隨著電信科技的快速發展，與市場自由思潮和企業對外擴張的需求結合，形成了全球化的現象，其特徵為資本快速的在國際間快速流通。跨國企業為了降低成本而至其他國家直接投資生產，而對地主國產生了許多的影響。外國直接投資往往能增加地主國的就業機會、促進地方稅收、提高國民所得，帶來新的科技與技術等，因而促進了地主國經濟的發展，使得許多的國家積極的去吸引外資來投資。隨全球化不斷發展，其新的潮流為各地方政府亦希望可以吸引外資，來引導地方和國際接軌而有所發展。 本研究針對台灣在這一波全球化下受到外資進駐所受的影響進行探討，利用會計成長模型來檢驗過去外資對本國總產值的影響，並去檢驗外國投資對各縣市產值以及就業的影響，以瞭解外資對台灣的影響以及其在台灣經濟發展過程中所扮演的角色。 本研究結果顯示，外國廠商來台投資，無論對整體的國內生產毛額和地方的產值及就業，都有正面的影響效果。顯示了台灣過去引進外資促進發展的策略相當成功，外資成為過去台灣經濟發展的ㄧ大主因，因而地方政府也應當積極去爭取外國廠商至當地投資。本研究亦發現，外資集中密集度越高其正面效果越強，而不同的外資產業進入不同的區域，其產生的效果也不一致，因此引進外資時，若地方政府考量本身特性利用相關優惠，加以中央政府的輔助引進適當的外資產業，並開發專區以集中發展，將會是比較有利的方式。 / With the telecommunication technology rapidly developed、the liberation of thought around the markets、and the need for enterprise to expand as well、globalization was formed. In order to decrease the production cost、International enterprises went abroad to engage in direct investment、which caused considerably different effects in host country. Foreign direct investment (FDI) always provides more employment opportunities in host country than domestic investment、it also increases regional taxation and wages paid to workers、and brings new technology and technique to host country. Therefore、FDI promotes the economic development of host country. Because of those advantages from FDI、now many countries are eager to attract foreign capital to come to invest. As the globalization continue to boom、the new trend of globalization is that the competition for new investment by local governments seems to be ever increasing. Local governments want the FDI to help regional redevelopment. This paper inspects the effects of FDI toward Taiwan regional development under globalization. In order to realize the effects of FDI in Taiwan and what kind of role FDI plays in the process of economy development in Taiwan、this paper use growth accounting equation to examine the effects of FDI toward regional output value and GDP of Taiwan. This paper presents evidence that foreign investment not only have positive effects on GDP but also regional output value. It indicates that the strategy of using FDI to improve Taiwan economic development was successful in the past. FDI was one of those main factors to make Taiwan economy prosperous; therefore、local government should spare no efforts to attract FDI to local areas. The results suggest that the higher the density of FDI in those areas、the stronger the positive effects might be .In addition、different industries of FDI in different areas would have different effects. In this way、the best way for central government to do is to help local government consider about their local characteristics and then provide specific incentives to attract appropriate industries into specially designated area.

The most essential questions in economics is what determines economic growth? In theory FDI led to economic growth (Mello 1997), but empirical evidences indicate that the relationship is ambiguous (Masahiro & Iwasaki 2014). This thesis uses contemporary growth theories and econometric methods to empirically test for the association between foreign direct investment and economic growth in the six countries that form the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The analysis indicates a positive relationship concerning FDI and GDP growth in the panel of GCC. The result furthermore supports the endogenous growth theory and provide insights on the regions progress towards income diversification whit respect to hydrocarbons.

This paper uses a global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model to analyze the relationship between FDI inflows and output dynamics in a multi-country context. The GVAR model enables us to make two important contributions: First, to model international linkages among a large number of countries, which is a key asset given the diversity of countries involved, and second, to model foreign direct investment and output dynamics jointly. The country-specific small-dimensional vector autoregressive submodels are estimated utilizing a Bayesian version of the model coupled with stochastic search variable selection priors to account for model uncertainty. Using a sample of 15 emerging and advanced economies over the period 1998:Q1 to 2012:Q4, we find that US outbound FDI exerts a positive long-term effect on output. Asian and Latin American economies tend to react faster and also stronger than Western European countries. Forecast error variance decompositions indicate that FDI plays a prominent role in explaining GDP fluctuations, especially in emerging market economies. Our findings provide evidence for policy makers to design macroeconomic policies to attract FDI inflows in the respective countries. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This paper studies the home-country determinants of outward FDI with a focus on nine empirically recognized host-country determinants of inward FDI, namely market size, labor cost, exchange rate, inflation, interest rate, political risks, corruption, openness, and technology. Based on a panel with 183 observations from BRICS and five developed countries (Australia, Germany, Japan, UK, US), evidence is found that market size, inflation, interest rate, political risks, and openness have significant influence on FDI outflows. Moreover, the results of this study show that there are striking differences between developing and developed countries regarding to the drivers for outward FDI.

