This report describes an ultrasound anemometer and its evaluation. This anemometer is a possible alternative for the automated weather stations which will be built in Africa as a part of WIMEA-ICT project. The project is done in cooperation with Norad and different universities in Africa and Norway. The report covers the assembly of the ultrasound anemometer and evaluation of both software and hardware in this embedded system. Two different type of the anemometer are assembled. The hardware and the software of the anemometers and the whole systems as embedded systems are tested. In addition, the whole system is analyzed and suggestions to increase the energy efficiency of the systems are given. / Den här rapporten beskriver en ultraljudsanemometer och en utvärdering av den. Denna anemometer är ett tänkbar alternativ för automatiserade väderstationer som ska upprättas i Afrika som en del av WIMEA-ICT projektet. Projektet sker i samarbete med Norad och olika universitet i Afrika och i Norden. Rapporten avhandlar hopsättningen av ultraljudsanemometern och utvärderingen av både hårdvara och mjukvara i detta inbyggda system. Två olika prototyper av anemometern monterades. Dessa testades ur aspekter som hårdvara, mjukvara samt i helhet som ett inbyggt system. Vidare gjordes en analys av hela systemet och förslag till energieffektivisering för systemet gavs.

Frequency dynamics is one of the most important signals of a power system, and it is an indicator of imbalance between generation and load in the system. The Internet-based real-time GPS-synchronized wide-area Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET) was proposed to provide imperative frequency dynamics information for a variety of system-wide monitoring, analysis and control applications. The implementation of FNET has for the first time made the synchronized observation of the entire U.S. power network possible with very little cost. The FNET is comprised of many Frequency Disturbance Recorders (FDR) geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. and an Information Management System (IMS), currently located at Virginia Tech. The FDR works as a sensor, which performs local measurements and transmits calculations of frequency, voltage magnitude and voltage angle to the remote servers via the Internet. Compared with its commercial counterpart Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), FDR provides less expensive version for networked high-resolution real-time synchronized. The improved single phase algorithm in the FDRs made it possible to measure at 110V level which is much more challenging than PMUs due to the noise involved at this level. This research work presents the challenges and issues of both software and hardware design for the novel measurement device FDR, which is one of the devices with the highest dynamic precision for power system frequency measurement. The DFT-based Phasor Angle Analysis algorithm has been improved to make sure the high-resolution measuring FDRs are installed at residential voltage outlets, instead of substation high-voltage inputs. An embedded 12-channel timing GPS receiver has been integrated to provide an accurate timing synchronization signal, UTC time stamp, and unit location. This research work also addresses the harmonics, voltage swing and other noise components' impacts on the measurement results, and the optimized design of filters and a coherent sampling scheme to reduce or eliminate those impacts. The verification test results show that the frequency measurement accuracy of the FDR is within +/-0.0005Hz, and the time synchronization error is within +/-500ns with suitable GPS antenna installation. The preliminary research results show the measurement accuracy and real-time performance of the FDR are satisfactory for a variety of FNET applications, such as disturbance identification and event location triangulation. / Ph. D.

The Master Thesis deals with the design of hardware component interconnection inference algorithm that is supposed to be used in the FPGA schema editor that was integrated into educational integrated development environment VLAM IDE. The aim of the algorithm is to support user by finding an optimal interconnection of two given components. The editor and the development environment are implemented as an Eclipse plugin using GMF framework. A brief description of this technologies and the embedded systems design are followed by the design of the inference algorithm. This problem is a topic of combinatorial optimization, related to the bipartite matching and assignment problem. After this, the implementation of the algorithm is described, followed by tests and a summary of achieved results.

