Einleitung Zytokine bewirken maßgeblich die Kommunikation und Koordination der zellulären und humoralen Effektorsysteme der angeborenen und erworbenen Immunität. Die Immunzellen stellen selbst die Hauptproduzenten der Zytokine dar. Pro- und anti-inflammatorische Zytokine nehmen nicht nur innerhalb der Zellkommunikation ablaufender Immun- und Entzündungsreaktionen eine Schlüsselrolle ein, sondern sind somit ebenso am Ablauf von Pathogenesen zahlreicher Erkrankungen beim Pferd beteiligt. Trotz verschiedener Studien anhand unterschiedlicher Modelle existiert keine einheitliche Datenlage zu validierten, vergleichbaren in vivo-nahen Zellkultursystemen, die es erlauben die Kinetiken equiner Zytokine als Grundlage zur weiterführenden Erforschung von Zytokinwechselwirkungen sowie zur Testung potentieller Arzneimittel abzubilden. Aktuell werden insbesondere Glukokortikoide weiterhin aufgrund ihrer anti-inflammatorischen und immunmodulatorischen Eigenschaften häufig, aber in Bezug auf Zytokine unspezifisch zur Therapie equiner Erkrankungen eingesetzt. Ziele der Untersuchung Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie bestand darin, eine einfache, schnelle, günstige und reproduzierbare Methodik zur ex vivo-Messung von Zytokinen (Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha [TNF-α], Interleukin-1 Rezeptor-Antagonist [IL-1Ra] und Interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) und deren zeit- und konzentrationsabhängige Freisetzung in der equinen Vollblutzellkultur zu entwickeln. Anhand dessen sollte weiterführend der Effekt der Glukokortikoide Dexamethason (DEX) und Hydrocortison (HC) auf die Produktion von TNF-α, IL-1Ra und IFN-γ im equinen Vollblut untersucht werden. Zurzeit sind Zytokine, ihre Freisetzung sowie das Eintreten ihrer vermittelten Effekte Gegenstand der gegenwärtigen Forschung, mit dem Ziel spezifische Wechselwirkungen aufzuzeigen und somit zielgerichtete Therapeutika etablieren zu können. Insbesondere Pferde, die eine Anfälligkeit gegenüber mit Sepsis einhergehenden Erkrankungen oder für equines Asthma aufweisen, könnten davon profitieren. Material und Methoden Hierfür wurde Pferdevollblut, in den Verdünnungen zu 10%, 20% und 50% eingesetzt und mit Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), einer Kombination aus Phytohämagglutinin, Concanavalin A, Pokeweed-Mitogen und LPS (PCPwL) oder equinem rekombinantem TNF-a (erTNF-α) zur Zytokinfreisetzung stimuliert. Zur Erstellung der Zytokinkinetiken wurden Zellkulturüberstände zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten gesammelt und die Konzentrationen von TNF-α, IL-1Ra und IFN-γ mit spezifischen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) analysiert. In weiterführenden Versuchen wurden in der etablierten equinen Vollblutzellkultur DEX und HC in Konzentrationen von 10-12 - 10-5 M eingesetzt, um die LPS- oder PCPwL- induzierte Zytokinfreisetzung zu modulieren. Statistische Analysen erfolgten über die Berechnungen der Mittelwerte mit den dazugehörigen Standardfehlern. Signifikanzen wurden über ein- und zweifaktorielle ANOVA bestimmt. Ergebnisse Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die optimale Detektion der Zytokine in equinen Vollblutzellkulturen mit einem Blutanteil von 20% durchgeführt werden kann. TNF-α, IL-1Ra und IFN-γ wurden zeitabhängig freigesetzt und zeigten unterschiedliche Freisetzungskinetiken. Die PCPwL- induzierte TNF-α- und IL-1Ra-Freisetzung stiegen jeweils kontinuierlich über 24 - 48 Stunden an. In ähnlicher Weise erreichte die LPS- stimulierte TNF-α-Konzentration ein Maximum zu Zeitpunkten zwischen 8 - 12 Stunden und begann daraufhin abzufallen, wohingegen die Konzentration von IL-1Ra 24 Stunden später gipfelte und vielmehr fortgeführt über 48 Stunden hinaus akkumulierte. Equines rekombinantes TNF-α konnte ebenso die IL-1Ra-Freisetzung induzieren. Die PCPwL-induzierte IFN-γ-Freisetzung begann zeitversetzt und verlief kontinuierlich ansteigend über 48 - 72 Stunden. In weiterführenden konzentrationsabhängigen Untersuchungen konnte anhand der equinen Vollblutzellkultur eine stärkere Suppression der LPS-induzierten TNF-α- und IL-1Ra-Produktion sowie der PCPwL-induzierten IFN-γ-Produktion durch DEX als durch HC nachgewiesen werden. DEX hemmte die Zytokinfreisetzung mit einer mittleren inhibitorischen Konzentration (IC50) von 0,09 μM (TNF-α), 0,453 μM (IL-1Ra) und 0,001 μM (IFN-γ), während HC IC50 Werte von 1,45 μM (TNF-α), 2,96 μM (IL-1Ra) und 0,09 μM (IFN-γ) aufwies. Schlussfolgerungen Schlussfolgernd kann zusammengefasst werden, dass sich das Model der equinen Vollblutzellkultur hervorragend eignet, um nach erfolgreicher Mitogenstimulation den zeitabhängigen Freisetzungsverlauf von Zytokinen evaluieren zu können. Somit bietet das Model der equinen Vollblutzellkultur durch die Vorteile einer einfachen, günstigen Durchführung im in vivo-nahen, physiologischen Milieu, die Möglichkeit den Zytokinstatus gesunder sowie kranker Pferde zu beurteilen und stellt seinen Nutzen und die Verlässlichkeit unter Beweis potentielle Arzneimittel und immunologische Zusammenhänge des Pferdes untersuchen zu können.