[pt] A área da saúde precisa lidar com diversos problemas relacionados a questões de infraestrutura, falta de pessoal qualificado e grande número de pacientes. Como solução para problemas desta natureza surgiu o u-Healthcare, uma aplicação dos conceitos de Computação Ubíqua (UbiComp) na área da assistência médica. u-Healthcare permite a supervisão da saúde a qualquer tempo e a qualquer lugar, a partir de dispositivos eletrônicos conectados à internet. Entretanto, a ampliação da supervisão da saúde para o entorno ubíquo não pode ser feita com protocolos e procedimentos clínicos atualmente utilizados, já que essa abordagem aumentaria drasticamente o consumo de tempo e recursos. Por esse motivo, a construção de aplicações para fornecimento de serviços se saúde pode apoiar-se em áreas de pesquisa de Sistemas Multi-Agente (SMA) e Trabalho Cooperativo Auxiliado por Computador (TCAC). Nesse sentido, SMA é utilizado para automatização de processos, através do uso das propriedades dos agentes de software. Em contrapartida, TCAC permite estabelecer um modelo de cooperação entre os participantes de uma determinada aplicação. Com base nestes aspectos, neste trabalho propõese a modelagem e desenvolvimento de um framework que auxilie a construção de aplicações voltadas para u-Healthcare, baseadas em conceitos de SMA e TCAC. Para ilustrar a utilização do framework, são apresentados dois cenários de uso. O primeiro cenário corresponde a um sistema de monitoramento fetal, que realiza a detecção precoce de anormalidades no feto. O segundo cenário, por sua vez, consiste em um assistente de administração de medicamentos, que permite ajudar ao médico no controle de medicamentos que usam seus pacientes. / [en] The health area needs to deal with various problems related to issues of infrastructure, lack of qualified personnel and a large number of patients. As a solution to problems of this nature, u-Healthcare was created as an application of the concepts of Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) in the area of health care. u- Healthcare allows health monitoring at any time and place from electronic devices connected to the Internet. However, the expansion of health monitoring for an ubiquitous environment cannot be performed with protocols and procedures currently used, since this approach would drastically increase the consumption of time and resources. For that reason, the development of tools to provide health services can be supported in research areas such as Multi-Agent System (MAS) and Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). In that sense, MAS can be used to automate processes through the properties of software agents. On the other hand CSCW gives the possibility of establishing a model of cooperation among the participants on the application. Based on these aspects, this work proposes the modeling and development of a framework capable of providing support and help on the construction of dedicated u- Healthcare applications which should be based on the concepts of MAS and CSCW. To illustrate the use of the framework, there are presented two scenarios of use. The first scenario corresponds to a fetal monitoring system, which allows early detection of fetal abnormalities. The second scenario consists of a drug administration assistant, which allows the doctor to control drug use by his patients.

Kolorektalcancer är den tredje vanligaste cancerformen hos både män och kvinnor i Sverige där storkärls invasion, venös invasion (VI), är en viktig prognostisk indikator. Noggrann bedömning av VI är särskilt viktigt för patienter med kolorektal cancer i stadium II eftersom det kan påverka beslutet att erbjuda adjuvant behandling. Histologisk bedömning av VI kan vara utmanande på rutinmässig Hematoxylin och Eosin färgning (H&E). Elastinfärgning med syfte att identifiera elastinfibrer i kärlväggen kan underlätta bedömning av VI. I dagsläget finns inte någon bra elastinfärgning som kan användas rutinmässigt hos klinisk patologi i Värmland, Centralsjukhuset Karlstad, prover måste skickas till annat laboratorium vilket är tidskrävande. Denna studie ska finna den optimala färgningsmetoden för elastin genom att utvärdera tre olika färgningsmetoder för elastin fibrer. Färgningens resultat bedömdes rent histokemiskt av överläkare enlig kriterierna, frånvaro av avsedda kärl (skala 0–1), specifik infärgning (skala 0–1), specifik infärgnings intensitet (skala 1–3) och ospecifik infärgning (skala 