The recent emergence and rapid advancement of Cloud Computing (CC) infrastructure and services have made outsourcing Information Technology (IT) and digital services to Cloud Providers (CPs) attractive. Cloud offerings enable reduction in IT resources (hardware, software, services, support, and staffing), and provide flexibility and agility in resource allocation, data and resource delivery, fault-tolerance, and scalability. However, the current standards and guidelines adopted by many CPs are tailored to address functionality (such as availability, speed, and utilization) and design requirements (such as integration), rather than protection against cyber-attacks and associated security issues. In order to achieve sustainable trust for cloud services with minimal risks and impact on cloud customers, appropriate cloud information security models are required. The research described in this dissertation details the processes adopted for the development and implementation of an integrated information security cloud based approach to cloud service models. This involves detailed investigation into the inherent information security deficiencies identified in the existing cloud service models, service agreements, and compliance issues. The research conducted was a multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations on factors such as people, technology, security, privacy, and compliance involved in cloud risk assessment to ensure all aspects are addressed in holistic and well-structured models. The primary research objectives for this dissertation are investigated through a series of scientific papers centered on these key research disciplines. The assessment of information security, privacy, and compliance implementations in a cloud environment is described in Chapters two, three, four, and five. Paper 1 (CCIPS: A Cooperative Intrusion Detection and Prevention Framework for Cloud Services) outlines a framework for detecting and preventing known and zero-day threats targeting cloud computing networks. This framework forms the basis for implementing enhanced threat detection and prevention via behavioral and anomaly data analysis. Paper 2 (A Trusted CCIPS Framework) extends the work of cooperative intrusion detection and prevention to enable trusted delivery of cloud services. The trusted CCIPS model details and justifies the multi-layer approach to enhance the performance and efficiency of detecting and preventing cloud threats. Paper 3 (SOCaaS: Security Operations Center as a Service for Cloud Computing Environments) describes the need for a trusted third party to perform real-time monitoring of cloud services to ensure compliance with security requirements by suggesting a security operations center system architecture. Paper 4 (SecSLA: A Proactive and Secure Service Level Agreement Framework for Cloud Services) identifies the necessary cloud security and privacy controls that need to be addressed in the contractual agreements, i.e. service level agreements (SLAs), between CPs and their customers. Papers five, six, seven, and eight (Chapters 6 – 9) focus on addressing and reducing the risk issues resulting from poor assessment to the adoption of cloud services and the factors that influence such as migration. The investigation of cloud-specific information security risk management and migration readiness frameworks, detailed in Paper 5 (An Effective Risk Management Framework for Cloud Computing Services) and Paper 6 (Information Security, Privacy, and Compliance Readiness Model) was achieved through extensive consideration of all possible factors obtained from different studies. An analysis of the results indicates that several key factors, including risk tolerance, can significantly influence the migration decision to cloud technology. An additional issue found during this research in assessing the readiness of an organization to move to the cloud is the necessity to ensure that the cloud service provider is actually with information security, privacy, and compliance (ISPC) requirements. This investigation is extended in Paper 7 (A Practical Life Cycle Approach for Cloud based Information Security) to include the six phases of creating proactive cloud information security systems beginning with initial design, through the development, implementation, operations and maintenance. The inherent difficulty in identifying ISPC compliant cloud technology is resolved by employing a tracking method, namely the eligibility and verification system presented in Paper 8 (Cloud Services Information Security and Privacy Eligibility and Verification System). Finally, Paper 9 (A Case Study of Migration to a Compliant Cloud Technology) describes the actual implementation of the proposed frameworks and models to help the decision making process faced by the Saudi financial agency in migrating their IT services to the cloud. Together these models and frameworks suggest that the threats and risks associated with cloud services are continuously changing and more importantly, increasing in complexity and sophistication. They contribute to making stronger cloud based information security, privacy, and compliance technological frameworks. The outcomes obtained significantly contribute to best practices in ensuring information security controls are addressed, monitoring, enforced, and compliant with relevant regulations. / Graduate / 0984 / 0790 / fahd333@gmail.com

