This thesis examines the evidence for the involvement in warfare of clerks and religious in England between the beginning of the tenth century and the end of the twelfth. It focuses on bishops and abbots, whose military activities were recorded more frequently than lesser clergy, though these too are considered where appropriate. From the era of Christian conversion until long after the close of the middle ages, clergy were involved in the prosecution of warfare. In this period, they built fortresses and organised communities of warriors in time of peace and war. Some were slain in battle, while others were given promotion or lands for their martial exploits. A series of canonical pronouncements aimed to forbid or restrict the involvement of Christian clergy in organised bloodshed, and some writers branded militant clergy as corrupted by the lure of earthly power or even as having surrendered their sacerdotal status. This study therefore approaches the military practices of clergy alongside the legal and narrative treatments, and treats the latter as reactions to, not the background of, the former. This requires consideration of a wide range of narrative, diplomatic and legal source material. A broad approach shows that clerics’ military activities cannot be separated from their spiritual powers, that canonical treatment was more fragmented and less influential than has been assumed, and that the condemnations of some authors existed alongside others’ praise for clerics’ valour, loyalty, or commitment to defending their flocks. In consequence, the extended study of clerical participation in warfare is shown to have significant consequences for our conception of the bounds of military history, the construction of the licit and the illicit, and the nature of clerical identity itself.

在政府推動二次金融改革的政策前提之下，帶起了我國銀行業整併的風潮。銀行業透過整合與民營化，以達成金融機構大型化、國際化，來增加台灣金融產業的競爭力。國內金融機構彼此合併或外商銀行併購或入股我國銀行的活動不斷發生，而不論是透過股份轉換或是現金收購，合理的評價方式都是相當重要的。 本研究就各種企業評價以及銀行業之相關國內外文獻為基礎，應用多種評價模式，探討現今國內上市銀行業的股價預估價值，並將其與現實股價比較。並利用預測指標Theil’s U來探討各種評價方法的預測誤差程度，以找出銀行產業中預測能力較佳的評價模式，以供投資者或企業合併的過程中，評估股價以及買賣決策之參考。 根據相關文獻探討可以得知，企業評價模式大概可以分為：資產基礎法、收益基礎法、市場基礎法。本研究選擇台灣地區十一家銀行產業上市股票中的三家銀行做為樣本公司，選擇現金流量折現法、股價淨值比法、股價銷售比法作為評價工具。評價結果可從預測績效指標Theil’s U值發現，股價銷售比為最佳預測模式，所計算出來的U值平均為0.21最小，其次為股價淨值比、現金流量法表現較差。

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the 51st (Highland) division over the course of the First World War. Underpinning the study is an analysis of both change and continuity, at home and overseas, and the performance of the division as a fighting unit. The key themes identified for study have been training, esprit de corps, recruitment and reinforcement, and battle performance. Through the investigation of the key themes, other important characteristics have been analysed, such as command and control, organisation, and the level of centralisation in both the formation and in the wider Army. Key questions in the research apply to both divisional study and to wider academic understanding of the First World War. The thesis considers a number of themes that have been neglected by historians old and new, and brings into sharp focus some areas of research that may have produced inaccurate assumptions. In addition, a substantial range and quantity of primary sources have been utilised, many unexplored until now. The selection of the 51st (Highland) Division for study was based on a number of criteria. (Highland) Division experiences were both unique and not unique. In some areas it was a very individual formation, but in other areas or at particular times of the war it was not.

