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The thesis focuses on mutual blending of the factual and the fictional writing in the work of a Belarusian author Ales Adamovich. Regarding the choice of the analyzed works, two of them (Out of the Fire, 1975; Leningrad Under Siege, 1981) are identified as documentaries in the paratexts. These two works consist of recorded oral testimonies. The other two analyzed works (Khatyn, 1972, The Chasteners, 1981) are fictions, incorporating, however, several authentic documents. Using these works as examples, the thesis illustrates how the (hypothetical) borders between the fact and fiction are blurred and trespassed. The first, literary-historical part will briefly summarize the main concepts of the relationship between art and reality in the Soviet area, beginning with the Formalists and their interest in genre innovations, and concluding with an accent on the individual reader reception of Lidiya Ginzburg and Pyotr Palievsky. The plural aspect is implicitly reflected also in the second part of the thesis, focusing on Adamovich's thinking about the notion of truthfulness in literature. At this point, there is also a related theme of the impact of the genre tradition on the reception of the text. Also in the author's view, the role of the reader seems to be crucial. In the description of the receptive...

The Moral Institute of Higher Fiction is an independent institute acting on urban issues in the city of Stockholm through critical spatial experiments that operate on the threshold between fact and fiction, challenging our assumptions about architectural realities. The work of the institute dates back through history and also contributes the critical projections of possible futures. It traverses, and even collapses relations between temporal and spatial continuity, in order to comment on contemporary Swedish society. We engage in our given commissions by investigating their charge of affect and ideas; how these contain and transmit the thoughts and ideas that preoccupy contemporary society, shifting our relations to ecologies, challenging skepticism and stirring belief and action - all through the telling of stories. This thesis diploma design research explores the invented construction of the MIHF in order to investigate the status of architectural reality, specifically to assert that architecture is more than merely built form and emerges instead on the threshold between fact and fiction. It follows that the design research uses the notion of the plausible, or how far a suspension of disbelief can be maintained in exploring the precarious zone where fact and fiction intersect. The research also poses questions about the temporal and spatial alterations of both architecture and society - in the search for a future field of architectural practice that consciously intervenes in a politics of space and challenges what architecture is most often assumed to be. A perpetual reconstruction of the Moral Institute of Higher Fiction is undertaken to address societal ills, including xenophobia, fear and loneliness, set against the backdrop of the city of Stockholm. All of the commissions that are undertaken by the institute actively take part in its current embodiment which is sited on the northern shore of Royal Djurgården. Manifesting as architecture, this is where the stories of the Moral Institute of Higher Fiction unfold. / Det Moraliska Institutet för Högre Fiction är ett oberoende institut som arbetar med urbana frågor i Stockholm genom kritiska spatiala experiment som opererar på tröskeln mellan fakta och fiktion och utmanar vår förförståelse av arkitektoniska verkligheter. Institutets arbete sträcker sig bakåt i tiden men bidrar också till kritiska projektioner ov möjliga framtider. Det korsar, och till och med kollapsar relationer mellan tid och rum för att kunna kommentera det nutida svenska samhället. Vi engagerar oss i våra uppdrag genom att undersöka deras laddning av affekt och idéer, hur dessa innehas och överförs till och av tankar och idéer som återfinns i vårt nutida samhälle, som skiftar relationer till ekologier, utmanar skepticism och blandar tro med aktion - allt genom att berätta berättelser. Det här examensarbetet utforskar den uppfunna konstruktionen av MIHF för att undersöka den arkitektoniska verklighetens status, särskilt för att försäkra att arkitekturen är mer än endast byggd form och att den istället uppkommer på tröskeln mellan fakta och fiktion. Undersökningen använder sig utav begreppet ‘sannolikt’, eller hur långt en uttänjning av en ‘misstro’ kan dras och upprätthållas för att utforska den prekära zonen där fakta och fiktion möts. Undersökningen ställer också frågor om tidsmässiga och rumsliga förändringar inom både arkitekturen och samhället, i ett sökande efter ett framtida fält av arkitekturpraktik som medvetet deltar i det politiska rummet och utmanar vad arkitekturen allra oftast anses vara. En ständigt pågående rekonstruktion av det Moraliska Institutet för Högre Fiktion företas för att adressera missförhållanden i samhället, förnärvarande: främlingsfientlighet, rädsla och ensamhet, utspelade med Stockholm som fond. Alla institutets uppdrag är aktivt bidragande till dess nuvarande (temporära) förkroppsligande, placerat på Kungliga Djurgårdens norra strand. Manifesterade som arkitektur, är det här som det Moraliska Institutet för Högre Fiktions berättelser avslöjas.

