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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Predicting the Functional Effects of Human Short Variations Using Hidden Markov Models

Liu, Mingming 24 June 2015 (has links)
With the development of sequencing technologies, more and more sequence variants are available for investigation. Different types of variants in the human genome have been identified, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), short insertions and deletions (indels), and large structural variations such as large duplications and deletions. Of great research interest is the functional effects of these variants. Although many programs have been developed to predict the effect of SNPs, few can be used to predict the effect of indels or multiple variants, such as multiple SNPs, multiple indels, or a combination of both. Moreover, fine grained prediction of the functional outcome of variants is not available. To address these limitations, we developed a prediction framework, HMMvar, to predict the functional effects of coding variants (SNPs or indels), using profile hidden Markov models (HMMs). Based on HMMvar, we proposed HMMvar-multi to explore the joint effects of multiple variants in the same gene. For fine grained functional outcome prediction, we developed HMMvar-func to computationally define and predict four types of functional outcome of a variant: gain, loss, switch, and conservation of function. / Ph. D.
72

Towards constructing disease relationship networks using genome-wide association studies

Huang, Wenhui 19 January 2010 (has links)
Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) prove to be a powerful approach to identify the genetic basis of various human[1] diseases. Here we take advantage of existing GWAS data and attempt to build a framework to understand the complex relationships among diseases. Specifically, we examined 49 diseases from all available GWAS with a cascade approach by exploiting network analysis to study the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) effect on the similarity between different diseases. Proteins within perturbation subnetwork are considered to be connection points between the disease similarity networks. Results: shared disease subnetwork proteins are consistent, accurate and sensitive to measure genetic similarity between diseases. Clustering result shows the evidence of phenome similarity. Conclusion: our results prove the usefulness of genetic profiles for evaluating disease similarity and constructing disease relationship networks. / Master of Science
73

Genetic response of tree population to spatial climatic variation : an experimental genomic and simulation approach in Fagus sylvatica populations along altitudinal gradients / Réponse génétique d'une population d'arbre à une variation dans l'espace du climat : une approche de génomique expérimentale et de simulations sur différents gradients altitudinaux chez Fagus sylvatica