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS III TABELLENVERZEICHNIS III ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS IV 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 3 2.1 Allgemeine wissenschaftliche Hintergründe 3 2.1.1 Das Blut und das Immunsystem des Pferdes 3 2.1.1.1 Zusammensetzung des equinen Blutes 3 2.1.1.2 Allgemeiner Aufbau des Immunsystems 4 2.1.2 Zytokine und Entzündungsreaktionen - Mediation der Immunantwort durch Zytokine und Chemokine 14 2.1.2.1 Pro-inflammatorische Zytokine: Tumornekrosefaktor-α und Interferon-γ 17 2.1.2.2 Anti-inflammatorische Zytokine: Interleukin-1 Rezeptor-Antagonist 19 2.2 Therapeutische Beeinflussung der Zytokin- und Mediator-Freisetzung 21 2.2.1 Inhibition der Zytokinfreisetzung durch Glukokortikoide 21 2.2.2 Inhibition der Zytokinfreisetzung durch weitere Pharmaka und Substanzen 23 2.2.2.1 NSAID 23 2.2.2.2 Small molecules und Anti-Zytokinantikörper 24 2.3 Equine Zellkulturmodelle zur Zytokindetektion 25 2.3.1 Stimulation der Zytokinfreisetzung 26 2.3.2 Vollblutzellkultursysteme und Systeme mit isolierten Zellen 27 2.4 Fragestellung der Dissertation 30 3 PUBLIKATIONEN 31 3.1 Freisetzungskinetik von TNF-α und IL-1Ra im equinen Vollblut 32 3.2 Modulation der Freisetzung von TNF-α, IL-1Ra und IFN-γ in der equinen Vollblutzellkultur durch Glukokortikoide 40 4 DISKUSSION 45 4.1 Zytokinfreisetzung im equinen Vollblut 46 4.2 Der Einfluss von Glukokortikoiden auf die Zytokinfreisetzung 52 4.3 Schlussfolgerungen 56 4.4 Ausblick 56 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 58 6 SUMMARY 60 7 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 62 8 ANHANG 72 8.1 Freisetzungskinetik von IFN-γ 72 8.2 Konzentration von TNF-α, IL-1Ra und IFN-γ in der equinen Vollblutzellkultur 72 9 DANKSAGUNG 74 / Introduction The communication and coordination between the cellular and humoral effector compartments of the innate and adaptive immunity were mainly accomplished by cytokines. Immunocompetent cells themselves represent the main source for cytokines. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines not only play a pivotal role within the cell signaling of expiring immune- and inflammatory reactions but also take part in the pathogenesis of several equine diseases. Despite various studies based on different experimental setups no uniform availability of data about validated, comparable in vivo cell culture systems exists which enables the description of the kinetically time course of cytokines as foundation of further investigations of cytokine interactions as well as the testing of potential drugs. These days especially glucocorticoids are still frequently used for treatment of equine diseases because of their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, but with respect to cytokines unspecific properties. Objectives of the investigations The aim of the study was to develop an easy, quick, cheap and reproducible ex vivo method for measuring cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1Ra] and interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) and their time- and concentration-dependent release in the equine whole blood cell culture. Whereby the impact of the glucocorticoids dexamethasone (DEX) and hydrocortisone (HC) on production of TNF-α, IL-1Ra and IFN-γ should be investigated subsequently. Currently, cytokines, their release and eventuation of their mediated effects are objects of actual research with the aim to reveal specific interactions and thus be able to establish purposeful therapeutic agents. This could be beneficial especially for horses which display a susceptibility to septic diseases or equine asthma. Material and Methods Therefore horse whole blood diluted to 10%, 20% and 50% was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a combination of phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and LPS (PCPwL) or equine recombinant TNF-α (erTNF-α). To generate cytokine kinetics TNF-α, IL-1Ra and IFN-γ were analyzed in culture supernatants, which were collected at different time points using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In further investigations within the equine whole blood cell culture DEX and HC were applied with concentrations between 10-12 and 10-5 M to modulate LPS- or PCPwL-induced cytokine release. Statistics were performed by calculation of means with associated standard errors. Statistical significances were assessed by one- and two-way analysis of variance. Results The evaluations revealed that cytokines could be detected optimal in