn te optimaliseer en veralom leerders se religieuse kennis en ervaring te verryk.

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En 1767 Jean-François Marmontel publia Bélisaire, conte philosophique recelant une plaidoirie pour la tolérance civile en matière de religion et un christianisme miséricordieux aux accents déistes. Livre à succès, Bélisaire n’eut pas que des admirateurs : son soutien pour la tolérance et sa nouvelle vision du salut lui valurent une opposition vive de l’Église, surtout de la faculté de théologie de Paris qui projeta d’en faire une Censure. Or celle-ci déplut au gouvernement, qui très vite s’en mêla. L’historiographie n’ignore pas l’affaire : ses spécialistes, John Renwick et Robert Granderoute ont publié respectivement deux articles et une préface à son sujet. Mais, malgré la qualité de ces travaux, de larges pans de l’affaire restent inconnus. Grâce à des sources neuves, il ressort : (1) que l’avocat général du Parlement de Paris, Jean-Omer Joly de Fleury, profita de l’affaire pour écrire lui-même une nouvelle théologie de la tolérance compatible avec le Catholicisme et (2) que le gouvernement censura la Censure, réécrivant son 4e article qui louait trop vivement l’intolérance civile, qui était certes la politique du roi, mais qu’il se réservait le droit de modifier. Cette étude lève ainsi le voile sur le travail de magistrats et ministres qui cherchaient à défendre l’Église, soutien de la monarchie, tout en la modernisant. Elle montre aussi les paradoxes des réformes manquées : la théologie de la tolérance, pourtant riche, ne servit jamais à modifier la loi. Cette affaire mobilisa de grands commis de l’État, dynamiques et dévoués, mais la monarchie peina à appliquer leurs idées. Ainsi n’opéra-t-elle pas de nouvelle synthèse religieuse, comme elle avait pu le faire par le passé, suivant l’analyse de Dale Van Kley. / In 1767 Jean-François Marmontel published Bélisaire, philosophical tale that included a plea for civil tolerance in religion and a merciful Christianity with Deistic elements. A successful book, Bélisaire did not only have admirers: its support for tolerance and its new vision of salvation earned it a lively opposition from the Church, especially the Faculty of Theology of Paris, which planned a Censure. Yet the Censure displeased the government which immediately became involved. Known to historians, the affair’s specialists, John Renwick and Robert Granderoute have published two articles and a preface, respectively. Yet despite their quality, central elements of the affair remain unknown. New sources show: (1) that the avocat general od the Parlement of Paris, Jean-Omer Joly de Fleury, took advantage of the affair to compose a new theology of tolerance, reconciled with Catholicism and (2) that the government censored the Censure, re-writing its 4th article which praised too enthusiastically civil intolerance, certainly the king’s policy, but which he wanted to retain the right to modify. This study therefore shows the inner workings of magistrates and ministers who sought to defend the Church, a base for the monarchy, while also modernizing it. It also shows the paradoxes of failed reforms: the theology of tolerance, quite rich, never served to modify the law. This affair mobilized high-ranking ministers, dynamic and devoted, yet the monarchy struggled to enact their ideas. It never instituted a new religious synthesis, like it had done in the past, following the analysis of Dale Van Kley.

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Thesis / Dissertation ETD

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Les inquiétudes excessives sont centrales au Trouble d'Anxiété Généralisée (TAG) (DSM-IV; American Psychiatrie Association, 1994). Au cours des dernières années, les chercheurs ont tenté d'identifier les principales caractéristiques de cette variable et de clarifier ses mécanismes de base (e.g. Borkovec et Roemer, 1995; Davez et Tallis, 1994; Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1994). Selon certains chercheurs, l'Intolérance à l'Incertitude serait la principale variable impliquée dans l'acquisition et le maintien des inquiétudes dans le TAG (Dugas & Ladouceur, sous presse; Ladouceur, Freeston, & Dugas, 1993). L'Intolérance à l'Incertitude mènerait notamment à percevoir des problèmes qui n'existent pas objectivement et à s'investir dans des stratégies inefficaces de résolution de problèmes. Le rôle fondamental de l'incertitude dans l'anxiété d'appréhension a conduit bon nombre d'auteurs à inclure cette notion dans leur conceptualisation du TAG (Andrews & Borkovec, 1988; Dugas & Ladouceur, sous presse; Tallis & Eysenck, 1994) et de l'anxiété en général (Garber, Miller, & Abramson, 1980; Krohne, 1993). Cependant, ce n'est que récemment que l'Intolérance à l'Incertitude est étudiée de façon systématique dans le TAG. Une étude est présentée évaluant les liens entre l'Intolérance à l'Incertitude, l'état d'anxiété et les manifestations comportementales associées au TAG. Soixante sujets participent à l'étude. Quatre groupes sont formés selon le résultat au Questionnaire d'intolérance à l'Incertitude (Til ou ¿11) et selon la condition expérimentale (anxiété induite ou non induite). Les sujets effectuent trois tâches expérimentales ambiguës permettant l'observation de certaines manifestations comportementales du TAG telles que le doute et le nombre d'indices de certitude requis avant la prise de décision. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction d'une formulation cognitive-behaviorale du TAG et des plus récentes données dans ce domaine. Cette étude jette une lumière nouvelle sur les mécanismes propres à ce trouble et sur l'implication de l'Intolérance à l'Incertitude comme facteur de vulnérabilité cognitive.