Le travail développé dans cette thèse porte sur l'analyse de séquences vidéo. Cette dernière est basée sur 3 taches principales : la détection, la catégorisation et le suivi des objets. Le développement de solutions fiables pour l'analyse de séquences vidéo ouvre de nouveaux horizons pour plusieurs applications telles que les systèmes de transport intelligents, la vidéosurveillance et la robotique. Dans cette thèse, nous avons mis en avant plusieurs contributions pour traiter les problèmes de détection et de suivi d'objets multiples sur des séquences vidéo. Les techniques proposées sont basées sur l’apprentissage profonds et des approches de transfert d'apprentissage. Dans une première contribution, nous abordons le problème de la détection multi-objets en proposant une nouvelle technique de transfert d’apprentissage basé sur le formalisme et la théorie du filtre SMC (Sequential Monte Carlo) afin de spécialiser automatiquement un détecteur de réseau de neurones convolutionnel profond (DCNN) vers une scène cible. Dans une deuxième contribution, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de suivi multi-objets original basé sur des stratégies spatio-temporelles (entrelacement / entrelacement inverse) et un détecteur profond entrelacé, qui améliore les performances des algorithmes de suivi par détection et permet de suivre des objets dans des environnements complexes (occlusion, intersection, fort mouvement). Dans une troisième contribution, nous fournissons un système de surveillance du trafic, qui intègre une extension du technique SMC afin d’améliorer la précision de la détection de jour et de nuit et de spécialiser tout détecteur DCNN pour les caméras fixes et mobiles. Tout au long de ce rapport, nous fournissons des résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs. Sur plusieurs aspects liés à l’analyse de séquences vidéo, ces travaux surpassent les cadres de détection et de suivi de pointe. En outre, nous avons implémenté avec succès nos infrastructures dans une plate-forme matérielle intégrée pour la surveillance et la sécurité du trafic routier. / The work developed in this PhD thesis is focused on video sequence analysis. Thelatter consists of object detection, categorization and tracking. The development ofreliable solutions for the analysis of video sequences opens new horizons for severalapplications such as intelligent transport systems, video surveillance and robotics.In this thesis, we put forward several contributions to deal with the problems ofdetecting and tracking multi-objects on video sequences. The proposed frameworksare based on deep learning networks and transfer learning approaches.In a first contribution, we tackle the problem of multi-object detection by puttingforward a new transfer learning framework based on the formalism and the theoryof a Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) filter to automatically specialize a Deep ConvolutionalNeural Network (DCNN) detector towards a target scene. The suggestedspecialization framework is used in order to transfer the knowledge from the sourceand the target domain to the target scene and to estimate the unknown target distributionas a specialized dataset composed of samples from the target domain. Thesesamples are selected according to the importance of their weights which reflectsthe likelihood that they belong to the target distribution. The obtained specializeddataset allows training a specialized DCNN detector to a target scene withouthuman intervention.In a second contribution, we propose an original multi-object tracking frameworkbased on spatio-temporal strategies (interlacing/inverse interlacing) and aninterlaced deep detector, which improves the performances of tracking-by-detectionalgorithms and helps to track objects in complex videos (occlusion, intersection,strong motion).In a third contribution, we provide an embedded system for traffic surveillance,which integrates an extension of the SMC framework so as to improve the detectionaccuracy in both day and night conditions and to specialize any DCNN detector forboth mobile and stationary cameras.Throughout this report, we provide both quantitative and qualitative results.On several aspects related to video sequence analysis, this work outperformsthe state-of-the-art detection and tracking frameworks. In addition, we havesuccessfully implemented our frameworks in an embedded hardware platform forroad traffic safety and monitoring.