Problem: Arbetsmiljön är viktig för människors välbefinnande. Hälsofrämjande faktorer antas inte bara styrka individens fysiska och psykiska hälsa, utan även företagets konkurrenskraft och lönsamhet. I uppsatsen undersöker vi hur företaget SSAB i Borlänge arbetar med hälsa genom att tillämpa ett hälsofrämjande perspektiv och utgå från teorin om Känslan av sammanhang (KASAM). Ledarskapsvärderingar har betydelse för medarbetares hälsa (Hanson, 2004) och vi undersöker vilken uppfattning ett antal chefer har om sina roller i det hälsofrämjande arbetet och deras syn på medarbetarundersökningen HälsoSAM som företagshälsovården på SSAB bedriver. Arbetsbelastningen på medarbetare och chefer ökar till följd av sparkrav, samtidigt som resurserna minskar (Gatu, 2003). Följden blir en större risk för ohälsa och ett sätt att minska sjukfrånvaron är att genomföra hälsofrämjande insatser (Prevent, 2001). Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utifrån ett hälsofrämjande perspektiv förklara vad chefer har för möjligheter att skapa förutsättningar för att främja medarbetarnas hälsa på SSAB i Borlänge. Metod: Den metod som ligger till grund för uppsatsen baseras på ett kvalitativt angreppssätt där semistrukturerade intervjuer samt litteraturstudier genomförts för att samla information. Analys: Ledarens beteende påverkar medarbetarna. Hög arbetsbelastning på SSABs chefer leder till lägre närvaro bland medarbetarna, vilket i sin tur ger sämre förutsättningar för att främja hälsan. HälsoSAM kartlägger medarbetarnas hälsoläge, både välbefinnande och arbetskapacitet. Resultaten är vägledande i det hälsofrämjande arbetet men överbelastning, tidsbrist och kunskapsbrist hos cheferna bidrar till att uppföljningen inte blir systematisk. För ett väl fungerande hälsoarbete krävs systematik. Slutsats: Hälsofrämjande processer i arbetslivet skapas genom balans mellan krav och resurser. På SSAB i Borlänge hindras hälsoarbetet av tidsbrist och kunskapsbrist hos cheferna. Kostnadsbesparingar påverkar hälsoarbetet negativt och systematiken i uppföljningsarbetet blir lidande. Ansvaret för hälsoarbetet läggs på företagshälsovården, men utan stöd från chefer blir inte hälsoarbetet en naturlig del i verksamheten. Det är viktigt att i rådande situation se vad främjande av hälsa kan ge tillbaka till företaget i både ekonomiska och kvalitativa termer. Insikt om detta ökar chefernas incitament att prioritera hälsofrämjande processer och organisera arbetet så att människor har förutsättningar att hantera, kontrollera och klara av sina uppgifter. / Problem: The working environment is essential for human well-being. Health factors are assumed not only to strengthen the individuals’ physical and mental health, but also the company’s competitiveness and profitability. In the paper, we examine how the company SSAB in Borlänge is working with health by applying a health perspective and by applying the theory of sense of coherence (SOC). Leadership values are important for employees’ health (Hanson, 2004) and we are examining the perception a number of managers have of their roles in health promotion, and their views of the employee survey HälsoSAM, which the occupational health services at SSAB perform. Employees and managers workload is increasing due to cutbacks, while resources are decreasing (Gatu, 2003). The consequence is a greater risk of ill health and a way to reduce sick leave is health promotion (Prevent, 2001). Purpose: The purpose of the study is from a health perspective explain managers’ opportunities to create conditions to promote employees' health at SSAB in Borlänge. Method: The methodology underlying this study is based on a qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews and literature studies are conducted to gather information. Analysis: Managers’ behavior affects the employees. High workload on SSAB's managers leads to lower attendance among , which in turn provides fewer opportunities for health promotion. HälsoSAM maps employees' health status. The results are indicative of the health promotion work, but overload, lack of time and lack of knowledge among managers contribute to that the follow-up does not become systematic. Well-functioning health work requires systematic work. Conclusion: A health-promoting process at work is created by the balance between demands and resources. The health-promoting process at SSAB in Borlänge is prevented by lack of time and lack of knowledge among managers. Reorganizations and cost savings negatively affect health promotion in the workplace and the systematic in the follow-up work suffers. Responsibility for health work is placed on occupational health, but without support from managers, the health work does not become a natural part of the business. In the current situation, it is important to see what health promotion can give in return in both financial and qualitative terms. If the managers realize this, it increases the incentives to prioritize the process of health promotion and organize the work so employees have the ability to handle, control and manage their work.