0–1) och data samlades för respektive metod. Resultatet tyder på att rent histokemiskt är den manuella elastinfärgning metoden från Region Jönköpings län konsekvent och visade signifikant skillnad. Därför metoden är potentiellt användbar för den större frågeställningen om storkärlsinväxt i kolorektal cancer samt rekommenderas starkt som en rutinmässig elastinfärgning till klinisk patologi i Värmland, Centralsjukhuset Karlstad. / The third most common form of cancer in both men and women in Sweden is Colorectal cancer. Prognostic indicators of colorectal cancer include Large vessel invasion and venous invasion (VI). Careful assessment of VI is of particular interest especially with patients having stage II colorectal cancer. This is because it may influence decisions to offer adjuvant therapy. Accurate histological assessment of VI can be challenging on routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. But staining that can identify the elastin fibers in the vessel can enhance the assessment of VI. Currently, there is not any good Elastin staining that can be routinely used in clinical pathology in Värmland, Karlstad Central Hospital. Therefore, samples are required to be sent to other laboratories which in effect is time consuming. This study is aimed at finding an optimal elastin staining method through evaluations of three different staining methods for elastin fibers. Staining results were assessed histochemically by the chief physician according to the following criteria, absence of intended vessels (scale 0–1), specific staining (scale 0–1), specific staining intensity (scale 1–3) and nonspecific staining (scale 0–1), while different data were collected for each method. The results indicate that purely histochemically, elastin staining-manual method Region Jönköping County is consistent and significant. Therefore, the method is potentially useful for the detection of colorectal cancer and is strongly recommended as a routine elastin staining for clinical pathology in Värmland, Karlstad Central Hospital.

Freshwater bivalves of the family Unionidae have filter-feeding traits that alter freshwater ecosystems on several trophic levels. Filtration of organic and inorganic particulates in the water column transform matter through the mussel’s egestion before it is sequestered in the sediment, making it available as food for benthic invertebrates. Rates of filtration and deposition vary depending on species-specific traits, however, the filtration rate of Anodonta anatina (duck mussel) and Unio tumidus (swollen river mussel) are equivalent. This experimental aquarium study was performed by feeding duck mussel and swollen river mussel, to assess the biodeposition rate for both species. I hypothesized (1) that the biodeposition rate decreases for both species over a period of 180 minutes after feeding, and (2) there is no difference in deposited mass between A. anatina and U. tumidus. Results confirmed a decrease of organic and inorganic deposition over 180 minutes after feeding, with no significant difference of deposition mass between species. This study will contribute to valuable feeding methodology and knowledge for future studies of biodeposition of the family Unionidae. / Sötvattensmusslor av familj Unionidae har filtrerande egenskaper som förändrar sötvattensekosystem på flera trofiska nivåer. Filtrering av organiska och icke-organiska partiklar i de fria vattenmassorna transformerar material genom musslans matsmältningssystem som sedan lagras i sedimenten, och möjliggör materialet för födoupptag av bentiska evertebrater. Filtrering- och depositionshastigheter varierar beroende på artspecifika egenskaper, men filtreringshastigheten för Anodonta anatina (allmän dammussla) och Unio tumidus (spetsig målarmussla) är jämförbara. Denna experimentella akvariumstudie utfördes genom matning av allmän dammussla och spetsig målarmussla, med syftet att bedöma biodepositionshastigheten för de båda arterna. Jag ställde hypoteserna (1) biodepositionshastigheten minskar för båda arter över 180 minuter efter matning, och (2) det finns ingen skillnad i deponerad massa mellan A. anatina och U. tumidus. Resultaten bekräftar en minskning av organiskt och icke-organiskt material över 180 minuter efter matning, med ingen signifikant skillnad av depositionsmängd mellan arter. Denna studie bidrar med viktig kunskap om matningsmetoder och kunskaper för framtida studier om biodeposition för familjen Unionidae.