whole blood cell cultures with 20% blood volume. TNF-α, IL-1Ra and IFN-γ were released time-dependently and differing kinetics were displayed. PCPwL-induced TNF-α and IL-1Ra release was enhanced continuously over 24 - 48 hours, respectively. Similarly, LPS-stimulated TNF-α was at maximum at time points between 8 - 12 hours and started to decrease thereafter, whereas IL-1Ra peaked 24 hours later and rather continued to accumulate beyond 48 hours. ErTNF-α could induce also the IL-1Ra release. PCPwL- induced IFN-γ release started time displaced and showed a continuously enhanced course over 48 - 72 hours. In subsequent investigations within equine whole blood cell culture, LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1Ra as well as PCPwL-induced IFN-γ production were more potently suppressed concentration-dependently by DEX than by HC. DEX inhibited cytokine release with the inhibition concentration (IC50) 0.09 μM (TNF-α), 0.453 μM (IL-1Ra) and 0.001 μM (IFN-γ), whereas HC with IC50 values of 1.45 μM (TNF-α), 2.96 μM (IL-1Ra) and 0.09 μM (IFN-γ). Conclusion In conclusion our results could suggest the eminent suitability of equine whole blood cell culture to assess the release of a variety of cytokines following successful mitogen stimulation. Therefore the model of the equine whole blood cell culture provides, because of its advantages including simple and cheap performance in an in vivo close physiological ambient, the opportunity to evaluate the cytokine status of healthy and diseased horses. Furthermore it could give the proof of its benefit and reliability to evaluate potential equine drugs and immunological coherences of the horse.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS III TABELLENVERZEICHNIS III ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS IV 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 3 2.1 Allgemeine wissenschaftliche Hintergründe 3 2.1.1 Das Blut und das Immunsystem des Pferdes 3 2.1.1.1 Zusammensetzung des equinen Blutes 3 2.1.1.2 Allgemeiner Aufbau des Immunsystems 4 2.1.2 Zytokine und Entzündungsreaktionen - Mediation der Immunantwort durch Zytokine und Chemokine 14 2.1.2.1 Pro-inflammatorische Zytokine: Tumornekrosefaktor-α und Interferon-γ 17 2.1.2.2 Anti-inflammatorische Zytokine: Interleukin-1 Rezeptor-Antagonist 19 2.2 Therapeutische Beeinflussung der Zytokin- und Mediator-Freisetzung 21 2.2.1 Inhibition der Zytokinfreisetzung durch Glukokortikoide 21 2.2.2 Inhibition der Zytokinfreisetzung durch weitere Pharmaka und Substanzen 23 2.2.2.1 NSAID 23 2.2.2.2 Small molecules und Anti-Zytokinantikörper 24 2.3 Equine Zellkulturmodelle zur Zytokindetektion 25 2.3.1 Stimulation der Zytokinfreisetzung 26 2.3.2 Vollblutzellkultursysteme und Systeme mit isolierten Zellen 27 2.4 Fragestellung der Dissertation 30 3 PUBLIKATIONEN 31 3.1 Freisetzungskinetik von TNF-α und IL-1Ra im equinen Vollblut 32 3.2 Modulation der Freisetzung von TNF-α, IL-1Ra und IFN-γ in der equinen Vollblutzellkultur durch Glukokortikoide 40 4 DISKUSSION 45 4.1 Zytokinfreisetzung im equinen Vollblut 46 4.2 Der Einfluss von Glukokortikoiden auf die Zytokinfreisetzung 52 4.3 Schlussfolgerungen 56 4.4 Ausblick 56 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 58 6 SUMMARY 60 7 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 62 8 ANHANG 72 8.1 Freisetzungskinetik von IFN-γ 72 8.2 Konzentration von TNF-α, IL-1Ra und IFN-γ in der equinen Vollblutzellkultur 72 9 DANKSAGUNG 74

SMOFLipid® is a commonly used fat emulsion for parenteral nutrition. We investigated how enrichment of SMOFLipid® with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in a form of second fat emulsion, Omegaven® , changes fatty acid composition of total plasma phospholipids and erythrocyte phospholipids, cytokine concentrations in serum and in supernatant from in vitro whole blood culture stimulated with lipopolasaccharide (LPS) and we evaluated also changes in oxido- reductive balance. Eight patients on long-term home parenteral nutrition recieved both emulsions, SMOFLipid® (6 weeks) and SMOFLipid® +Omegaven® (4 weeks), one by one. We observed no significant differences in common laboratory and clinical parameters between these two types of diet. Enrichment of SMOFLipid® with Omegaven® led to an increase in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in total plasma phospholipids and there was also an increse in proportion of EPA in erythrocyte phospholipids, while proportion of DHA remained unchanged. These changes were in both phospholipids of plasma and erythrocyte compensated for a decrease in proportion of linoleic and arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFA). There were elevated IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations in patients after both diets. There was a decrease in IL-6 production by 36% with SMOFLipid®...