Dans un contexte d'accroissement du recours à des sources d'énergies renouvelables intermittentes, la palette des dispositifs de stockage électrochimique s'étend et se diversifie pour assurer l'adéquation entre ces sources intermittentes et leurs applications. La conception et le contrôle en temps réel de ces dispositifs nécessitent un modèle de l'énergie disponible au cours du fonctionnement. Or, la non-linéarité du comportement énergétique des dispositifs de stockage électrochimique en fonction des conditions d'utilisation rend cette modélisation très complexe. Aujourd'hui, l'énergie disponible est modélisée grâce à un estimateur de l'état de charge (SoC), couplé à un modèle de la tension de la batterie. L'interfaçage de ces modèles avec ceux des autres composants d'un système est souvent difficile du fait de la nature des variables de contrôle. Par ailleurs, en temps réel, ces modèles permettent difficilement de réaliser des prévisions de l'énergie disponible dans diverses conditions d'utilisation. L'approche énergétique retenue ici a permis de définir un nouvel estimateur, l'état d'énergie (SoE) et de concevoir directement un modèle de l'énergie disponible pour différentes conditions d'utilisation, sans avoir recours à une double modélisation SoC/tension. Le SoE a été utilisé pour caractériser les performances énergétiques d'accumulateurs plomb-acide et Lithium Ion. Pour ces derniers, la précision sur la prévision de l'énergie disponible a été estimée sur plusieurs profiles types.

.

.

<p>Network on Chip is a scalable and flexible communication infrastructure for the design of core based System on Chip. Communication performance of a NoC depends heavily on the routing algorithm. Deterministic and adaptive distributed routing algorithms have been advocated in all the current NoC architectural proposals. In this thesis we make a case for the use of source routing for NoCs, especially for regular topologies like mesh. The advantages of source routing include in-order packet delivery; faster and simpler router design; and possibility of mixing non-minimal paths in a mainly minimal routing. We propose a method to compute paths for various communications in such a way that traffic congestion is avoided while ensuring deadlock free routing. We also propose an efficient scheme to encode the paths.</p><p>We developed a tool in Matlab that computes paths for source routing for both general and application specific communications. Depending upon the type of traffic, this tool computes paths for source routing by selecting best routing algorithm out of many routing algorithms. The tool uses a constructive path improvement algorithm to compute paths that give more uniform link load distribution. It also generates different types of traffics. We also developed a simulator capable of simulating source routing for mesh topology NoC. The experiments and simulations which we performed were successful and the results show that the advantages of source routing especially lower packet latency more than compensate its disadvantages. The results also demonstrate that source routing can be a good routing candidate for practical core based SoCs design using network on chip communication infrastructure.</p>

The last two decades have witnessed the CMOS processes and design techniques develop and prosper with unprecedented speed. They have been widely employed in contemporary integrated circuit (IC) commercial products resulting in highly added value. Tremendous e orts have been devoted to extend and optimize the CMOS process and its application for future wireless communication systems. Meanwhile, the last twenty years have also seen the fast booming of the wireless communication technology typically characterized by the mobile communication technology, WLAN technology, WPAN technology, etc. Nowadays, the spectral resource is getting increasingly scarce, particularly over the frequency from 0.7 to 6 GHz, whether the employed frequency band is licensed or not. To combat this dilemma, the ultra wideband (UWB) technology emerges to provide a promising solution for short-range wireless communication while using an unlicensed wide band in an overlay manner. Another trend of obtaining more spectrum is moving upwards to higher frequency bands. The WiFi-Alliance has already developed a certi cation program of the 60-GHz band. On the other side, millimeterwave (mmWave) frequency bands such as 28-GHz, 38-GHz, and 71-GHz are likely to be licensed for next generation wireless communication networks. This new trend poses both a challenge and opportunity for