L'objectif de ces travaux de recherche est l'étude et le développement d'un système ICM embarqué en utilisant la méthodologie de conception conjointe afin de satisfaire ses contraintes spécifiques. Il en a découlé la constitution d'un système ICM complet intégrant un système d'acquisition OpenBCI et un système de traitement à base de FPGA. Ce système pourrait être utilisé dans des contextes variés : médicale (pour les diagnostiques précoces des pathologies), technologique (informatique ubiquitaire), industriel (communication avec des robots), ludique (contrôler un joystick dans les jeux vidéo), etc. Dans notre contexte d’étude, la plateforme ICM proposée a été réalisée pour assister les personnes à mobilité réduite à commander les équipements domestiques. Nous nous sommes intéressés en particulier à l'étude et à l'implémentation des modules de filtrage adaptatif et dynamique, sous forme d'un coprocesseur codé en HDL afin de réduire son temps d'exécution car c'est le bloc le plus critique de la chaine ICM. Quant aux algorithmes d'extraction des caractéristiques et de classification, ils sont exécutés par le processeur Nios-II sous son système d'exploitation en ANSI-C. Le temps de traitement d'un trial par notre système ICM réalisé est de l'ordre de 0.4 s/trial et sa consommation ne dépasse guère 0.7 W. / The main purpose of this thesis is to study and develop an embedded brain computer interface (BCI) system using HW/SW methodology in order to satisfy the system specifications. A complete BCI system integrated in an acquisition system (OpenBCI) and a hardware platform based on the FPGA were achieved. The proposed system can be used in a variety of contexts: medical (for early diagnosis of pathologies, assisting people with severe disabilities to control home devices system through thought), technological (ubiquitous computing), industrial (communication with Robots), games (control a joystick in video games), etc. In our study, the proposed ICM platform was designed to control home devices through the thought of people with severe disabilities. A particular attention has been given to the study and implementation of the filtering module, adaptive and dynamic filtering, in the form of a coprocessor coded in HDL in order to reduce its execution time as it is the critical block in the returned ICM algorithms. For the feature extraction and classification algorithms, they are executed in the Nios-II processor using ANSI-C language. The prototype operates at 200 MHz and performs a real time classification with an execution delay of 0.4 second per trial. The power consumption of the proposed system is about 0.7 W.

O protocolo International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)-61850 tornou possível integrar os equipamentos das subestações de energia elétrica, através de uma rede de comunicação de dados Ethernet de alta velocidade. A utilização deste protocolo tem como objetivo principal a interligação dos Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) para a automatização dos processos no sistema elétrico. As contribuições deste protocolo para a integração do controle e supervisão do sistema elétrico são diversas, porém, o fato de utilizar uma rede de comunicação de dados Ethernet integrada expõe o sistema elétrico à ataques cibernéticos. A norma IEC-62351 estabelece uma série de recomendações para prover segurança à rede de comunicação do sistema elétrico, dentre elas, o gerenciamento da rede de comunicação, a análise dos campos da mensagem Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) e a utilização de sistemas de detecção de intrusão. O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um Intrusion Detection System (IDS) que atende os requisitos de segurança propostos pelo protocolo IEC-62351, para a identificação de ataques à comunicação realizada por mensagens GOOSE do protocolo IEC-61850, e entre equipamentos do sistema elétrico. Para o desenvolvimento desta aplicação, foram identificados os campos que compõem as mensagens GOOSE, de forma a reconhecer os valores esperados em diferentes situações de operação do sistema elétrico. Determinaram-se padrões de comportamento a serem utilizados para discernir mensagens falsas na rede de comunicação. Instalou-se e configurou-se um sistema operacional de tempo real embarcado na plataforma de desenvolvimento Zynq Board (ZYBO), juntamente com o controlador Open-Mul, para gerenciar a rede de comunicação da subestação, através do protocolo OpenFlow, realizando otimizações para o tráfego multicast. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de detecção e bloqueio de mensagens GOOSE falsas que utiliza o protocolo OpenFlow para controle da rede de comunicação do Sistema Elétrico. Desenvolveu-se ainda um sistema inteligente, utilizando-se uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) Nonlinear Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Input (NARX), para predição do tráfego realizado por mensagens GOOSE e detecção de ataques Distributed Deny of Service (DDOS). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o protocolo OpenFlow pode ser uma ferramenta interessante para controle da rede, porém, os fabricantes necessitam amadurecer sua implementação nos switches, para que sejam utilizados em produção nas redes de comunicação das subestações. O sistema de predição do tráfego gerado por mensagens GOOSE apresentou benefícios interessantes para a segurança da rede de comunicação, demonstrando potencial para compor um sistema de detecção de ataques DDOS realizado por mensagens GOOSE, na rede de comunicação das subestações de energia elétrica. / The IEC-61850 made it possible to integrate equipments of electric power system substations to a high-speed Ethernet data communication network. Its main goal is the interconnection of IEDs for the automation of processes in an electrical system. The contributions of this protocol for the integration of the control and supervision of the electrical system are diverse, although an Ethernet network exposes the electrical system for cyber attacks. The IEC-62351 states a series of recommendations to provide security to the communication network of the electrical system, such as the communication network management, the analysis of GOOSE messages and the use of intrusion detection systems. This study describes the development of an IDS that meets the security requirements proposed by the IEC-62351 standard to identify attacks on communication between GOOSE messages exchanged by electrical equipment using IEC-61850. For the development of this application, fields of the GOOSE messages were identified, in order to recognize the expected values in different power system operating conditions. Behaviour patterns were determined to detect false messages on the communication network. A real-time embedded operating system on ZYBO was installed and configured, as well as the OpenMul controller to manage the communication network of the substation through the OpenFlow protocol, performing optimizations for multicast traffic. A detection system and block tamper GOOSE messages, using the OpenFlow protocol for control of the electrical system communication network, were developed. In addition, an intelligent system using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Nonlinear Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Input (NARX) for predicting of the GOOSE messages traffic and the detection of Distributed Deny of Service attack (DDOS) were also developed. The results obtained show that the OpenFlow protocol may be a valuable tool for network control, however, manufacturers should maturely carry on with its implementation in the switches, so that it be used in substation communication networks. The traffic prediction system of the GOOSE messages presented interesting benefits for the security of the communication network, demonstrating potential to built a DDOS attack detection system performed by GOOSE messages on the communication network of electric power substations.