Lalagüe, Hadrien 14 March 2013 (has links)
Un enjeu majeur de la génétique évolutive est de comprendre comment l'adaptation locale se développe en population naturelle, et comment les différentes forces évolutives y contribuent. Les études expérimentales d'adaptation locale utilisent couramment les gradients altitudinaux présentant une variation spatiale marquée des conditions environnementales. Dans ces conditions, on s'attend à ce que la différentiation génétique pour les caractères (traditionnellement mesurée par QST) et pour les gènes déterminant ces caractères (traditionnellement mesurée par FSTq) le long du gradient soit gouvernée de façon prédominante par la sélection et les flux de gènes, et peu influencée en revanche par la dérive génétique et la mutation. En particulier, des études théoriques ont montré un découplage entre QST et FST lorsque que les flux de gènes sont forts et/ou que la sélection est récente. Dans cette étude, nous avons testé cette hypothèse en combinant une approche de génomique expérimentale et des simulations dans des populations naturelles de hêtre commun (F. sylvatica) séparées de ~trois kilomètres et soumis à des environnements contrastés.Pour l'approche expérimentale, nous avons échantillonné 4 populations sur deux gradients altitudinaux sur le Mont Ventoux (avec une population à haute altitude et une à basse altitude sur chaque gradient). Cinquante huit gènes potentiellement impliqué dans la réponse aux stress abiotiques et dans le débourrement ont été séquencés sur un total de quatre-vingt seize individus, révélant 581 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms). Différentes approches ont été utilisées pour identifier les SNP outlier, présentant une différentiation plus forte qu'attendu sous un modèle neutre sans sélection. Le nombre de SNPs outlier identifié comme étant sous sélection s'est révélé être grandement dépendant de la méthode utilisé. La méthode fréquentiste a détecté de nombreux outliers alors que l'approche bayésienne n'a pu permettre de détecter des SNPs sous sélection. Par ailleurs, nous avons utilisé un modèle mécaniste individu-centré pour simuler les patrons de diversité phénotypique et génétique attendus le long du gradient pour la phénologie du débourrement végétatif, un caractère généralement adaptatif dans la réponse aux variations de température. Les résultats des simulations confirment que la différentiation génétique observée pour le caractère (QST) est généralement plus forte que celle observée au gène (FSTq), et que cette différentiation génétique au trait intervient dès la première génération. Toutefois, les tests d'outlier conduits sur le le modèle simulé ont révélé que plus de 95% des SNPs outlier sont des faux positifs. Comme dans l'approche expérimentale, l'approche Bayésienne ne s'est pas révélé suffisamment fiable pour détecter des QTLs dans des populations spatialement proche et génétiquement faiblement différentiée. Néanmoins une approche multi-locus basée sur un estimateur peu utilisé en génétique (le Zg) a révélé la forte corrélation inter-populations inter-gènes des QTLs confirmant les attendus théoriques. Toutefois, cette approche ne permet pas de détecter précisément les QTLs sans connaissance a priori sur les QTLs. En conclusion, les travaux de cette thèse mettent en évidence la rapidité des changements génétique qui interviennent en moins de 5 générations pendant la modification du climat, et la difficulté de détecter les gènes codant pour des traits complexes. / A major challenge in population genetics is to understand the local adaptation process in natural population and so to disentangle the various evolution forces contributing to local adaptation. The experimental studies on local adaption generally resort to altitudinal gradients that are characterized by strong environmental changes across short spatial scales. Under such condition, the genetic differentiation of the functional trait (measured by the Qst) as well as the genes coding for trait (measured by Fstq) are expected to be mainly driven by selection and gene flow. Genetic drift and mutation are expected to have minor effect. Theoretic studies showed a decoupling between Qst and Fst under strong gene flow and / or recent selection. In this study, I tested this hypothesis by combining experimental and modelling genomic approach in natural population of Fagus sylvatica separated by ~3 kilometres and under contrasted environments.Sampling was conducted in south-eastern France, a region known to have been recently colonised by F.sylvatica. Four naturally-originated populations were sampled at both high and low elevations along two altitudinal gradients. Populations along the altitudinal gradients are expected to be subjected to contrasting climatic conditions. Fifty eight candidate genes were chosen from a databank of 35,000 ESTs according to their putative functional roles in response to drought, cold stress and leaf phenology and sequenced for 96 individuals from four populations that revealed 581 SNPs. Classical tests of departure of site frequency spectra from expectation and outlier detection tests that accounted for the complex demographic history of the populations were used. In contrast with the mono-locus tests, an approach for detecting selection at the multi-locus scale have been tested.The results from experimental approaches were highly contrasted according the method highlighting the limits of those method for population loosely differentiated and spatially close. The modelling approach confirmed the results from the experimental data but revealed that up to 95% of the SNPs detected as outliers were false positive. The multi-locus approach revealed that the markers coding for the trait are differentially correlated compared to the neutral SNPs. But this approach failed to detect accurately the markers coding for the trait if no a priori knowledge is known about them. The modelling approach revealed that genetic changes may occur across very few generation. But while this genetic adaptation is measurable at the trait level, the available method for detecting genetic adaptation at the molecular level appeared to be greatly inaccurate. However, the multi-locus approach provided much more promise for understanding the genetic basis of local adaptation from standing genetic variation of forest trees in response to climate change.
74

Caractérisation de nouveaux gènes et polymorphismes potentiellement impliqués dans les interactions hôtes-pathogènes / Finding novel gene candidates and polymorphisms involved in host-pathogen interactions