the mmWave integrated circuits design. This thesis combines the state-of-the-art IC and hardware technologies and design techniques to implement and propose UWB and 5G prototyping systems. First of all, by giving a thorough analysis of a transmitted reference pulse cluster (TRPC) scheme and mathematical modeling, a TRPC-UWB transceiver structure is proposed and its features and speci cations are derived. Following that, the detailed design, fabrication and veri cation of the TRPC-UWB transmitter front end and wideband voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) in CMOS process is presented. The TRPCUWB transmitter demonstrates a state-of-the-art energy e ciency of 38.4 pJ/pulse. Secondly, a novel system architecture named distributed phased array based MIMO (DPA-MIMO) is proposed as a solution to overcome design challenges for the future 5G cellular user equipment (UE) design. In addition, a prototyping design of on-chip mmWave antenna with radiation e ciency enhancement is presented for the IEEE 802.11ad application. Furthermore, two wideband K-band VCO prototypes based on two di erent topologies are designed and fabricated in a standard CMOS process. They both show good performance at center frequencies of 22.3 and 26.1 GHz. Finally, two CMOS mmWave VCO prototypes working at the potential future 5G frequency bands are presented with measurement results. / Graduate / 2018-04-30 / amenghym@gmail.com

Internet of Things is expanding to the areas such as healthcare, home management, industrial, agriculture, and becoming pervasive in our life, resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefits. Smart sensors with embedded interfacing integrated circuits (ICs) are important enablers, hence, variety of smart sensors are required. However, each type of sensor requires specific interfacing chips, which divides the huge market of sensors’ interface chips into lots of niche markets, resulting in high develop cost and long time-to-market period for each type. Software defined sensor is regarded as a promising solution, which is expected to use a flexible interface platform to cover different sensors, deliver specificity through software programming, and integrate easily into the Internet of Things. In this work, research is carried out on the design and implementations of ultra low power analog interface circuits toward software defined sensors for healthcare services based on Internet of Things.    This thesis first explores architectures and circuit techniques for energy-efficient and flexible analog to digital conversion. A time-spreading digital calibration, to calibrate the errors due to finite gain and capacitor mismatch in multi-bit/stage pipelined converters, is developed with short convergence time. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated with intensive simulations. Two novel circuit level techniques, which can be combined with digital calibration techniques to further improve the energy efficiency of the converters, are also presented. One is the Common-Mode-Sensing-and-Input-Interchanging (CSII) operational-transconductance-amplifier (OTA) sharing technique to enable eliminating potential memory effects. The other is a workload-balanced multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) architecture to improve the settling efficiency of a high linear multi-bit stage. Two prototype converters have been designed and fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS technology. The first one is a 14 bit 50 MS/s digital calibrated pipelined analog to digital converter that employs the workload-balanced MDAC architecture and time-spreading digital calibration technique to achieve improved power-linearity tradeoff. The second one is a 1.2 V 12 bit 5~45 MS/s speed and power-scalable ADC incorporating the CSII OTA-sharing technique, sample-and-hold-amplifier-free topology and adjustable current bias of the building blocks to minimize the power consumption. The detailed measurement results of both converters are reported and deliver the experimental verification of the proposed techniques.     