La synthèse de contrôleurs discrets (SCD) est appliquée pour générer automatiquement des contrôleurs matériels corrects par construction. Pour un système donné (un modèle à états), et une spécification de contrôle associée (une exigence comportementale), cette technique génère un contrôleur qui, composé avec le système initial, garantit la satisfaction de la spécification. La technique de SCD utilisée dans ce travail s’appuie sur les diagrammes de décision binaire (BDDs). Les contrôleurs générés doivent être compatibles avec les outils standards de synthèse matérielle de niveau RTL. Deux problèmes principaux ont été examinés: l’explosion combinatoire et la génération effective du contrôleur matériel. La maîtrise de l’explosion combinatoire s’appuie sur des approches de type «diviser pour régner », exploitant la modularité du système ou du contrôleur. La plupart des approches existantes ne traitent pas la communication explicite entre différents composants du système. Le mécanisme de synchronisation le plus couramment envisagé est le partage des événements d’entrée, faisant abstractiondes sorties. Nous proposons une technique de SCD incrémentale qui permet de traiter également les systèmes communicants. Une étape initiale d’abstraction modulaire est suivie par une séquence progressive de raffinements et de calculs de solutions approximatives de contrôle. La dernière étape de cette séquence engendre un contrôleur exact. Nous montrons que cette technique offre une efficacité améliorée en temps/mémoire par rapport à l’approche traditionnelle globale de la SCD. La génération du contrôleur matériel s’appuie sur un traitement spécifique du non-déterminisme de contrôle. Une architecture de contrôle à boucle partiellement fermée est proposée, afin de permettre une conception hiérarchique. Une technique automatique transformant une équation de contrôle en vecteur de fonctions de contrôle est proposée et illustrée. La SCD est ensuite appliquée et illustrée sur la correction de certaines erreurs de conception. L’efficacité des techniques proposées est illustrée sur un ensemble d’exemples de conception matérielle. / The Discrete Controller Synthesis (DCS) technique is used for automatic generation of correct-by-construction hardware controllers. For a given plant (a state-based model), and an associated control specification (a behavioral requirement), DCS generates a controller which, composed with the plant, guarantees the satisfaction of the specification. The DCS technique used relies on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). The controllers generated must be compliant with standard RTL hardware synthesis tools. Two main issues have been investigated: the combinational explosion, and the actual generation of the hardware controller. To address combinational explosion, common approaches follow the "divide and conquer" philosophy, producing modular control and/or decentralized control. Most of these approaches do not consider explicit communication between different components of a plant. Synchronization is mostly achieved by sharing of input events, and outputs are abstracted away. We propose an incremental DCS technique which also applies to communicating systems. An initial modular abstraction is followed by a sequence of progressive refinements and computations of approximate control solutions. The last step of this sequence computes an exact controller. This technique is shown to have an improved time/memory efficiency with respect to the traditional global DCS approach. The hardware controller generation addresses the control non-determinism problem in a specific way. A partially closed-loop control architecture is proposed, in order to preserve the applicability of hierarchical design. A systematic technique is proposed and illustrated, for transforming the automatically generated control equation into a vector of control functions. An application of the DCS technique to the correction of certain design errors in a real design is illustrated. To prove the efficiency of the incremental synthesis and controller implementation, a number of examples have been studied.