Abou-Khater, Charbel 05 July 2017 (has links)
La coévolution ainsi que les différentes interactions entre hôte et pathogène contribuent à former la diversité génétique de ces deux organismes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de la variabilité génétique de 1760 gènes immunitaires choisis suivant des critères définis, pour essayer d’expliquer pourquoi il existe une variation individuelle face aux infections. L’objectif principal de ce projet était alors de caractériser et d'analyser de nouveaux gènes et polymorphismes immunitaires pouvant expliquer le contrôle ou la susceptibilité à certaines infections. Deux études pilotes nous ont permis de développer le pipeline de détection de polymorphismes. Pour la première, le polymorphisme des 3 gènes CD28, CTLA4, et ICOS a été caractérisé. Dans la deuxième, nous avons caractérisé le polymorphisme de 10 gènes impliqués dans la réponse immunitaire contre M. tuberculosis. Ces gènes ne sont pas très polymorphes et trois d’entre eux sont très conservés. Ces deux études nous ont aidés à préparer l’analyse à grande échelle avec les mises au point et l’amélioration du pipeline. Nous avons sélectionné 1760 gènes en se basant sur des critères définis. La variabilité génétique a été étudiée dans les populations humaines par une analyse minutieuse in silico de données de séquençage d’exomes générées par différents projets et consortiums pour plus de 700 individus représentant 20 populations à travers le monde. 30 gènes les plus polymorphes ont été ainsi identifiés. Ces gènes pourront être entièrement caractérisés et les données produites pourraient être comparées avec des données de résistance/sensibilité de certaines maladies infectieuses. / Host-pathogen co-evolution and interactions contribute in shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. The objective of this thesis is to define the genetic basis of variability in disease resistance/susceptibility through the development of large-scale in silico screens to identify novel gene candidates implicated in host-pathogen interactions (such as tuberculosis).A pilot study was conducted on CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS to investigate their polymorphism. As a first step in our study based on data available in the literature, we selected a set of ten genes relevant for the immune response against M. tuberculosis. Seven of these genes were moderately polymorphic, while three of them were highly conserved. This analysis was used to prepare and setup the large scale analysis using the same developed pipeline for polymorphism detection and allele reconstruction. For our in silico, we used sequence data from several projects and consortiums to isolate most polymorphic human genes amongst a list of over 1760 candidates selected based on already established relevance for infections and on evolutionary considerations. A first screen of 64 individuals from eight different populations from several regions of the world was performed and most variable genes were selected for further extensive analyses on a larger panel (715 individuals). 30 most polymorphic genes were thus identified. The extent of polymorphism and the allelic worldwide variants of each of these 30 genes are ready to be fully characterized. The data generated could be compared against infectious disease resistance/susceptibility data to identify potentially relevant gene variation.
75

Análise de polimorfismos associados ao índice de massa corpórea em uma população urbana / Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Index Body Mass in an urban population