Gegenstand der hier vorgestellten Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von verschiedenen Nachweismöglichkeiten bei in Stegebene belasteten U-Querschnitten als gabelgelagertem Einfeldträger. Es sollen zum Eurocode 3 konforme Berechnungsmethoden untersucht werden, also müssen die Schnittgrößen nach Theorie II. Ordnung ermittelt werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der Wölbkrafttorsion sowie dem Ansatz geometrischer Ersatzimperfektionen mit anschließendem Querschnittsnachweis, soll ein Vergleich mit Bemessungshilfen nach DIN 18800 geführt werden. Weiterhin werden alternative Nachweismöglichkeiten aus der Literatur für ein modifiziertes Ersatzstabverfahren mit den Ergebnissen nach Eurocode 3 verglichen und auf Anwendbarkeit überprüft. Aus den Erkenntnissen sollen Bemessungshilfen für die Praxis bestätigt bzw. entwickelt werden.:Kurzfassung Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Vorwort 1 Problemstellung 2 Ziel 3 Stand der Technik 4 Grundlagen 4.1 Wölbkrafttorsion 4.2 Teilschnittgrößenverfahren 5 Forschungsberichte für die Praxis 5.1 P 174 5.2 P 251 5.3 Vergleich der Traglasttabellen 5.3.1 Grundsätzliches 5.3.2 Realisierungsweg 5.3.3 Ergebnisse 5.3.4 Schlussfolgerungen 6 Programmbasierte Nachrechnung 6.1 Auswahl der Eingangslast für die Bemessung 6.2 Dlubal RFEM Berechnungen 6.2.1 Voreinstellungen in RFEM 6.2.2 Zusatzmodule und Erweiterungen 6.2.3 Bauteilimperfektionen 6.2.4 Plastische Tragreserven 6.2.5 Ergebnisse 6.2.6 Bewertung der RFEM Nachweise 6.3 pcae 4H-DULAS Berechnung 6.3.1 Voreinstellungen 6.3.2 Anwendungsüberprüfung 6.3.3 Ergebnisse 6.4 Einordnung der Ergebnisse 7 Berechnung mit dem modifizierten Ersatzstabverfahren 7.1 Ideales Biegedrillknickmoment Mcr 7.1.1 RFEM – Biegedrillknickmoment mittels Eigenwertmethode 7.1.2 Ideales Biegedrillknickmoment nach Baláž und Koleková 7.2 Beispielrechnung 8 Auswertung 8.1 Ergebnisse 8.2 Graphische Darstellung Regelfall 8.3 Graphische Darstellung U 300 8.4 Grenzen des modifizierten Ersatzstabverfahrens 8.5 Schlussfolgerung 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Erklärung Anhang / A comparison between different calculation methods of single span girders made of channel sections with fork restraints, subject to web loading is being presented. The calculation method according to Eurocode 3, demands the determination of internal forces to comply to the theory of the 2nd order. Minding the effects of warping torsion, whilst taking geometrical substitute imperfections into account, a cross-section analysis is conducted. The results of said calculation are compared to critical load tables, that have been established for the design rules in DIN 18800. Additional to that, a proposed design rule, based on the equivalent member method, will be included into the comparison and consequently the dimensioning aid will be confirmed or revised.:Kurzfassung Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Vorwort 1 Problemstellung 2 Ziel 3 Stand der Technik 4 Grundlagen 4.1 Wölbkrafttorsion 4.2 Teilschnittgrößenverfahren 5 Forschungsberichte für die Praxis 5.1 P 174 5.2 P 251 5.3 Vergleich der Traglasttabellen 5.3.1 Grundsätzliches 5.3.2 Realisierungsweg 5.3.3 Ergebnisse 5.3.4 Schlussfolgerungen 6 Programmbasierte Nachrechnung 6.1 Auswahl der Eingangslast für die Bemessung 6.2 Dlubal RFEM Berechnungen 6.2.1 Voreinstellungen in RFEM 6.2.2 Zusatzmodule und Erweiterungen 6.2.3 Bauteilimperfektionen 6.2.4 Plastische Tragreserven 6.2.5 Ergebnisse 6.2.6 Bewertung der RFEM Nachweise 6.3 pcae 4H-DULAS Berechnung 6.3.1 Voreinstellungen 6.3.2 Anwendungsüberprüfung 6.3.3 Ergebnisse 6.4 Einordnung der Ergebnisse 7 Berechnung mit dem modifizierten Ersatzstabverfahren 7.1 Ideales Biegedrillknickmoment Mcr 7.1.1 RFEM – Biegedrillknickmoment mittels Eigenwertmethode 7.1.2 Ideales Biegedrillknickmoment nach Baláž und Koleková 7.2 Beispielrechnung 8 Auswertung 8.1 Ergebnisse 8.2 Graphische Darstellung Regelfall 8.3 Graphische Darstellung U 300 8.4 Grenzen des modifizierten Ersatzstabverfahrens 8.5 Schlussfolgerung 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Erklärung Anhang