This diploma thesis focuses on the dissemination of conspiracy theories, fake news and hoaxes and the role of media in this process. First, the basic concepts are explained and the topic of the thesis is put in a broader context. The functioning of disinformation media is described including the description of the local scene. Other channels used to deceive recipients include e-mails and applications, social networks, and word of mouth. Special attention is paid to the regular media and the rules according to which they should operate. The theory is followed by a practical part, which maps the spreading of specific misinformation not only through the media, but also fact-checking initiatives. Examples include conspiracy theories about the fire in Notre-Dame Cathedral, hoaxes about alleged refugees in Cheb, Czech Television journalist Marek Wollner and MP Olga Richterová, and the case of the dubious non-profit organization International Children's Cross. The analysis of these cases is conducted through a mixed research model: Data collection is carried out by a quantitative method, while working with them, qualitative methods associated with grounded theory are applied. The aim is to define and describe the forms that the media give to misinformation in their outputs, and to determine in which cases...

El periodismo siempre ha necesitado de la verificación de información para poder contar y desarrollar las historias que informa. Ahora, con el acceso a las redes sociales y la facilidad con la que la información viaja y es compartida, la necesidad de comprobar lo que sucede, se ha vuelto esencial en las redacciones para no dejarse llevar por los fake news. Esta investigación pretende contribuir a los estudios sobre el empleo del fact checking como estrategia de verificación de información. Además, busca proporcionar información teórica para analizar y explicar la manera en la que el fact checking y su escala de verificación han permitido que este pase a ser una estrategia de verificación de datos utilizada por distintos medios. Mis preguntas de investigación son: ¿Cuáles son las estrategias utilizadas por el fact checking para combatir los fake news? ¿Por qué es importante el fact checking durante las elecciones presidenciales?  y la hipótesis que manejo es la siguiente: En elecciones presidenciales, el volumen de información y la rapidez con la que esta viaja hace difícil su verificación. Es por eso que el fact checking es una estrategia válida para verificar la información durante elecciones presidenciales. Finalmente, he decidido utilizar como caso de estudio las elecciones presidenciales de Perú del año 2016 y México de 2018 porque ambos fueron objeto de verificación en sus respectivos países por los medios Ojo Público en Perú y Animal Político en México. / Journalism has always needed to verify the information it gets to write the histories it reports. Nowadays, the free access to social media and the way information without verification is being shared has made journalists to fact check what they write to stop the spread of fake news. This research aims to contribute to studies on the use of fact checking as an information verification strategy. In addition, it seeks to provide theoretical information to analyze and explain the way fact checking and its verification scale have allowed it to become a information verification strategy used by different media. My research questions are: What are the strategies used by fact checking to stop the spread of fake news? Why is fact checking important during presidential elections? The hypothesis is: in presidential elections, the volume of information and the speed with which it travels makes it difficult to verify. That is why fact checking is a good information verification strategy during presidential elections. Finally, I have decided to use the presidential elections of Peru in 2016 and Mexico in 2018 as a case study because both were verified in their respective countries by the news site: Ojo Publico in Peru and Animal Politico in Mexico. / Trabajo de investigación

In recent years, disinformation circulating the internet and especially social media has become a widespread concern. The urgency of the fake news problem lies in the fact that decisions that are taken on false or misleading information risk impacting democratic processes negatively. This is especially true during a global health crisis when the misinformation in question concerns scientific facts and informs the way people act in society. Focusing on the relational aspect of fake news, new insight and hypothesis generation can be explored with a relatively novel method, social network analysis. This research provides with an example of the method applied to political problems by analysing the misinformation and fact-checking diffusion network on the Italian Twitterverse during the second wave of COVID19. The network shows a tight core of misinformation and a peripheral fact-checking region approximating a spanning tree. Although some levels of polarization are observed, the resulting network shows no evidence of echo chambers that hinder interaction between the misinformation and the fact-checking clusters. Actor-level analysis revealed that the majority of the users interacting in the network are humans and that influential and active users share misinformation only. The findings of this work are presented to show how network analysis can contribute both mitigation strategies in particular and to social and political sciences research in general.

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