Ribeiro, Diana Oliveira 28 August 2018 (has links)
A obesidade, que atinge uma grande parcela da população mundial é resultado do acumulo excessivo de gordura corporal, podendo afetar gravemente a saúde. É considerada multifatorial, com maior susceptibilidade ao ganho de massa em indivíduo que possuírem maior predisposição genética. Além disso, também está associada a doenças como diabetes, hipertensão, neoplasias e disfunções endócrinas. No Brasil, de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, cerca de 51,7% da população encontra-se com sobrepeso ou obesa. A literatura mostra que polimorfismos de nucleotídeos único (SNPs) são marcadores frequentemente usados em estudos de associação de doenças complexas, e trabalhos sobre obesidade focados em populações tri-híbridas, tal como é a brasileira, ainda são escassos. Este trabalho buscou identificar um conjunto de SNPs relacionados com o aumento do Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) a partir do exoma de ameríndios brasileiros e verificar se o padrão seria o mesmo na coorte de Ribeirão Preto - SP. O projeto desenvolvido foi devidamente aprovado pelo projeto pelo Comitê de Ética (CAAE 74509817.4.0000.5440). Um conjunto de 17 SNPs foi selecionado após o sequenciamento do exoma ameríndio, realizado pelo Dr. João Guerreiro, cada SNP foi validado posteriormente mediante a realização da genotipagem por PCR em tempo real, confirmando as mutações encontradas nos ameríndios. Para a coorte de Ribeirão Preto, utilizamos DNA genômico de 180 indivíduos, sendo 89 normais e 91 obesos, coletados previamente no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por Barbieri et al (2006). A ancestralidade tri-híbrida de 45 indivíduos desses indivíduos foi confirmada por um conjunto de 15 polimorfismos do tipo inserção/deleção (InDels) escolhidos do painel desenvolvido por Santos et al. (2010), demostrando predominância europeia (87%), seguida de ameríndia (9%) e africana (4%). Os 17 SNPs selecionados apresentaram somente mutações sinônimas, onde rs2277552 e rs3731900 tiveram predição de patogenicidade positiva. A frequência do alelo mutante na coorte de Ribeirão Preto variou em função do SNP e da população comparada do banco de dados do Ensembl. A exemplo, rs8133052 exibiu diferença em seus valores quando a população comparada com a coorte de Ribeirão Preto era a total, 50% e 37% respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) não foi sensível o bastante para separar o grupo obeso do controle. O teste de associação optou-se pelos modelos dominante e recessivo para todos os SNPs, porém nenhuma correlação foi observada quando o fenótipo observado era a obesidade (IMC>30). Entretanto, rs231591 para o MD e rs1824152 para o MR mostraram valores significativos de proteção para a obesidade central (razão entre cintura e estatura), com odds ratio de 0,27 (p = 0.0013) e 0.37 (p = 0.0056), respectivamente. Uma análise mais refinada considerando a influência do sexo dentro da coorte foi realizada e, dependendo do fenótipo e do sexo observado quatro SNPs (rs1824152, rs3732378, rs231591 e rs744224) apresentaram valores significativos de proteção. Destes três (rs1824152, rs231591 e rs744224) ainda não haviam sido relacionados diretamente com seu caráter protetivo para a obesidade. / Obesity affects a big portion of global population and it results from excessive accumulation of body fat, what can seriously affect health. It is known the obesity is multifactorial, and it will be stronger the greater is the individual genetic predisposition. Besides that, it is associated with many diseases like diabetes, hypertension, neoplasms, and endocrine dysfunctions. In Brazil, according to the World Health Organization, about 51.7% of the population is classified as being overweight or obese. Moreover, the literature shows that molecular markers called Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are widely used in association studies of complex diseases, like obesity, and there are still few genetic researches whose focus is the obesity in mixed populations such as Brazil\'s. Therefore, after we got the acceptance for this work by the Ethics Committee (CAAE 74509817.4.0000.5440), we looked for a set of SNPs, based the obese Brazilian\'s indigenous exome, related to the increase of the Body Mass Index (BMI) and aimed to verify if that pattern is the same in a cohort of Ribeirão Preto (SP, Brazil). A set of 17 SNPs was selected after the indigenous exome was sequenced by Dr. João Guerreiro and each SNP was posteriorly validated by Real-Time PCR and verified by genotyping of the indigenous samples. For the cohort of Ribeirão Preto (SP), we used genomic DNA obtained from 180 individuals (89 normal-weight and 91 obese) from Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) of Ribeirão Preto, previously collected by Barbieri (2006). We then confirmed the trihybrid ancestry of 45 individuals from the cohort using a set of 15 Insertion Deletion Polymorphisms (InDels) selected from the panel developed by Santos et al. (2010), what showed to be predominantly European, followed by African and Amerindian, with frequencies of 87%, 9% and 4%, respectively. The 17 SNPs showed synonymous mutations, from which rs2277552 and rs3731900 presented pathogenicity prediction. The cohort mutant allele frequency compared to Ensembl database varied in function of the SNP and the population. For example, rs8133052 varied when total population and the Ribeirão Preto cohort were compared, with 37% and 50%, respectively. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was not sensitive enough to separate obese from non-obese. The association test used the dominant and the recessive models for all SNPs, and no correlation was observed for the obese phenotype (IBM>30), independently of the model. However, rs231591 and rs1824152, for dominant and recessive models, in this order, showed values significantly associated to the protection against central obesity (ratio between waist and height), with odds ratio of 0,27 (p = 0,0013) and 0,37 (p = 0,0056), respectively. A more refined analysis of the associated test was realized, considering the influence of sex in the observed phenotype within the cohort. Four SNPs (rs1824152, rs3732378, rs231591 and rs744224) showed significant protection values, depending on the sex and the model adopted. From theses, three SNPs (rs1824152, rs231591 e rs744224) had never been directly associated to protection against obesity.
76

Caracterização de polimorfismos e assinaturas de seleção em genótipos de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) através de genotipagem-por-sequenciamento / Characterization of polymorphisms and selection signatures in sugarcane genotypes (Saccharum spp.) by genotyping-by-sequencing