Ce travail concerne l'étude des modifications de nanocharges lamellaires synthétiques (α-ZrP) et de leur influence sur les propriétés mécaniques et barrière aux gaz de nanocomposites à matrice élastomère (SBR). Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'amélioration de l'étanchéité des pneumatiques. L'une des originalités de ce travail a résidé dans l'introduction des nanocharges hydrophiles par le biais d'une dispersion aqueuse (slurry), dans la matrice SBR hydrophobe. La première phase de ce travail a consisté à entreprendre plusieurs types de modification des nanocharges afin d'étudier les mécanismes d'intercalation et/ou d'exfoliation des ces dernières dans le slurry. Ces différentes familles de charges modifiées ont été utilisées pour réaliser des nanocomposites selon différentes voies de mise en oeuvre : principalement solvant et latex. Nous avons ensuite étudié l'influence, (i) de la nature des intercalants, (ii) des distances interfoliaires initiales des nanocharges et (iii) des procédés de mise en oeuvre des nanocomposites, sur la morphologie et les propriétés finales des matériaux. Cette étude a montré la synergie de ces trois paramètres et mis en évidence l'importance du contrôle des interactions charges modifiées/matrice sur les propriétés de transport de gaz. Parmi l'ensemble des matériaux synthétisés, nous avons pu mettre en avant une formulation, permettant d'atteindre des propriétés mécaniques et barrière intéressantes. Cette formulation, en voie latex, est basée sur l'utilisation de la charge modifiée aminosilane et de l'agent de couplage Si69 / This work concerns the study of the modification of synthetic lamellar nanofillers (α-ZrP) and their influence on mechanical and gas barrier properties of elastomeric nanocomposites (SBR). This study is part of improving the tire tightness. One of the originalities of this work is the introduction of hydrophilic nanofillers through an aqueous dispersion (slurry) in the hydrophobic SBR matrix. The first step of this work was to undertake several types of nanofiller modifications state in order to study their intercalation/exfoliation mechanisms in a slurry. These different families of modified fillers were then used to make nanocomposites with different ways of implementations: mainly solvent and latex ones. The influence of, (i) the nature of the intercalating agent, (ii) the initial nanofiller interlayer distance and (iii) the nanocomposite implementation processes, on the morphology and final properties of materials were studied. The synergy of these three parameters was demonstrated and the importance of controlling the modified filler/matrix interactions on the gas transport and mechanical properties was also proved. Among all the synthesized materials, a formulation was put forward which allowed to achieve interesting mechanical and barrier properties. This formulation, processed by the latex route, is based on the use of aminosilane modified nanofillers and the Si69 coupling agent

Transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells is a valuable option for treating tendon disease. Tenogenic differentiation leading to cell replacement and subsequent matrix modulation may contribute to the regenerative effects of these cells, but it is unclear whether this occurs in the inflammatory environment of acute tendon disease. Equine adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) were cultured as monolayers or on decellularized tendon scaffolds in static or dynamic conditions, the latter represented by cyclic stretching. The impact of different inflammatory conditions, as represented by supplementation with interleukin-1β and/or tumor necrosis factor-α or by co-culture with allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes, on ASC functional properties was investigated. High cytokine concentrations increased ASC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, but decreased chondrogenic differentiation and ASC viability in scaffold culture, as well as tendon scaffold repopulation, and strongly influenced musculoskeletal gene expression. Effects regarding the latter differed between the monolayer and scaffold cultures. Leukocytes rather decreased ASC proliferation, but had similar effects on viability and musculoskeletal gene expression. This included decreased expression of the tenogenic transcription factor scleraxis by an inflammatory environment throughout culture conditions. The data demonstrate that ASC tenogenic properties are compromised in an inflammatory environment, with relevance to their possible mechanisms of action in acute tendon disease.

co-diplomation avec l'Université de Lille (France) / Introduction : La dexmédétomidine, un agoniste α-2 adrénergique, est de plus en plus utilisée pour la sédation et l’analgésie des nouveau-nés nécessitant un support ventilatoire grâce à son absence d’effet dépressif respiratoire. Cependant, elle impacte le système cardio-vasculaire via le système nerveux autonome et pourrait modifier la balance des systèmes sympathiques et parasympathiques (S/PS) et ainsi augmenter la survenue de bradycardie et d’hypotension. Objectifs : Cette étude a pour objectif de décrire l’utilisation de la dexmédétomidine et d’analyser l’impact de la perfusion continue sur le système cardio-vasculaire et sur la balance du système S/PS des nouveau-nés admis aux soins intensifs pédiatriques. Méthodes : Nous avons inclus les nouveau-nés (< 28 jours) qui ont reçu une perfusion de dexmédétomidine. Les données ont été collectées à partir d’une base de données haute résolution qui collecte prospectivement, outre les données du dossier clinique informatisé, toutes les données issues des moniteurs et des pousses-seringues. La balance S/PS a été estimée via l’analyse de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) sur les électrocardiogrammes, extraits de la base de données, en calculant le rapport basses fréquences / hautes fréquences (LH/HF). Les concentrations plasmatiques (CP) de dexmédétomidine ont été simulées en utilisant un modèle pharmacocinétique de population développé dans une population similaire à la nôtre. Les variables ont été comparées sur différentes périodes au cours des 12 premières heures de perfusion à l'aide d'analyses ANOVA et la relation avec les variables pharmacocinétiques a été calculée par régression linéaire. Résultats : Vingt-trois nouveau-nés ont été inclus dans l’étude. Par rapport aux valeurs témoins, la fréquence cardiaque (FC) a diminué de 19±4 bpm (p=0,002) et la pression artérielle moyenne (PAM) a diminué de 8,6±2,5 mmHg (p=0,023) pendant les 12 premières heures de perfusion. La FC diminuait avec l’augmentation de la CP simulée (coefficient de régression de -8,6 [95% IC : -1,9 ; -6,3]). Le rapport LF/HF a montré une tendance à la diminution sans retrouver de différence statistiquement significative (p=0,077). Conclusion : La FC et la PAM semblent diminuées sous dexmédétomidine tout en restant dans des valeurs normales pour le nouveau-né. L’ampleur de la diminution de la FC semble reliée à l’augmentation des CP. De plus, la tendance de diminution de la balance S/PS suggère une réduction du contrôle sympathique chez le nouveau-né recevant la dexmédétomidine. Cependant, l’ensemble de ces résultats doit encore être confirmé par des études plus larges et prospectives. / Introduction: Dexmedetomidine, an adrenergic α-2 agonist, has been increasingly used for sedation and analgesia in neonates due to its lack of respiratory depressant effect. However, it impacts the cardiovascular system via the autonomic nervous system. It could modify the sympathetic/parasympathetic balance (S/PS balance) and result in an increased risk of bradycardia and hypotension. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the utilization of intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion and characterize its impact on the hemodynamics, including S/PS balance, in critically ill neonates. Methods: We retrospectively included neonates (<28 days) who received a dexmedetomidine infusion. Data were collected from a high-fidelity database that prospectively collects all data from the monitors, infusion pumps, and electronic medical records. The S/PS balance was assessed by analyzing heart rate variability from database electrocardiograms. This was done using the low/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio with frequency band adapted for neonatal population. Dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations (PC) were simulated using a published population pharmacokinetic model. The variables were compared at different times during the first 12 hours of infusion using ANOVA analyses and their association with pharmacokinetics variables was evaluated using linear regression. Results: A total of 23 neonates were included. When compared to baseline values, heart rate (HR) values decreased by 19±4 bpm (p=0.002), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased by 8.6±2.5 mmHg (p=0.023) 12 hours following the initiation of infusion. HR decreased proportionally with increased simulated PC over 12 hours (regression coefficient: -8.6 [95% IC: -10.9 - 6.3]). The LF/HF ratio tended to decrease over the same period, although this was not statistically significant (p=0.077). Conclusion: In critically ill neonates, HR and MAP decreased on dexmedetomidine infusion but remained within normal neonatal values. The decrease in HR was associated with higher simulated PC. Moreover, the decreasing trend of S/PS balance suggest a reduction in sympathetic control in the neonate receiving dexmedetomidine. However, these results need to be confirmed with larger prospective studies.

Объектом исследования является (α + β) - титановый сплав мартенситного класса ВТ6. Метод конечных элементов при помощи различных программных комплексов является перспективным способом прогнозирования и выявления зон локализации эквивалентных деформаций и напряжений в образцах из титанового сплава ВТ6. Предоставляется возможность расчетным путем создать ячеистую структуру имплантата с пониженным модулем упругости. В связи с этим в работе была поставлена цель: изучить механические свойства ячеистых структур и субпериостального дентального экзо-имплантата из сплава ВТ6 медицинского назначения, полученного аддитивным методом. / The object of research is (α + β) – titanium alloy of martensite class VT6. The finite element method with the help of various software packages is a promising method for predicting and identifying localization zones of equivalent deformations and stresses in samples made of titanium alloy VT6. It is possible to create a cellular structure of the implant with a reduced modulus of elasticity by calculation. In this regard, the aim of the work was to study the mechanical properties of cellular structures and subperiosteal dental exo-implant made of VT6 alloy for medical purposes, obtained by the additive method.

Surface contamination occurs in nuclear facilities, something that is important to detect easily and efficiently. Using today’s methods to detect nuclear surface contamination may cause certain inconsistencies as the human operator is solely trusted to keep the detector at the correct distance and move it at the correct speed. This thesis project aims to address the problem of inconsistent measurements with respect to the current measurement methods. A system is designed to monitor the measurement process with regards to detector velocity and height. The system will trigger a warning when the minimum detectable activity is too high, as it would lead to inconsistent results. This system consists of a cart-detector setup with a scintillation detector and velocity measurement device(s). Software will utilize the measurement data to implement the aforementioned monitoring. The system aims to be compliant with international standards, such as the ISO 11929 and the ISO 7503 standards, and will thus make use of these standards. The result of the part-analysis for each component of the system showed a large inaccuracy regarding the Intertial Measurement Units (IMUs); hence, the robotic wheels were chosen as the main method of measuring speed for this project. The robotic wheels and the detector were shown to be sufficiently accurate for the desired measurements. The Raspberry Pi 4 model B, the on- board computer, was also shown to be performance-wise and property-wise well suited for the project. This project showed that there is a theoretical way to implement the speed of a moving detector-rig into the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) formula. However, the implementation investigated in this project suggests that full compatibility with ISO 7503 was not achievable. / Radioaktiv ytkontaminering förekommer i kärnkraftverk, vilket är viktigt att upptäcka snabbt och effektivt. Dagens metoder för att upptäcka radioaktiv ytkontaminering kan lida av viss osäkerhet eftersom man förlitar sig helt på att operatören kan manövrera detektorn på rätt höjd och hastighet. Detta examensarbete behandlar en lösning till det ovan nämnda problemet. Ett ”proof-of-concept”-system som kan övervaka mätprocessen designas. Genom att mäta hastighet och känna till höjden över marken kan en varning meddelas användaren när den minsta detekterbara aktiviteten (MDA) når ett tröskelvärde. Det färdiga systemet är en plattform på hjul med en scintillator- detektor monterad tillsammans med en eller flesta hastighetsmätningsenheter. Systemet bör vara kompatibelt med internationella standarder, till exempel ISO 11929 och ISO 7503. Resultaten från den utvärdering av varje individuell komponent som gjorts visade på en stor mätosäkerhet i de två utvärderade IMUerna. Detta medförde att robothjulen valdes som enda källa för hastighetsmätning. Robothjulen, samt detektorn påvisade god mätsäkerhet, väl lämpad för detta projekt. Även mikrodatorn, Raspberry Pi 4 model B, visade sig vara lämplig sett till prestanda och egenskaper. Projektet resulterade i att det är trott att det finns en lämpligt sätt att i teorin implementera hastighet som en parameter i formeln för MDA. Det är dock värt att nämna att resultaten tyder på att det i denna implementation inte var möjligt att uppnå fullständig kompabilitet ISO 7503.