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN’s) have achieved state-of-the-art accuraciesfor multi-class segmentation in biomedical image science. In this thesis, A 3D U-Net isused to segment 4D flow Magnetic Resonance Images that include the heart and its largevessels. The 4 dimensional flow MRI dataset has been segmented and validated using amulti-atlas based registration technique. This multi-atlas based technique resulted in highquality segmentations, with the disadvantage of long computation times typically requiredby three-dimensional registration techniques. The 3D U-Net framework learns to classifyvoxels by transforming the information about the segmentation into a latent feature spacein a contracting path and upsampling them to semantic segmentation in an expandingpath. A CNN trained using a sufficiently diverse set of volumes at different time intervalsof the diastole and systole should be able to handle more extreme morphological differencesbetween subjects. Evaluation of the results is based on metric for segmentation evaluationsuch as Dice coefficient. Uncertainty is estimated using a bayesian implementationof the 3D U-Net of similar architecture. / <p>The presentation was online over zoom due to covid19 restrictions.</p>

Windows has been always considered as heat sinks and they can account more than 25% of a building envelope. For this reason, its design and performance in dwellings play a major role in regulating the indoor environment. The construction sector has been investing in better insulation envelope systems for the last decades to reduce the heat transmissions losses and energy consumption in households. LOWTE is a Swedish firm specialized in low energy building components and due to all these facts, it has recently developed a double slot energy active envelope window (EAW) for improving energy-saving in buildings. EAW is a window prototype that integrates low-temperature heating and energy active systems, and it is planned to be installed at Testbed KTH in Stockholm (Sweden). Waste heat from the current heating systems will be used during its whole operation. Then, a life cycle assessment (LCA) will be accomplished for evaluating EAW feasibility and costeffectiveness before its implementation. Furthermore, an LCA comparison with other two passive window systems will be made. A double-glazed and a triple-glazed window will represent the reference system and a competent alternative solution, respectively. A sensitivity analysis for each model will be developed in order to consider multiples scenarios and obtain which variables affect the most EAW profitability. Thus, the feasibility of the EAW would be studied from an economic and environmental perspective. The simulations of both models show the potential that EAW can represent for the current heating system in KTH Live-In-Lab apartments. Since EAW is quite subjected to the thermal conditions of the room, the ambience, and the internal flowing air; costs savings and avoided environmental impacts will depend mainly on the thermal performance of the whole system. / Fönster har alltid betraktats som kylflänsar och de kan stå för mer än 25% av byggnadens kuvert. Av denna anledning spelar deras design och prestanda i bostäder en viktig roll för att reglera inomhusmiljön. Byggsektorn har investerat i bättre isoleringshölje system under de senaste decennierna för att minska värmeöverförings förlusterna och energiförbrukningen i hushållen. LOWTE är ett svenskt företag som är specialiserat på byggnadskomponenter med låg energi och på grund av alla dessa fakta har det nyligen utvecklat ett fönster med dubbelspalt och energi aktivt kuvert (EAW) för att förbättra energibesparing i byggnader. EAW är en fönster prototyp som integrerar låg temperatur värme och energi aktiva system som kommer att installeras på Testbed KTH i Stockholm (Sverige). Avfallsvärme från de nuvarande värmesystemen kommer att användas under hela driften. Sedan kommer en livscykelanalys (LCA) att genomföras för att utvärdera EAW med avseende pågenomförbarhet och kostnadseffektivitet innan denna implementering. Dessutom kommer en LCAjämförelse med andra två passiva fönstersystem att göras. Ett dubbelglasat och ett tredubbelt fönster representerar referenssystemet respektive en kompetent alternativ lösning. En känslighetsanalys för varje modell kommer att utvecklas för att ta hänsyn till flera scenarier och utvärdera vilka variabler som mest påverkar EAW-lönsamhet. Således skulle genomförbarheten för EAW studeras ur ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Simuleringarna av båda modellerna visar potentialen som EAW kan representera för det nuvarande värmesystemet i KTHs Live-In-Lab-lägenheter. Eftersom EAW är helt utsatt för de termiska förhållandena i rummet, atmosfären och den inre flödande luften; beror kostnadsbesparingar och minskad miljöpåverkan främst på värmeprestandan för hela systemet.