A Cyber-physical System (CPS) can be described as a network of interlinked, concurrent computational components that interact with the physical world. Such a system is usually of reactive nature and must satisfy strict timing requirements to guarantee a correct behaviour. The components can be of mixed-criticality which implies different progress models and communication models, depending whether the focus of a component lies on predictability or resource efficiency. In this dissertation I present a novel approach that bridges the gap between stream processing models and Labelled Transition Systems (LTSs). The former offer powerful tools to describe concurrent systems of, usually simple, components while the latter allow to describe complex, reactive, components and their mutual interaction. In order to achieve the bridge between the two domains I introduce the novel LTS Synchronous Interface Automaton (SIA) that allows to model the interaction protocol of a process via its interface and to incrementally compose simple processes into more complex ones while preserving the system properties. Exploiting these properties I introduce an analysis to identify permanent blocking situations in a network of composed processes. SIAs are wrapped by the novel component-based coordination model Process Network with Synchronous Communication (PNSC) that allows to describe a network of concurrent processes where multiple communication models and the co-existence and interaction of heterogeneous processes is supported due to well defined interfaces. The work presented in this dissertation follows a holistic approach which spans from the theory of the underlying model to an instantiation of the model as a novel coordination language, called Streamix. The language uses network operators to compose networks of concurrent processes in a structured and hierarchical way. The work is validated by a prototype implementation of a compiler and a Run-time System (RTS) that allows to compile a Streamix program and execute it on a platform with support for ISO C, POSIX threads, and a Linux operating system.

O protocolo International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)-61850 tornou possível integrar os equipamentos das subestações de energia elétrica, através de uma rede de comunicação de dados Ethernet de alta velocidade. A utilização deste protocolo tem como objetivo principal a interligação dos Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) para a automatização dos processos no sistema elétrico. As contribuições deste protocolo para a integração do controle e supervisão do sistema elétrico são diversas, porém, o fato de utilizar uma rede de comunicação de dados Ethernet integrada expõe o sistema elétrico à ataques cibernéticos. A norma IEC-62351 estabelece uma série de recomendações para prover segurança à rede de comunicação do sistema elétrico, dentre elas, o gerenciamento da rede de comunicação, a análise dos campos da mensagem Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) e a utilização de sistemas de detecção de intrusão. O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um Intrusion Detection System (IDS) que atende os requisitos de segurança propostos pelo protocolo IEC-62351, para a identificação de ataques à comunicação realizada por mensagens GOOSE do protocolo IEC-61850, e entre equipamentos do sistema elétrico. Para o desenvolvimento desta aplicação, foram identificados os campos que compõem as mensagens GOOSE, de forma a reconhecer os valores esperados em diferentes situações de operação do sistema elétrico. Determinaram-se padrões de comportamento a serem utilizados para discernir mensagens falsas na rede de comunicação. Instalou-se e configurou-se um sistema operacional de tempo real embarcado na plataforma de desenvolvimento Zynq Board (ZYBO), juntamente com o controlador Open-Mul, para gerenciar a rede de comunicação da subestação, através do protocolo OpenFlow, realizando otimizações para o tráfego multicast. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de detecção e bloqueio de mensagens GOOSE falsas que utiliza o protocolo OpenFlow para controle da rede de comunicação do Sistema Elétrico. Desenvolveu-se ainda um sistema inteligente, utilizando-se uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) Nonlinear Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Input (NARX), para predição do tráfego realizado por mensagens GOOSE e detecção de ataques Distributed Deny of Service (DDOS). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o protocolo OpenFlow pode ser uma ferramenta interessante para controle da rede, porém, os fabricantes necessitam amadurecer sua implementação nos switches, para que sejam utilizados em produção nas redes de comunicação das subestações. O sistema de predição do tráfego gerado por mensagens GOOSE apresentou benefícios interessantes para a segurança da rede de comunicação, demonstrando potencial para compor um sistema de detecção de ataques DDOS realizado por mensagens GOOSE, na rede de comunicação das subestações de energia elétrica. / The IEC-61850 made it possible to integrate equipments of electric power system substations to a high-speed Ethernet data communication network. Its main goal is the interconnection of IEDs for the automation of processes in an electrical system. The contributions of this protocol for the integration of the control and supervision of the electrical system are diverse, although an Ethernet network exposes the electrical system for cyber attacks. The IEC-62351 states a series of recommendations to provide security to the communication network of the electrical system, such as the communication network management, the analysis of GOOSE messages and the use of intrusion detection systems. This study describes the development of an IDS that meets the security requirements proposed by the IEC-62351 standard to identify attacks on communication between GOOSE messages exchanged by electrical equipment using IEC-61850. For the development of this application, fields of the GOOSE messages were identified, in order to recognize the expected values in different power system operating conditions. Behaviour patterns were determined to detect false messages on the communication network. A real-time embedded operating system on ZYBO was installed and configured, as well as the OpenMul controller to manage the communication network of the substation through the OpenFlow protocol, performing optimizations for multicast traffic. A detection system and block tamper GOOSE messages, using the OpenFlow protocol for control of the electrical system communication network, were developed. In addition, an intelligent system using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Nonlinear Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Input (NARX) for predicting of the GOOSE messages traffic and the detection of Distributed Deny of Service attack (DDOS) were also developed. The results obtained show that the OpenFlow protocol may be a valuable tool for network control, however, manufacturers should maturely carry on with its implementation in the switches, so that it be used in substation communication networks. The traffic prediction system of the GOOSE messages presented interesting benefits for the security of the communication network, demonstrating potential to built a DDOS attack detection system performed by GOOSE messages on the communication network of electric power substations.

<p>Докторска тема описује и анализира развој алата за профилисање и естимацију потрошње енергије наменских апликација. Апликације о којима је реч се развијају за вишејезгарну хетерогену платформу пројектовану са нагласком на ниској потрошњи енергије. Истраживање се односи на изналажење могућности прецизне процене количине енергије коју конзумира наменска DSP аппликација приликом обраде улазног сигнала. Резултат истраживања је израда прецизаног модела потрошње енергије који омогућује директну спрегу између програмског решења које се развија и количине енергије потребне за његово извршавање. Основни циљ истраживања је развој енергетски ефикасних програмских решења. Модел представљен у овом раду остварује зависност између утрошка енергије и програмског решења на инструкционом нивоу. Тестирањем модела кроз реалне апликације је остварена прецизна процена утрошене енергије.</p> / <p>Doktorska tema opisuje i analizira razvoj alata za profilisanje i estimaciju potrošnje energije namenskih aplikacija. Aplikacije o kojima je reč se razvijaju za višejezgarnu heterogenu platformu projektovanu sa naglaskom na niskoj potrošnji energije. Istraživanje se odnosi na iznalaženje mogućnosti precizne procene količine energije koju konzumira namenska DSP applikacija prilikom obrade ulaznog signala. Rezultat istraživanja je izrada precizanog modela potrošnje energije koji omogućuje direktnu spregu između programskog rešenja koje se razvija i količine energije potrebne za njegovo izvršavanje. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je razvoj energetski efikasnih programskih rešenja. Model predstavljen u ovom radu ostvaruje zavisnost između utroška energije i programskog rešenja na instrukcionom nivou. Testiranjem modela kroz realne aplikacije je ostvarena precizna procena utrošene energije.</p> / <p>PhD thesis describes and analyzes an approach to the development of the<br />tool for energy consumption profiling and estimation of embedded<br />applications aimed for multi-core heterogeneous platform designed with an<br />emphasis on low power consumption. The main purpose of this study was to<br />enable prediction of the amount of energy consumed by embedded DSP<br />application, when processing the input signal. The primary goal was to obtain<br />a precise model of energy consumption that will establish a direct link<br />between program solutions and the amount of energy required for its<br />execution, in order to develop energy-efficient software solutions. The model<br />presented in this paper achieves link between energy consumption and<br />program solutions at instructional level. The solution was tested against a<br />real applications and it has been established that prediction of consumed<br />energy have a high degree of accuracy.</p>