Menegatto, Leonardo Sartori 24 February 2017 (has links)
A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum ssp.) é uma cultura valiosa na produção de alimento, fibra e energia para o Brasil e, especialmente, para o estado de São Paulo. Com o advento da biotecnologia, alternativas de melhoramento genético têm despertado a atenção da comunidade científica, sendo etapas cruciais para tais avanços o sequenciamento e a caracterização do genoma das espécies cultivadas. Dada sua natureza poliploide, com frequente aneuploidia, a cana-de-açúcar apresenta dificuldades às práticas convencionais em genômica, de maneira que é vantajoso fazer uso de recursos de sequenciamento de nova geração e de espécies próximas para elucidar de forma mais efetiva o genoma da gramínea. Uma contribuição interessante, nesse sentido, é a caracterização funcional de polimorfismos genéticos existentes entre genótipos do gênero Saccharum, auxiliando investigações relacionadas à genômica de poliploides complexos, desenvolvendo um recurso a ser utilizado futuramente por melhoristas. Esse trabalho realizou a caracterização da variabilidade genômica a partir de dados genotípicos de indivíduos do Painel Brasileiro de Genótipos de Cana-de-Açúcar, obtidos via genotipagem-por-sequenciamento, utilizando como referência o genoma já sequenciado do sorgo. Os sítios variantes (sobretudo polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único) foram detectados com o software FreeBayes e suas possíveis funções e posições foram anotadas com o programa SnpEff. Utilizaram-se estatísticas de genética de populações, como a frequência alélica para várias classes de polimorfimo, o Teste de McDonald & Kreitman (busca de evidêcias de evolução adaptativa) e a heterozigosidade combinada (busca de regiões genômicas com assinatura de seleção), de modo a identificar regiões genômicas potencialmente envolvidas em eventos evolutivos. Os resultados demonstraram a perda de variabilidade entre os genótipos melhorados em relação aos ancestrais, com evidências de assinaturas de seleção, envolvendo questões sensíveis ao funcionamento da maquinaria celular (como respiração e fotossíntese) e a características valoradas para a cultura (destacando-se a resistência a patógenos e a biossíntese da sacarose). Tais indícios fornecem subsídios à compreensão do genoma e ao melhoramento genético desse poliploide. / Sugarcane (Saccharum ssp.) is a valuable crop for food, fiber and energy production in Brazil, especially to the São Paulo State. With the advent of biotechnology, alternatives to breeding have enticed attention of the scientific community, with genome sequencing and characterization being crucial steps to these advances. Because sugarcane is polyploid, with frequent aneuploidy, it presents difficulties to the application of standard practices in genomics, such that it is advantageous to make use of next generation sequencing alternatives and resources from related species to more effectively elucidate the genome of this grass. Thus, an interesting contribution is the functional characterization of genetic polymorphisms from the Saccharum genus, aiding investigations related to genomics of complex polyploids, developing a resource to be used in the future by breeders. Our goal was to perform this characterization with genotypic data from individuals of the Brazilian Panel of Sugarcane Genotypes, obtained by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), using as reference the previously sequenced sorghum genome. We called the variants (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms) with FreeBayes and annotated their functions and positions with SnpEff. We used population genetics statistics, such as the allele frequency, the McDonald & Kreitman Test and the pooled heterozygosity, to identify genomic regions potentially involved in evolutionary events. The results showed a loss of variability between bred genotypes in relation to the ancestors, with evidences of selective sweeps, involving regions related to the cellular machinery (such as respiration and photosynthesis) and specific crop traits (especially disease resistance and sucrose biosynthesis). These results support understanding of the genome and breeding efforts in this polyploid grass.
77

Seleção assistida por marcadores genéticos de características de carcaça em bovinos da raça Nelore / Genetic marker assisted selection of carcass traits in Nellore cattle