La littérature a associé trois variables principales à la tendance excessive à s'inquiéter (caractéristique centrale du Trouble d'Anxiété Généralisée (TAG)) : l'intolérance à l'incertitude, la suppression des pensées intrusives et la surestimation de l'utilité des inquiétudes. La première étude de ce mémoire examine la contribution spécifique de ces trois variables à la tendance à s'inquiéter. Les résultats démontrent que l'évaluation de l'utilité des inquiétudes et la suppression de pensées contribuent toutes deux à la prédiction de la tendance à s'inquiéter mais que leur contribution à ce phénomène s'avère nettement moins considérable que celle de l'intolérance à l'incertitude. La deuxième étude explore la relation entre l'intolérance à l'incertitude et les réactions comportementales face à des tâches ambiguës. L'analyse des résultats de cette étude ne démontre aucune différence significative entre les sujets hautement intolérants à l'incertitude et les sujets faiblement intolérants à l'incertitude. Des recommandations sont apportées afin d'améliorer les tâches en vue d'études ultérieures dans ce domaine et les résultats des deux études sont discutées en fonction du modèle de l'inquiétude élaboré par Dugas, Ladouceur et Freeston (1995).

Three questions command even greater attention today, as over forty countries, including many Muslim-majority states, unite against Daesh (the so-called ‘Islamic State'): How do Muslims relate to the Muslim ‘other'? How do Muslims relate to the religious ‘other'? What role can Muslim religious education play in fostering peace? Islam and Muslim education are suspected of promoting intolerance. This thesis investigates a group of Shia Ismaili Muslim trainee-teachers' attitudes to plurality in their religious education programme. The Secondary Teacher Education Programme (STEP) is a two-year postgraduate course of the Ismaili Muslim community to train religious education teachers. STEP, a novel development in Muslim education, experiments with an innovative pedagogical approach to plurality. The research spanning over three years involved in-depth interviews, focus group, observations and textual analysis. 21 trainee-teachers from 13 different countries participated in the study. Alan Race's (1983) typology ‘inclusivismexclusivism- pluralism' serves as a key theoretical lens through which to examine attitudes to religious others. The thesis argues that a ‘rooted religious pluralisation' is taking place in the Ismaili community facilitating the emergence of the ‘tradition' of pluralism in the community. The study shows that initially, the participants were inclusive of other religious communities and worldviews on ‘theological', ‘humanistic' and ‘instrumental' grounds, but were selective about how they embraced it. Many of them believed that their religious perspective exceptionally equipped them over their religious ‘other'. Gradually, STEP's ‘civilizational, normative and humanistic' approach cultivated an ‘academically informed pluralism' in most trainee-teachers. It strengthened their Ismaili Muslim identity on the one hand and generated an appreciation for diversity on the other. The individuals developed not only greater socio-cultural and historical awareness of religion, but also their ability to make a space for faith academically. It cultivated in the participants a degree of ‘inter-tradition competence' and ‘intra-Islam competence'. The individuals were not ‘pluralist angels', but they discursively participated in pluralism. The present study makes three key contributions. Firstly, this is the first study to propose the thesis of ‘rooted religious pluralisation'. It identifies the key features and tendencies inherent in a religious community's engagement with diversity through a five-dimensional working framework. Moreover, as a study of the socio-cultural process of ‘intra-faith pluralisation' in Muslim religious education setting, it is unique. It is about making sense of the everyday experiences of the Muslims who encounter diversity within their own faith. The thesis identifies various stages involved in the process of developing intra-faith competence and provides tools and vocabulary to discuss them meaningfully. Moreover, the study suggests the possibility of a Muslim education that can play a vital role in combating extremism and sectarianism. Current scholarship does not sufficiently take account of new and thought-provoking pedagogical developments in Muslim education. There is a dearth of studies on Muslim faith communities' efforts to build ‘intra-Islam competency' in their followers through faith-based education. The literature is also silent about how Ismaili Muslims handle differences among themselves regarding matters of faith, how they view differences within Islam and relate to wider religious plurality. Thus, the study contributes to a niche in the existing literature on religious pluralism.