Accuracy obtained when training deep learning models with large amounts of data is high, however, training a model with such huge amounts of data on a single node is not feasible due to various reasons. For example, it might not be possible to fit the entire data set in the memory of a single node, training times can significantly increase since the dataset is huge. To avoid these problems decentralized training is devised. In decentralized training, using the technique of Data parallelism, multiple nodes/workers make a local copy of the model and train it using a partition of the dataset. Each of these locally trained models are aggregated at some point to obtain the final trained model. Architectures such as Parameter server, All-reduce and Gossip use their own network topology to implement decentralized training. However, there is a vulnerability in this decentralized setting, any of the worker nodes may behave arbitrarily and fail. This type of failure is called byzantine failure. Here, arbitrary means any of the worker nodes may send incorrect parameters to others, which may lead to inaccuracy of the global model or failure of the entire system sometimes. To tolerate such arbitrary failures, aggregation rules were devised and are tested using Parameter server architecture. In this thesis we analyse the fault tolerance of Ring all-reduce architecture to byzantine gradients using various aggregation rules such as Krum, Brute and Bulyan. We will also inject adversaries during the model training to observe, which of the aforementioned aggregation rules provide better resilience to byzantine gradients. / Noggrannheten som erhålls vid träning av djupinlärningsmodeller med stora datamängder är hög, men det är inte möjligt att utbilda en modell med så stora mängder data på en enda nod av olika skäl. Det kan till exempel inte vara möjligt att passa hela datamängden i minnet på en enda nod, träningstiderna kan öka avsevärt eftersom datamängden är enorm. För att undvika dessa problem utformas decentraliserad träning. I decentraliserad utbildning, med hjälp av tekniken för dataparallellism, gör flera noder / arbetare en lokal kopia av modellen och tränar den med hjälp av en partition av datamängden. Var och en av dessa lokalt utbildade modeller samlas vid någon tidpunkt för att få den slutliga utbildade modellen. Arkitekturer som Parameterserver, All- reduce och Gossip använder sin egen nätverkstopologi för att implementera decentraliserad utbildning. Det finns dock en sårbarhet i denna decentraliserade inställning, någon av arbetarnoderna kan uppträda godtyckligt och misslyckas. Denna typ av fel kallas bysantinskt fel. Här betyder godtyckligt att någon av arbetarnoderna kan skicka felaktiga parametrar till andra, vilket ibland kan leda till felaktighet i den globala modellen eller att hela systemet misslyckas. För att tolerera sådana godtyckliga fel utformades aggregeringsregler som testas med hjälp av parametern serverarkitektur. I den här avhandlingen analyserar vi feltoleransen för Ring allreduceringsarkitektur till bysantinska gradienter med hjälp av olika aggregeringsregler som Krum, Brute och Bulyan. Vi kommer också att injicera motståndare under modellutbildningen för att observera vilka av de ovannämnda aggregeringsreglerna som ger bättre motståndskraft mot bysantinska lutningar.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Debido a la creciente importancia de la dieta en el manejo de la salud, sigue habiendo un gran interés en desentrañar como se procesan los alimentos en el sistema digestivo humano. La estructura de los alimentos puede influir significativamente en su procesamiento, afectando al rendimiento durante la alimentación y la digestión. Específicamente, la digestión de alimentos a base de carbohidratos requiere una mayor comprensión debido a su contribución a los niveles de glucosa en sangre. El conocimiento de la cinética de digestión del almidón contribuirá a diseñar alimentos a medida para controlar los niveles de glucosa posprandial. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue adquirir una mejor comprensión del impacto de la microestructura en la digestión del almidón y cómo las enzimas digestivas podrían ser moduladas por compuestos fenólicos. Con ese propósito, se evaluó el papel de la estructura del pan en la masticación in vivo y la digestión in vitro. Posteriormente, se produjeron geles de almidón de diferentes fuentes y se digirieron en un sistema de digestión oro-gastro-intestinal in vitro para analizar el impacto de la microestructura del gel. Después de los estudios de microestructura en geles de almidón y pan, se exploraron diferentes ácidos fenólicos o extractos polifenólicos de algas como inhibidores de enzimas digestivas de almidón, y se evaluó la participación de la microestructura del gel de almidón en la digestión enzimática. La masticación y la textura del bolo de panes tostados de trigo se vio afectada por su diferente estructura, a pesar de que no se observaron diferencias en la percepción sensorial. El proceso de panificación también ofreció la posibilidad de modificar la estructura del pan. De hecho, la variación de la forma de la masa dio lugar a panes con diferentes propiedades estructurales y texturales de la miga. La digestión de los panes con diferente estructura de miga confirmó que se disgregaban de manera diferente, produciendo variaciones en la posterior digestibilidad del almidón. Una vez que se estableció la importancia de la microestructura de la miga en la digestión del almidón, se cambió el enfoque para enlazar la microestructura de los geles de almidón con su digestión in vitro. Los geles obtenidos con almidones de distintas fuentes botánicas mostraron diferente digestibilidad, lo que se relacionó con su microestructura, pero también con su contenido de