Silva, Roulber Carvalho Gomes da 17 August 2012 (has links)
A pecuária de corte brasileira tem sofrido grande pressão devido às questões ambientais, às exigências dos mercados consumidores por carne de qualidade e rígidos padrões sanitários. Esses fatores aumentam a importância da melhoria da eficiência produtiva da pecuária de corte. A proposta do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão dos valores genéticos moleculares, de um painel de marcadores genéticos comerciais (Perfil IGENITY® Nelore V3) na seleção de animais da raça Nelore. Foram utilizados dados de 9.749 animais da raça Nelore mensurados para área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e espessura de gordura na picanha e 39.687 animais na matriz de parentesco. Dois modelos de análise foram utilizados. O modelo de análise uni-característica em que apenas os parâmetros genéticos do fenótipo foram estimados e o modelo bi-característica em que os valores genéticos moleculares de 3.033 animais foram incluídos como característica correlacionada. A inclusão dos valores genéticos moleculares no modelo aumentou as acurácias das estimativas dos valores genéticos preditos dos animais genotipados, principalmente dos machos jovens. As analises dos conflitos de seleção demonstraram maiores divergências nos touros e machos jovens que tiveram seus genótipos definidos. A taxa de ganho genético anual com a inclusão dos valores genéticos moleculares no modelo foi aumentada em 2,4% para área de olho de lombo, 0,9% para espessura de gordura subcutânea e 1,9% para espessura de gordura na picanha. Esses resultados demonstram que a utilização dos valores genéticos moleculares , mesmo quando oriundos de painéis de marcadores de DNA de baixa densidade, pode contribuir na seleção de animais superior mérito genético e, além de promover aumento nos ganhos genéticos dos programas de melhoramento genético da raça Nelore. / The Brazilian beef cattle chain is suffering a huge pressure due to environmental issues, the demand of consumer markets for meat quality and strict sanitary standards of the international market. These factors increase the importance of improving productive efficiency of beef cattle. The proposal of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of the molecular breeding values of a commercial panel of genetic markers (Nellore Profile IGENITY® V3) in the genetic selection of Nellore cattle. Data of 9,749 animals measured for ribeye area, fat thickness and rump fat thickness were used in this study, with a relationship matrix compound of 39,687 animals. Two models of analysis were performed. Single trait model was performed only for each observed phenotypes and two-trait model was performed phenotypes and molecular breeding values of 3,033 animals as a correlated trait. The inclusion of molecular information in genetic evaluation provided increases on the accuracies of predicted breeding values of genotyped animals and, mainly, for replacement young bulls. The divergences of selection for 20% best animals classified by 1-trait breeding values and 2-trait breeding values demonstrated highest divergence for sires and replacement young bulls. The genetic change rate on the 2-trait model increased 2,4% for ribeye area, 0,9 for fat thickness and 1,9% for rump fat thickness. These results demonstrated that the inclusion of molecular breeding values, even when estimated from low density genetic markers panels, on animal breeding evaluations can contribute on the selection of best genetic merit animals and increase of genetic change rate on animal breeding programs for Nellore cattle.
78

Molecular pairwise relatedness in autopolyploids: a simulation study considering linkage and many loci / Parentesco molecular em autopoliploides: um estudo de simulação considerando lingação e muitos loci

Amadeu, Rodrigo Rampazo 14 March 2018 (has links)
Crops, such as sugarcane, potato, and several forages and berries, are autopolyploids. In plant breeding studies, a key subject is the pairwise relatedness between cultivars. This information can be incorporated in GWAS (genome-wide association) and GS (genomic selection) studies allowing powerful genetic analysis. Despite the autopolyploid importance in agriculture, they lack genetic studies considering ploidy level, and, therefore, polyssomic inheritance. Our objective in this work is: i) to investigate, through simulations, different molecular pairwise relatedness estimators; ii) to recommend which one is the best to be used in different scenarios regarding characteristic as number of loci, number of alleles, ploidy level, double-reduction, and inbreeding level. Our recommendations may guide autopolyploid breeding programs will be able to choose the best strategies and estimators based their reality. / Culturas agrícolas como cana-de-açúcar, batata, batata doce, diferentes forrageiras e frutas são autopoliploides. Em melhoramento de plantas, o conhecimento do parentesco entre cultivares é crítico. Essa informação pode ser incorporada em estudos de GWAS (genome-wide association studies) e GS (genomic selection) permitindo uma análise genética e predição de QTLs e valores genéticos de maior poder estatístico. No entanto, faltam estudos genéticos que considerem parentesco em um cenário autopoliploide. Nossos objetivos neste trabalho são: i) investigar, através de simulações, diferentes estimadores de parentesco entre indivíduos; ii) recomendar o melhor estimador basedo em cenários específicos considerando diferentes número de loci, número de alelos, ploidia, nível de dupla-redução e endogamia. Nossas recomendações poderão orientar estratégias de programas de melhoramento genético de espécies autopoliploides para escolha de estimadores baseados em seu cenário específico.
79

Identification of CNVs in the Nelore genome and its association with meat tenderness / Identificação de CNVs no genoma de bovinos da raça Nelore e suas associações com maciez da carne