On battlefields and within organizations, a fog obscures subordinate activity from superior observation, producing an information asymmetry endemic to most superior-subordinate relationships. A superior’s ability to observe, to peer through this fog, distinguishes different types of organizations, largely determining what tasks an organization may accomplish and how superior control is balanced against subordinate autonomy (James Wilson, 2000). Yet modern technology is lifting this fog, with each day increasing the detail and depth of what superiors may observe. This thesis explores superior control with modern technology, by introducing and assessing a new term, nanomanagement—where superiors use technology to control, in ever-increasing detail, the actions of all of their subordinates. Through interviewing mid-level officers of the U.S. and British armies, who served in Iraq between 2003 and 2008, this qualitative study explores two questions. “Why nanomanagement?” seeks to understand the causes, or what may motivate nanomanagement. “How does nanomanagement influence superior control and subordinate autonomy?” seeks to understand the effects of nanomanagement. This thesis employs five factors—organizational culture, ex ante controls, ex post controls, hierarchical control and exogenous factors—as different theoretical frameworks to understand nanomanagement. Trackers, drones and long screwdrivers, modern variants of police patrols that reduce transaction costs and may reverse information asymmetry, are introduced. This thesis also suggests three terms to describe when nanomanaging superiors take action undermining traditional hierarchical control: shifting (focusing attention on subordinate levels), drifting (acting at subordinate levels), and grifting (cheating the hierarchy by controlling actions at levels beneath their immediate subordinates). These actions signal a new form of hierarchical control by exclusion—ex claudere control. By analyzing a case where much of the fog separating superior from subordinate thinned and lifted, this thesis assesses and updates the long fought battle between superior control and subordinate autonomy.

The subject of this thesis is financial globalisation in historical perspective, and its key contribution is to demonstrate the J-curve as an alternative depiction of financial globalisation since the classical Gold Standard period. As a preliminary and essential step, some definitions and clarifications on globalisation are provided in a literature review. Then, fundamental issues are considered to assess financial globalisation, so that both the goals and the boundaries of the thesis are clearly stated. Throughout the historical period in debate, there were two waves of financial globalisation: the first one occurring during the 1870-1914 period, and the second lasting from the end of the Bretton Woods agreements until the present day. The dominant approach in economics asserts that the degree of commercial and financial integration corresponds over time to a U-shaped pattern, i.e. markets presented high levels of integration during the forty years before WWI. Then, this integration collapsed in the years between the wars, recovering gradually after the Bretton Woods agreements until it reached again in the 1990s the same pre-1914 level of integration. The thesis approaches this model focusing on the financial side. Then, according to the U-curve, contemporary financial globalisation is not unprecedented. This thesis proposes an alternative view. In contrast to the mainstream U-curve, the empirical data provided indicates that today’s financial integration is unprecedented and more pervasive in some key financial markets than it was during the pre-1914 era. The empirical evidence provided proposes that a J-shaped pattern is a more appropriate way to interpret how financial markets have evolved since the late 19th century. The Jshape suggests that in some financial achieved a huge surge from the 1990s to 2005, surpassing the previous level of integration. So, in these markets, contemporary financial globalisation is unprecedented from the 1990s onwards. The J-curve does not mean that all financial markets became more globalised during the late 20th century in comparison to the Gold Standard era, but only some that presented the U-shape from 1870 to 1995. Qualitative aspects of the J-curve are examined. The different institutional frameworks underlying each historical period are discussed revealing that new institutional arrangements, policy changes, technological advances in ICT and a wide range of financial innovations are the key driving forces that have spurred today’s financial globalisation to higher levels than in the past. Finally, the last chapter assesses the key macroeconomic implications of this new era for the world economy.

This thesis essentially reports an investigation of the behaviour of buried (0.12 to 0.25m diameter) single-walled PVC-U and vitrified clay pipes during installation in a uniform sand surround and when subjected to applied surface loading. An additional simple study of tail void displacements due to tunnelling in sand is also presented. Controlled laboratory tests were conducted in a glass-faced, steel-sided box. The buried pipes were installed perpendicular to the glass face and were subjected to static and cyclic loading, simulating increasing overburden stress and the passing of traffic over a shallow buried pipe respectively. The simulated shallow tunnel tests were also conducted perpendicular to the glass and involved withdrawal of the outer of two concentrically placed tubes. Photographs were taken of the sand particles and the buried structure in the plane of the cross section together with strain gauge readings on the pipe or tunnel wall throughout installation and loading/shield withdrawal. The resulting sand displacements are presented in the form of horizontal and vertical contour plots. Pipe deflections and volumetric and shear strain contours of the sand were also determined for the buried pipe tests. The shape of the deformed pipe and the imposed stress at the pipe springline were inferred from the pipe wall strains. During the PVC-U pipe tests, the deformation of the pipe caused the applied stress to be transferred to the sidefill via arching in the surrounding soil. This was associated with a reduction of applied stress reaching the pipe. Increasing the initial soil stiffness reduced the magnitude of the pipe and soil displacements and the stress carried by the pipe. Use of a vitrified clay pipe however, caused the soil surround to settle relative to the pipe. Soil shear strain contour plots are used to highlight the mechanisms of the transfer of applied stress onto, or away from, the buried pipes, and are related to the shape of the deformed pipe in the PVC-U pipe tests. The test data also allowed standard buried pipe design methods and installation procedures to be critically appraised. The soil movements recorded during the tunnel tests were shown to be similar to those recorded during the buried PVC-U pipe tests, indicating a similar soil loading transfer mechanism.