amilosa. Considerando la acción de las enzimas digestivas (α-amilasa y α-glucosidasa) sobre la hidrólisis del almidón, se estudiaron diferentes compuestos fenólicos para comprender las interacciones entre los compuestos fenólicos y las enzimas o sustratos. La forma más eficaz de inhibir las enzimas era incubarlas con ácidos fenólicos. Se necesitó una mayor concentración del inhibidor cuando los compuestos fenólicos interactuaban previamente con el sustrato, debido a su retención dentro del gel de almidón. La estructura química de los ácidos fenólicos controlaba la inhibición de la enzima. Asimismo, los extractos fenólicos complejos, como los extraídos de las algas A. nodosum, podrían utilizarse para inhibir las enzimas digestivas, mostrando mayor efecto inhibidor cuando fueron previamente incubados con la enzima, debido a la existencia de complejos carbohidrato-polifenoles con sus diferentes capacidades inhibitorias. Además, los ácidos fenólicos afectaron las propiedades de pegado y, por lo tanto, a la estructura y textura de geles de almidón. Sin embargo, esos cambios no fueron suficientes para controlar la hidrólisis enzimática del almidón, que estaba relacionada con la estructura química de los ácidos fenólicos y sus propiedades. En general, la microestructura de la miga o del gel puede limitar la accesibilidad de las enzimas digestivas, lo que reduciría la hidrólisis del almidón. Además, la inclusión de ácidos fenólicos en alimentos a base de almidón podría ser la alternativa para reducir el grado de digestión del almidón al inhibir estas enzimas. / [CA] A causa de la creixent importància de la dieta en el maneig de la salut, segueix sent de gran interès desentranyar com es processen els aliments en el sistema digestiu humà. L'estructura dels aliments pot influir significativament en el processament dels aliments, afectant al seu rendiment durant l'alimentació i la digestió. Específicament, la digestió d'aliments a base de carbohidrats requereix una major comprensió a conseqüència de la seua contribució als nivells de glucosa en sang. El coneixement de la cinètica de la digestió del midó contribuirà a dissenyar aliments a mesura per controlar els nivells de glucosa postprandial. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral va ser adquirir una millor comprensió de l'impacte de la microestructura en la digestió del midó i com els enzims digestius podrien ser modulats per l'ús de compostos fenòlics. Amb aquest propòsit, es va avaluar el paper de l'estructura del pa en la masticació in vivo i la digestió in vitro. Posteriorment, es van produir gels de midó de diferents fonts i es van digerir en un sistema de digestió oro-gastrointestinal in vitro per analitzar l'impacte de la microestructura del gel. Després dels estudis de microestructura en gels de midó i pa, es van explorar diferents àcids fenòlics o extractes polifenòlics d'algues com inhibidors dels enzims digestius del midó, i es va avaluar la participació de la microestructura del gel de midó en la digestió enzimàtica. La masticació i la textura de la bitla de pans torrats de blat es va veure afectada per les seues diferencies estructurals, tot i que no es van observar diferències en la percepció sensorial. El procés de panificació va oferir la possibilitat de modificar l'estructura del pa. De fet, la variació de la forma de la massa va donar lloc a pans amb diferents propietats d'estructura i textura de la molla. La digestió dels pans amb diferent estructura de molla va confirmar que es disgregaven de manera diferent, produint variacions en la posterior digestibilitat del midó. Una vegada que es va establir la importància de la microestructura de la molla en la digestió del midó, es va canviar l'enfocament per a enllaçar la microestructura dels gels de midó amb la seua digestió in vitro. Els gels obtinguts amb midó de diferent fonts botàniques van mostrar diferent digestibilitat, el que es va relacionar amb la seua microestructura, però també amb el seu contingut d'amilosa. Considerant l'acció dels enzims digestius (α-amilasa i α-glucosidasa) sobre la hidròlisi del midó, es van estudiar diferents compostos fenòlics per a comprendre les interaccions entre els fenòlics i els enzims o substrats. La forma més eficaç d'inhibir els enzims era incubar-los amb àcids fenòlics. Es va necessitar una major concentració de l'inhibidor quan els compostos fenòlics interactuaven prèviament amb el substrat, a causa de la seua retenció dins del gel de midó. L'estructura química dels àcids fenòlics controlava la inhibició de l'enzim. Així mateix, els extractes fenòlics complexos, com els extrets de l'alga A. nodosum, podrien utilitzar-se per a inhibir els enzims digestius, mostrant major efecte inhibidor quan van ser prèviament incubats amb l'enzim, a causa de l'existència de complexos carbohidrat-polifenols amb les seues diferents capacitats inhibitòries. A més, els àcids fenòlics van afectar les propietats de pegat i, per tant, la estructura i textura dels gels de midó. No obstant, estos canvis en la estructura i textura dels gels no van ser suficients per a controlar la hidròlisi enzimàtica del midó, que estava relacionada amb l'estructura química dels àcids fenòlics i les seues propietats. En general, la microestructura de la molla de pa o gel de midó pot limitar l'accessibilitat dels enzims digestius, la qual cosa reduiria la hidròlisi del midó. A més, la inclusió d'àcids fenòlics en aliments a base de midó podria ser l'alternativa per a reduir el grau de digestió del midó en inhibir aquests enzims. / [EN] Due to the increasing importance of diet on health management, it remains of utmost interest to unravel how food is processed in the human digestive system. Food structure can significantly influence food processing, affecting its performance during eating and