Silva, Vinicius Henrique da 25 February 2015 (has links)
The Nelore breed represents the vast majority of Brazilian Zebuine cattle (Bos taurus indicus). The great adaptability of the Nelore breed to Brazilian tropical climate, however, is not associated with meat tenderness (MT). It is known that MT is influenced by several environmental factors, but also genetic composition. In the first chapter, we report a genome-wide analysis of copy number variation (CNV) inferred from Illumina® Bovine High Density SNP-chip data for a Nelore population of 723 males including 30 sires. We detected >2600 CNV regions (CNVRs) representing ≈6.5% of the Bos taurus genome. The CNVR size was 65 kb on average, ranging from 5 kb to 4.3 Mb. A total of 1155 CNVRs (43.6%) overlapped 2750 genes. They are enriched for important functions such as immune response, olfactory reception and processes involving guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The GTP processes have known influence in skeletal muscle physiology and morphology. Quantitative trait loci for MT, partly specific for Nelore, overlapped a substantial fraction of CNVRs and two CNVRs were found proximal to glutathione metabolism genes that are associated with MT as well. Comparing our results with previous studies revealed an overlap in ≈1400 CNVRs (>50%). We selected 9 CNVRs that overlapped regions associated with MT and we validated them in all 30 sires by qPCR. There was identified many genomic regions of structural variation in Nelore with important implications on the MT phenotype. In the second chapter, a total of 34 animals of the population were subjected to transcriptome analysis and meat tenderness (MT) phenotyping. We identified 170 CNV fragments (CNVFs) residing in 20 CNVRs, which occurred in different frequencies between animals with tougher and softer meat genetic potential. A considerable fraction of the identified CNVFs affected gene expression of the MT genes, which play important roles in glycogen metabolism, connective tissue turnover, membrane transporters and glutathione pathways. We also detected that several CNVRs substantially influenced the expression of overlapped and nearby genes, where the increase or decrease of copy number correlated well with the change in gene expression. Among them are two CNVRs at chromosomes 12 and 23, which are in the vicinity of previously described QTLs for MT in Nelore breed. Several CNVFs, which are more frequent in animals with genetic potential for softer or tougher MT, showed significant differences in gene expression. Those regions are linked to important biological functions with highly relevant influences on MT and skeletal muscle physiology. / A raça Nelore é predominante no rebanho zebuíno brasileiro (Bos taurus indicus). A grande adaptabilidade da raça Nelore ao clima tropical brasileiro, no entanto, não está associada à maciez de carne (MT). Sabe-se que MT é influenciada por vários fatores ambientais e pela composição genética. Foi realizada uma análise de todo o genoma para inferir Variação no Número de Cópias de Segmentos Genômicos (Copy Number Variation - CNV) a partir de dados oriundos de chip de SNP (Illumina® Bovine High Density), para uma população de 723 machos Nelore, incluindo 30 ancentrais da população. Foram detectadas >2600 regiões de CNV (CNVRs) representando ≈6.5% do genoma bovino. O tamanho médio do CNVR foi de 65 kb, variando de 5 kb até 43 Mb. Um total de 1155 CNVRs (43.6%) obtiveram sobreposição com 2750 genes. Estes genes foram enriquecidos para as funções importantes, tais como resposta imunológica, recepção olfativa e processos que envolvem o trifosfato de guanosina (GTP). As vias metabólicas do GTP conhecidamente influenciam a fisiologia e a morfologia do músculo esquelético. Loci de características quantitativas (QTLs) para MT, alguns específicos para Nelore, sobrepuseram uma fração substancial das CNVRs encontradas. Dois CNVRs foram encontrados em região proximal à genes do metabolismo da glutationa os quais também são associados com MT. Comparando os resultados com estudos anteriores ≈1400 CNVRs (>50%) foram sobrepostos. Nove CNVRs em regiões associadas com MT foram validados nos 30 ancentrais por qPCR. Em conclusão, foram identificadas regiões genômicas de variação estrutural no Nelore, com potenciais implicações sobre o fenótipo MT. No segundo capítulo, um total de 34 animais da população foi submetido à análise do transcriptoma e análise de potencial genético para MT. Foram identificados 170 fragmentos de CNV (CNVFs) mapeados em 20 CNVRs, os quais mostraram frequências significativamente diferentes entre animais com potencial genético para carne mais dura ou mais macia. Uma fração considerável dos CNVFs identificados afetaram a expressão gênica de genes MT (anteriormente descritos como associados à MT ou fisiologia do músculo esquelético), os quais desempenham um papel importante no metabolismo de glicogênio, volume do tecido conjuntivo, transportadores de membrana e vias metabólicas da glutationa. Um número considerável de CNVRs foram associados à expressão de genes sobrepostos e nas proximidades, onde o aumento ou diminuição do número de cópias foi associado com a mudança na expressão gênica. Dois CNVRs associados foram mapeados para os cromossomo 12 e 23, estando próximos a QTLs anteriormente descritos para MT na raça Nelore. Vários CNVFs, entre animais com potencial genético para carne mais macia ou dura, mostraram diferenças significativas na expressão gênica. Essas regiões estão ligadas a importantes funções biológicas com influências altamente relevantes para MT e para a fisiologia do músculo esquelético.
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Genômica populacional de Plasmodium vivax: níveis e mecanismos de diversidade genética na América. / Population Genomics of Plasmodium vivax: levels and mechanisms of genetic diversity in America.