'To bewilder the enemy and mislead him continually as to our real positions and attentions is one of our most hopeful tasks and to do this ingenuity, imagination and daring are required.'(Ronald Penrose, 1941, Home Guard Manual of Camouflage, p.13) This thesis approaches the cultures and geographies of military conflict, charting the history of military camouflage through a multi-faceted biography of this technology’s life-path. By studying the scientific biography of Dr Hugh Cott (1900-1987), eminent zoologist and skilful artist turned camoufleur in WWII, entwined with the fragmentary mobile biographies of other camouflage practioners, including artists, animals and even a magician, the sites and spacings of camouflage’s life-path from the late-nineteenth century into the Desert War are traced. The military’s enrolment of diverse outside specialists practised in visual literacy is examined to reveal that technological development led to transformations, not only in military knowledge, but also in the militarism of knowledges such as science and art. Moving through the scientists’ fieldsite, the committee boardroom, the military training site and the soldiers’ battlefield, this thesis uncovers the history of a most ambiguous military invention, exposing its darker patterning and thus subverting a long-dominant narrative of camouflage as solely a protective technology. Furthermore, this camouflage biography is narrated from the perspective of the technology’s inventors and practioners as a means to encounter the situated and also embodied nature of technological innovation in military conflict. It demonstrates that, as camouflage transformed battlefields into unsettling theatres of war, there were lasting consequences not only for knowledge and technology, but also for both the ethics of battle and the individuals enrolled in this process. Overall, this geographically structured biography explores how camouflage is a jarring technology, combining aesthetic and artistic appreciation with complex scientific theory, to guileful and deadly effect.

Counter-insurgency assumed a status during the twentieth century as one of the British military‟s fortes. A wealth of asymmetric warfare experience was accumulated after World War Two, as the small wars of decolonisation offered the army of a fading imperial power the opportunity to regularly deploy against an irregular enemy. Yet this quantity of experience has been misguidedly conflated with quality. This thesis holds that the British, far from being the counter-insurgent exemplars that history has benevolently cast them, have in fact consistently proven to be slow learners and slow strategic burners in the realm of counter-insurgency warfare. The case study-based nature of this thesis, utilising the chronologically and geographically dispersed examples of Malaya (1948-60), Kenya (1952-60), South Yemen (1962-67), the first decade of the Northern Irish „Troubles‟ (1969-79), culminates with an analysis of the recent British counter-insurgency campaign in southern Iraq (2003-09). This thesis will blend historical narrative with critical analysis in order to establish a new paradigm through which to interpret and analyse British inertia in counter-insurgency and help unpack the mythology of inherent British competence in the realm of irregular warfare. Three major dimensions emerge. These elements constitute a „Tri-Partite Counter-Insurgency Model‟, and were carefully selected as comprising the major causal and impacting factors contributing to success or failure in counter-insurgency, and were settled upon after an exhaustive review of primary and secondary literature relating to counter-insurgency, both historical and doctrinal. The Tri-Partite Model is constructed by three interactive and interdependent factors: the counter-insurgent, the insurgent, and the international political context.