Secondly, this research investigates ultra-low-power analog front-end circuits providing programmability and being suitable for different types of sensors. A pulse-width- -modulation-based architecture with a folded reference is proposed and proven in a 0.18 μm technology to achieve high sensitivity and enlarged dynamic range when sensing the weak current signals. A 8-channel bio-electric sensing front-end, fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology is also presented that achieves an input impedance of 1 GΩ, input referred noise of 0.97 Vrms and common mode rejection ratio of 114 dB. With the programmable gain and cut-off frequency, the front-end can be configured to monitor for long-term a variety of bio-electric signals, such as electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The proposed front-end is integrated with dry electrodes, a microprocessor and wireless link to build a battery powered E-patch for long-term and continuous monitoring. In-vivo test results with dry electrodes in the field trials of sitting, standing, walking and running slowly, show that the quality of ECG signal sensed by the E-patch satisfies the requirements for preventive cardiac care.    Finally, a wireless multimodal bio-electric sensor system is presented. Enabled by a customized flexible mixed-signal system on chip (SoC), this bio-electric sensor system is able to be configured for ECG/EMG/EEG recording, bio-impedance sensing, weak current stimulation, and other promising functions with biofeedback. The customized SoC, fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, integrates a tunable analog front-end, a 10 bit ADC, a 14 bit sigma-delta digital to current converter, a 12 bit digital to voltage converter, a digital accelerator for wavelet transformation and data compression, and a serial communication protocol. Measurement results indicate that the SoC could support the versatile bio-electric sensor to operate in various applications according to specific requirements. / <p>QC 20151221</p>

As pastagens são o principal uso da terra no mundo, ocupando dois terços de sua área agricultável e três quartos da área agricultável do Brasil. Quando bem manejadas, as pastagens possuem alta capacidade de estocar C no solo, porém podem perder até 50% do C do solo quando em avançado estágio de degradação. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram quantificar o potencial de sequestro de C e avaliar a dinâmica da matéria orgânica no solo em locais de conversão de pastagens degradadas para bem manejadas no Brasil. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as alterações dos estoques de C no solo nas pastagens do Brasil através de uma meta-análise, bem como os fatores de manejo e as taxas de variações do estoque de C no solo em diferentes status de pastagens. Em sete cronossequências situadas em Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade (MT), Nova Xavantina (MT), Conquista D\'Oeste (MT), Dueré (TO), Carmolândia (TO) e Paraíso (TO), foram determinadas as alterações na quantidade e na qualidade da Matéria Orgânica do Solo (MOS). Foram determinados os estoques de C e N e as taxas de variação locais. A qualidade da MOS foi avaliada por meio de análise isotópica, fracionamento físico, Índice de Manejo do C (IMC), grau de humificação (HFIL) e teor de C na Biomassa Microbiana (C-BM). Através da meta-análise, estimou-se que no Brasil os solos sob pastagens degradadas apresentam redução dos estoques de C de 0,13 Mg ha-1 ano-1. As pastagens nominais foram capazes de aumentar o estoque de C no solo, enquanto as pastagens melhoradas nem sempre mantiveram os estoques semelhantes aos da vegetação nativa. A recuperação das pastagens promove acúmulo de C no solo na faixa de 0,40 Mg ha-1 ano-1. O cumprimento da meta de recuperação dos 30 milhões de hectares de pastagens resultará no acumúlo de 12 Tg ha-1 ano-1 de C. A degradação das pastagens nos estados do Mato Grosso e Tocantins reduziu os estoques de C no solo numa faixa de -0,06 Mg ha-1 ano-1, enquanto a recuperação das mesmas proporcionou aumento de 0,12 Mg ha-1 ano-1. Nas pastagens avaliadas, cerca de 54% do C é originado das gramíneas cultivadas. A fração orgânica foi a mais sensível às Mudanças de Uso da Terra (MUT), promovendo diminuição dos estoques de C nessa fração. A implantação de pastagens tem impacto negativo na qualidade da MOS, com diminuição do IMC de até 70%. Contudo, se bem manejadas, o IMC das pastagens pode ser superior ao da vegetação nativa, como acontece quando a pastagem é consorciada com Pueraria spp. O C-BM e o grau de humificação não foram alterados após a implantação ou a recuperação das pastagens, não sendo bons indicadores de qualidade da MOS. As alterações dos estoques de C nas frações da MOS e o IMC foram os indicadores mais eficientes de alterações da qualidade da MOS em pastagens. As recuperação de pastagens degradadas promove aumento no estoque de C no solo e melhoria da qualidade da MOS. / Pastures are the main land use in the world, occupying two-thirds of the world\'s arable land and three quarters