The structure of the ankle joint complex creates an ideal balance between mobility and stability, which enables gait. If a lesion emerges in the ankle joint complex, the anatomical structure is altered, which may disturb mobility and stability and cause intense pain. A lesion in the articular cartilage on the talus bone, or a lesion in the subchondral bone of the talar dome, is referred to as an Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus (OLT). Replacing the damaged cartilage or bone with an implant is one of the methods that can be applied to treat OLTs. Episurf Medical develops and produces patient-specific implants (Episealers) along with the necessary associated surgical instruments by, inter alia, creating a corresponding 3D model of the ankle (talus, tibial, and fibula bones) based on either a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan or a Computed Tomography (CT) scan. Presently, the3D models based on MRI scans can be created automatically, but the 3Dmodels based on CT scans must be created manually, which can be very time-demanding. In this thesis project, a U-net based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to automatically segment 3D models of ankles based on CT images. Furthermore, in order to optimize the quality of the incoming CT images, this thesis project also consisted of an evaluation of the specified parameters in the Episurf CT talus protocol that is being sent out to the clinics. The performance of the CNN was evaluated using the Dice Coefficient (DC) with five-fold cross-validation. The CNN achieved a mean DC of 0.978±0.009 for the talus bone, 0.779±0.174 for the tibial bone, and 0.938±0.091 for the fibula bone. The values for the talus and fibula bones were satisfactory and comparable to results presented in previous researches; however, due to background artefacts in the images, the DC achieved by the network for the segmentation of the tibial bone was lower than the results presented in previous researches. To correct this, a noise-reducing filter will be implemented. / Fotledens komplexa anatomi ger upphov till en ideal balans mellan rörlighetoch stabilitet, vilket i sin tur möjliggör gång. Fotledens anatomi förändras när en skada uppstår, vilket kan påverka rörligheten och stabiliteten samt orsaka intensiv smärta. En skada i talusbenets ledbrosk eller i det subkondrala benet på talusdomen benämns som en Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus(OLT). En metod att behandla OLTs är att ersätta den del brosk eller bensom är skadat med ett implantat. Episurf Medical utvecklar och producerar individanpassade implantat (Episealers) och tillhörande nödvändiga kirurgiska instrument genom att, bland annat, skapa en motsvarande 3D-modell av fotleden (talus-, tibia- och fibula-benen) baserat på en skanning med antingen magnetisk resonanstomografi (MRI) eller datortomografi (CT). I dagsläget kan de 3D-modeller som baseras på MRI-skanningar skapas automatiskt, medan de 3D-modeller som baseras på CT-skanningar måste skapas manuellt - det senare ofta tidskrävande. I detta examensarbete har ett U-net-baserat Convolutional Neuralt Nätverk (CNN) tränats för att automatiskt kunna segmentera 3D-modeller av fotleder baserat på CT-bilder. Vidare har de speciferade parametrarna i Episurfs CT-protokoll för fotleden som skickas ut till klinikerna utvärderats, detta för att optimera bildkvaliteten på de CT-bilder som används för implantatspositionering och design. Det tränade nätverkets prestanda utvärderades med hjälp av Dicekoefficienten (DC) med en fem-delad korsvalidering. Nätverket åstadkom engenomsnittlig DC på 0.978±0.009 för talusbenet, 0.779±0.174 för tibiabenet, och 0.938±0.091 för fibulabenet. Värdena för talus och fibula var adekvata och jämförbara med resultaten presenterade i tidigare forskning. På grund av bakgrundsartefakter i bilderna blev den DC som nätverket åstadkom för sin segmentering av tibiabenet lägre än tidigiare forskningsresultat. För att korrigera för bakgrundsartefakterna kommer ett brusreduceringsfilter implementeras

The specters of violence and economic insecurity have haunted the Sudan since its independence in 1956. The United States Congress has held numerous hearings on the Sudan's civil war and U.S. television news outlets have reported on the conflict since 1983. While attempting to engage the Sudan in a viable peace process, the U.S. Congress has been beset by ineffectual Cold War paradigms and an inability to understand the complexities of the Sudan civil war. U.S. television news programs, on the other hand, engaged in a process of oversimplification, using false dichotomies to reduce the conflict into easily digestible pieces. This thesis will analyze the overall tone and focus of U.S. Congressional hearings and television news broadcasts on the Sudan and demonstrate the problematic factors in their portrayals of the war.