Oliveira, Thaís Crippa de 22 November 2016 (has links)
Malária é um problema de saúde pública global. No Brasil, Plasmodium vivax é o causador de 85% dos 142 mil casos de malária relatados em 2013. Estudos genômicos tem o potencial de complementar os estudos in vitro, provendo novas oportunidades para o descobrimento de alvos para vacinas e drogas, além de auxiliar em testes de expressão de genes. Deste modo, este projeto teve como objetivos, a partir do sequenciamento de 9 genomas nucleares de isolados simpátricos brasileiros de P. vivax coletados entre 2012 e 2013, avaliar: (a) os níveis e os potenciais mecanismos de geração de diversidade genética utilizando polimorfismos de base única (SNPs), (b) os níveis de estrutura populacional na população brasileira simpátrica em comparação com outras regiões da América, (c) os loci sob pressão seletiva. Utilizamos técnicas de sequenciamento de nova geração associadas à identificação de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNPs e análises subsequentes de diversidade, estrutura populacional e de evidências de seleção natural. Nossos resultados mostraram a população do Brasil compartilhando mais ancestrais com a do Peru, bem como a da Colômbia compartilhando mais ancestrais com a do México. Genes de famílias previamente descritas como hipervariáveis foram observados com os maiores valores de diversidade; alguns genes envolvidos com a interação parasitohospedeiro apresentaram evidência de seleção balanceada, a partir do valor D de Tajima. A alta frequência de recombinação meiótica encontrada em amostras das populações de parasitos, apesar da baixa transmissão local de malária, resultou no declínio do desequilíbrio de ligação entre pares de SNPs situados em uma distância de 50 pares de bases ao longo do mesmo cromossomo. Os dados apresentados corroboram com dados prévios de análises com uso de SNPs, complementando as informações sobre diversidade em escala genômica de populações de P. vivax nas Américas. / Malaria is a public health problem worldwide. In Brazil, Plasmodium vivax is responsible for 85% of the 142 thousand malaria cases reported in 2013. Genomic studies complement in vitro experiments, providing new opportunities for the discovery of targets for vaccines and drugs, as well as enabling gene expression tests. Our objectives for this project, using genome sequences from 9 P. vivax Brazilian sympatric isolates collected between 2012 and 2013, were to evaluate the: a) genetic diversity levels and potential generating mechanisms using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); b) population structure levels in the Brazilian population in comparison with other regions in America; c) loci under selective pressure. We used new generation sequencing techniques in association with the identification of SNPs as molecular markers, and subsequent analysis of diversity , population structure and natural selection. Our results show the Brazilian population sharing more ancestrals with Peru, and in addition Colombia sharing more ancestrals with Mexico. Families of genes previously described as hyper variable were observed to have the same diversity values and some genes involved in the host-parasite interaction presented evidences of positive selection, considering Tagima`s D. The high meiotic recombination frequency found in the parasite population samples, despite local low transmission, produced a decrease in the linkage disequilibrium between SNPs pairs located in the same chromosome at a 50 base pairs distance.The results presented here corroborate previous results using SNPs analysis, complementing knowledge on diversity at a genomic scale of P. vivax in the Americas.

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