of agricultural areas of Brazil. When well-managed, pastures have a high capacity to store SOC, but they may lose up to 50 % of stock SOC when in an advanced stage of degradation. The objective of this work was to quantify the potential of carbon sequestration and to evaluate soil organic matter dynamics in the conversion of degraded pastures to well-managed in Brazil. We evaluated changes in stocks SOC in pastures in Brazil through a meta-analysis, determining the management factors and the rates of stocks SOC changes in different pasture status. In seven cronossequences located in Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade (MT), Nova Xavantina (MT), Conquista D\'Oeste (MT), Dueré (TO), Carmolândia (TO) and Paraíso (TO) were determined the changes in the quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM). C and N stocks and rates of local variations were determined. The quality of the SOM was evaluated through isotopic analysis, physical fractionation, C management index (CMI), degree of humification (HFIL) and C content in microbial biomass (MB-C). Through the meta-analysis it was estimated that in Brazil degraded pastures present a reduction of stocks SOC of 0.13 Mg ha-1 year -1. Nominal pastures were able to increase stock SOC, while improved pastures did not always maintain stocks similar to native vegetation. The recovery of pastures promotes the accumulation of C in the soil at the rate of 0.40 Mg ha-1 year -1. Meeting the recovery goal of 30 million ha of pasture will result in the accumulation of 12 Tg C ha-1year -1. The degradation of pastures in the states of Mato Grosso and Tocantins reduces C stocks in the soil at a rate of 0.06 Mg C ha-1 year-1. While the recovery of degraded pastures has the potential to increase C stocks in the soil with rate of 0.12 Mg C ha-1 year-1. In the pastures evaluated, about 54% of the C originates from the cultivated grasses. The organic fraction was the most sensitive to LUC, promoting the decrease of C stocks in this fraction. Pasture implantation has a negative impact on SOM quality, with a reduction in the CMI of up to 70%; however, if managed well, the CMI of pastures may be higher than that of native vegetation. The MB-C and degree of humification were not altered after the implantation or the recovery of the pastures. Changes in C stocks in SOM fractions and CMI were the most efficient indicators of changes in SOM quality in pastures. The recovery of degraded pastures promotes an increase in C stock in the soil and an improvement in the quality of the MOS.

Coreografias de serviços Web representam uma forma mais escalável e flexível de compor serviços do que uma abordagem centralizada como a orquestração, e seu papel na integração e comunicação de sistemas de larga escala é vital para os objetivos da SOC (Computação Orientada a Serviços) e da Internet do Futuro. Atualmente coreografias de serviços Web possuem vários desafios de pesquisa, dos quais a qualidade de serviço (QoS) e o monitoramento de coreografias de serviçosWeb são linhas importantes. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor e implementar um mecanismo de monitoramento não intrusivo de coreografias de serviços Web baseado em SLAs (Acordos de Nível de Serviço) que especificam as restrições de atributos de QoS de maneira probabilística. Esta dissertação propõe um mecanismo para coreografias de serviços Web que: (1) define requisitos de QoS; (2) especifica contratos probabilísticos sobre parâmetros de QoS usando SLA; e (3) realiza um monitoramento não intrusivo de coreografias de serviços Web para detectar violações de SLA. / Web services choreographies are a more scalable and flexible way to compose services than a centralized approach like orchestrations, and its role in the integration and communication of large-scale systems is vital for the goals of SoC (Service Oriented Computing) and Future Internet. Currently,Web services choreographies have several research challenges. From all challenges, quality of service (QoS) and monitoring of Web services choreography are important research lines. The goal of this work is to propose and implement a mechanism for non-intrusive monitoring of Web services choreography based on SLAs (Service Level Agreements) that define constraints of QoS attributes in a probabilistic way. This thesis proposes a mechanism for Web services choreographies that:(1) defines QoS requirements; (2) specifies probabilistic contracts on QoS parameters using SLAs; and (3) monitors, non-intrusively, the enactment of Web services choreographies to detect SLA violations.