<p dir="ltr">Progress in deep learning methodologies has transformed the landscape of medical image analysis, opening fresh pathways for precise and effective diagnostics. Currently, multi-phase liver CT scans follow a four-stage process, commencing with an initial scan carried out before the administration of <a href="" target="_blank">intravenous (IV) contrast-enhancing material</a>. Subsequently, three additional scans are performed following the contrast injection. The primary objective of this research is to automate the analysis and prediction of 50% of liver CT scans. It concentrates on discerning patterns of intensity change during the second, third, and fourth phases concerning the initial phase. The thesis comprises two key sections. The first section employs the non-contrast phase (first scan), late hepatic arterial phase (second scan), and portal venous phase (third scan) to predict the delayed phase (fourth scan). In the second section, the non-contrast phase and late hepatic arterial phase are utilized to predict both the portal venous and delayed phases. The study evaluates the performance of two deep learning models, U-Net and U²-Net. The process involves preprocessing steps like subtraction and normalization to compute contrast difference images, followed by post-processing techniques to generate the predicted 2D CT scans. Post-processing steps have similar techniques as in preprocessing but are performed in reverse order. Four fundamental evaluation metrics, including <a href="" target="_blank">Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Signal-to-Reconstruction Error Ratio (SRE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), </a>are employed for assessment. Based on these evaluation metrics, U²-Net performed better than U-Net for the prediction of both portal venous (third) and delayed (fourth) phases. Specifically, U²-Net exhibited superior MAE and PSNR results for the predicted third and fourth scans. However, U-Net did show slightly better SRE and SSIM performance in the predicted scans. On the other hand, for the exclusive prediction of the fourth scan, U-Net outperforms U²-Net in all four evaluation metrics. This implementation shows promising results which will eliminate the need for additional CT scans and reduce patients’ exposure to harmful radiation. Predicting 50% of liver CT volumes will reduce exposure to harmful radiation by half. The proposed method is not limited to liver CT scans and can be applied to various other multi-phase medical imaging techniques, including multi-phase CT angiography, multi-phase renal CT, contrast-enhanced breast MRI, and more.</p>

Current disaster response strategies are based on damage assessments carried out on the ground, which can be dangerous following a ä destructive event. Damage assessments can also be performed remotely using satellite imagery, but are usually carried out through visual interpretation, which can take a lot of time. This thesis explored a way of using artificial intelligence to automate remote damage assessment. We implemented a dual-task U-Net deep learning model, trained it with the xBD dataset for assessing building damage, and applied the model to pre- and post-event very high resolution satellite imagery of the February 6, 2023 earthquakes in Turkey. The results were compared to damage maps produced using a traditional object based method by calculating the F1 scores associated with the outputs of each method and ground truth data that we compiled. The study areas were parts of the two cities Kahramanmaraş and Antakya. The deep learning model almost only correctly identified undamaged buildings, achieving F1 scores of 0.95 during training as well as 0.93 and 0.83 in the damage assessments of Kahramanmaras and Antakya, respectively. For the other damage classes, the best result was the classification of destroyed buildings, both in training and in the study areas, with a F1-score of 0.45 in training and 0.16 in Kahramanmaraş. The deep learning model performed similarly to the object based method. Although the thesis did not yield good damage maps in the areas of interest, it had many limitations, and there is still a lot of potential for deep learning models to be useful in building damage assessment.