digestion. Specifically, the digestion of carbohydrates-based foods requires further insight due to their contribution to blood glucose levels. The knowledge of starch digestion kinetics will contribute to design tailored foods for managing postprandial glucose levels. The objective of this doctoral thesis was to acquire a better understanding of the impact of microstructure on starch digestion and how digestive enzymes might be modulated by the use of phenolic compounds. With that purpose, the role of bread structure on in vivo mastication, and in vitro digestion was evaluated. Subsequently, starch gels from different sources were produced and digested in an in vitro oro-gastro-intestinal digestion system to analyze the impact of gel microstructure. After the microstructure studies on bread and starch gels, different phenolic acids or seaweed polyphenolic extracts were explored as inhibitors of starch digestive enzymes, and the involvement of starch gel microstructure on the enzymatic digestion was assessed. Mastication of toasted wheat breads was affected by their different structures, despite no differences in the sensory perception was observed. Bolus texture was also altered by bread structure and texture. The breadmaking process offered the possibility to modify the bread structure. In fact, varying dough shaping led to breads with different crumb structure and texture properties. After stressing the importance of selecting the in vitro oral processing method used to simulate mastication, the further digestion of the bread with different crumb structure confirmed that they were differently disaggregated yielding variations on posterior starch digestibility. Once stating the importance of crumb microstructure on starch digestion, the focus was shifted to connect starch gels microstructure with its in vitro digestion. Gels obtained with a different type of starch, from cereals, pulses, or tubers, showed different digestibility, which was related to their microstructure but also their amylose content. Considering the action of digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) on starch hydrolysis, different phenolic compounds were studied to understand the interactions between phenolics and either enzymes or substrates. The most effective way to inhibit enzymes was to incubate them with phenolic acids. A higher concentration of the inhibitor was needed when phenolic compounds interacted previously with the substrate, due to their retention within the starch gel. The chemical structure of phenolic acids controlled the enzyme inhibition. Similarly, complex phenolic extracts, like those extracted from A. nodosum seaweed could be used to inhibit digestive enzymes, showing greater inhibition effect when they were previously incubated with the enzyme, owing to the existence of carbohydrate-polyphenol complexes their different inhibitory capabilities. In addition, phenolic acids affected pasting properties and therefore gel microstructure and gel texture of starches. However, those changes on gels microstructure and texture were not enough to control starch enzymatic hydrolysis, which was related to the specific chemical structure of the phenolic acids and their properties. Overall, crumb or gel microstructure can limit digestive enzymes accessibility, which would reduce the starch hydrolysis. Moreover, the inclusion of phenolic acids on starch-based foods might be the alternative to reduce the extent of starch digestion by inhibiting digestive enzymes. / Authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Project RTI2018-095919-B-C21) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union”, Generalitat Valenciana (Project Prometeo 2017/189) and Xunta de Galicia (ED431B 2019/01). This work is based upon the work from COST Action 18101 SOURDOMICS – Sourdough biotechnology network towards novel, healthier and sustainable food and bioprocesses, where A. Aleixandre was supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). COST is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. / Aleixandre Agustín, A. (2022). Going from Digestion to Microstructure of Starch-Based Food Products: Understanding the Role of Polyphenols [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181137 / Compendio

Peptide-bound methionine may transfer oxidative damage from the thioether side chain to the peptide backbone, catalyzing decomposition in general and α-amidation in particular. In the present study, we focused on the reactivity and reaction pathways of peptides. We synthesized model peptides comprising methionine or not and investigated their overall tendency towards decomposition and formation of specific products under conditions mimicking the cooking process at 100°C in buffered solution (pH 6.0) in the presence of redox-active substances such as transition metal ions and reductones. Peptides containing methionine were more susceptible to α-amidation under all oxidative conditions, and the products of N-terminus-directed α-amidation were quantified. Exemplarily, after incubation in the presence of cupric sulfate, about 2.0 mol-% of the overall decomposition of Z-glycylmethionylglycine accounted for the formation of Z-glycinamide, whereas it was below 0.1 mol-% for Z-glycylalanylglycine. Surprisingly and different from previous observations, C-terminus-directed α-amidation was observed for the first time. From Z-glycylmethionylglycine, the respective products were formed in higher amounts than the N-terminus-directed α-amidation product Z-glycinamide under all applied oxidation conditions. The preference of electron transfer from the amino nitrogen bound in the peptide bond directed to the C-terminus may be ascribed to a sterically less demanding hexagonal 3-electron-2-center intermediate during methionine-catalyzed α-amidation.