Ingeniero Civil en Computación / El proceso de evaluación corresponde a uno de los proceso elementales en el ámbito académico en la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile. Dentro del transcurso de este proceso, ocurre un sub-proceso de revisión de evaluaciones conocido informalmente como reclamo . Este se desarrolla de manera presencial y permite a los estudiantes revisar la corrección de sus evaluaciones en caso de dudas con respecto al resultado y solicitar una re-corrección en caso de errores. Sin embargo, este proceso implica la utilización de tiempo que no se encuentra contabilizado en las horas de docencia de un curso y, además, se convierten en una oportunidad para que los estudiantes soliciten una nota mayor sin tener razones fundamentadas para ello. Por otro lado, la plataforma U-Cursos fue desarrollada por el Área de Infotecnologías de la Facultad en el año 2001 y provee diversos servicios orientados a apoyar la docencia presencial y mejorar las metodologías de trabajo, siendo principalmente un nexo entre los estudiantes y el equipo docente. En sus más de 10 años de existencia, se ha convertido en la principal herramienta digital entre los diversos actores de la universidad. En este trabajo de memoria se propuso diseñar e implementar un sistema de revisión de evaluaciones que consiste en la digitalización, en caso de ser necesario, de las respuestas y la integración con la plataforma de U-Cursos, que sea útil y usable. Para esto, el trabajo consistió de dos etapas fundamentales: la digitalización e identificación de las evaluaciones y la integración con el sistema de U-Cursos. Para la primera etapa se realizó el proceso de estandarización de la hoja de respuesta de las evaluaciones, de manera de proveer un mecanismo de identificación al momento de escaneo que permita relacionar una hoja con un estudiante de manera automática, utilizando herramientas de reconocimientos de patrones. De esta forma, una vez cargadas las digitalizaciones en el sistema, se puede realizar de manera rápida la revisión de evaluaciones por parte de los estudiantes en la plataforma U-Cursos, permitiendo agregar comentarios y obtener respuestas por parte del equipo docente. El sistema finalmente implementado cumple con los requisitos propuestos para su diseño, encontrándose buenos resultados en las pruebas de uso realizadas, en las que el resultado de identificación en un curso real fue del 76%, y en donde el principal motivo de los errores se debió a errores de los mismos estudiantes que no completaron correctamente la hoja de respuesta. Finalmente, este trabajo representa una primera aproximación a la integración de nuevas tecnologías al proceso de revisión de evaluaciones en la plataforma U-Cursos, mostrando las ventajas que se pueden obtener al llevar acabo el proceso de manera digital, entre las que se encuentra principalmente la transparencia del proceso.

Load transfer analysis deals with an important function of engineering structure, which is the ability of structure in transferring imposed loads to the supporting points. Although stress value has proved to be an efficient index for performing the failure analysis, the necessity of defining an index for evaluation of structure stiffness has led to the introduction of the U* index theory. The U* index characterizes the internal stiffness distributions, as an indicator of the load transfer in the structure. Although U* index theory have been proven to be useful in design, it is missing necessary steps toward becoming a mature theory for structural analysis. Firstly, the U* index theory needed to be examined and validated by experimental testing. Therefore, an experimental setup was proposed and tested, and U* index theory was validated through comparison of results. Secondly, a systematic comparison between the conventional stresses analysis and the U* index analysis was lacking. Such comparison was made for structural analyses of a vehicle component. The results, also compared to observations of experimental testing showed that in some cases, application of conventional stress analysis might be limited or less precise. Thirdly, design modification capability is a significant feature of the U* index theory, and it was necessary to demonstrate that real life problems can benefit from this potential. In this study, sample structures representing the components of multiple passengers carrying vehicles were selected and analyzed by U* index theory and design modifications were proposed and implemented on the structure. Lastly, the U* index theory should be applicable to different types of problems, including nonlinear domain. Hence, to remove the limitations of linear analysis that is a part of the original theory, an extension of U* index theory to the nonlinear domain was proposed and tested. In summary, U* index theory provides an understandable explanation of load transfer in the structure and provides a general awareness regarding structural performance. He presented work showed that the existing methods of structural analysis have limitations in certain aspects that can be overcome by combining the perspective of U* index analysis to the existing structural analysis paradigm. / February 2017