Within a panel data context with fixed effects method, using data on a sample of 40 lower- middle income economies, this paper investigates whether and to what extent FDI stimulates economic growth over the period 2007-2017. The main finding of this paper highlights the complementary effects between FDI and education, suggesting that a certain level of education must be reached in order for FDI to contribute positively on economic growth. Further, the level of education in this sample set is below the level that is considered as adequate in order to spur economic growth and thus this affects the absorptive capacity. This paper can only confirm that there is a certain association between FDI and economic growth and cannot confirm the widespread belief that FDI stimulates economic growth due to that the estimated models more often than not provided insignificant results.

La thèse se compose de 5 articles. Le premier article considère une économie monétaire à horizon infini avec actifs financiers collatéralisés. La Banque Centrale fait des prêts à court et à long terme aux ménages. Les agents peuvent déposer ou/et emprunter à court ou à long terme. Néanmoins un plafond est imposé sur les emprunts de long terme. Tous les agents ont accès aux marchés financiers. Toutefois les agents doivent posséder suffisamment de collatéral en biens de consommations pour vendre un actif financier. Les agents font face à des contraintes de liquidité aussi bien lorsqu’ils achètent des biens de consommation que des actifs financiers. Sous des hypothèses de ”Gains `a l’échange”, l’existence de l’équilibre est démontrée. Dans un tel cadre, plusieurs propriétés des équilibres sont démontrées, notamment l’existence d’une trappe à liquidité. Le deuxième considère un modèle d’équilibre général à la Ramsey avec agents hétérogènes, contraintes d’emprunt, et offre de travail exogène. D’abord, l’existence d’un équilibre est démontrée même si les capitaux ne sont pas bornés uniformément et si les fonctions de production ne sont pas stationnaires. Ensuite (i) nous définissons la bulle du capital physique comme la différence strictement positive entre son prix et sa valeur fondamentale (ii) nous montrons qu’une bulle existe si, et seulement si, la somme des rendements du capital est finie. Enfin, lorsque les fonctions de production sont linéaires, tout équilibre intertemporel est efficient. De plus, on peut avoir des équilibres à la fois efficients et avec bulle. Le troisième étudie la nature de la bulle financière dans un modèle d’équilibre général à l’horizon infini avec agents hétérogènes, contraintes d’emprunt endogènes. Nous démontrons l’existence d’un équilibre sans aucune condition sur des dotations initiales des agents. Nous disons qu’il y a une bulle financière à l’équilibre si le prix d’actif financier est supérieur à sa valeur fondamentale. Nous démontrons que les trois conditions suivantes sont équivalentes : (i) Il y a une bulle, (ii) le coût d’emprunt est strictement positif, (iii) les taux d’intérêt sont bas, i.e., la somme des taux d’intérêt au cours du temps est finie. Nous donnons aussi une condition sur les variables exogènes pour que la bulle financière apparaisse à l’équilibre. Le quatrième concerne l’interaction entre le marché financier et le secteur productif. Pour étudier cela, nous construisons un modèle d’équilibre général à horizon infini avec agents hétérogènes, contraintes d’emprunt endogènes dans lequel les agents investissent en actif financier ou/et en capital physique. Il y a une firme qui maximise son profit. D’abord, l’existence d’un équilibre est démontrée. Nous montrons que si la productivité est suffisamment élevée, l’économie ne tombe jamais en récession. Si la productivité est basse, l’économie va tomber en récession avec un nombre infini de fois. Cependant, dans certains cas, l’actif financier pourrait bénéficier à l’économie en finançant l’achat du capital physique. Grâce à cela, une récession économique pourrait être évitée. [...] / No English summary available.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de définir les effets potentiels, actuels et futurs, des flux d’investissement réalisés dans le cadre de projets du type Mécanisme de Développement propre (MDP) ou tout autre mécanisme successeur. Ainsi, nous proposons une évaluation de ce type d’investissements, perçu par les pays en développement à l’horizon de 2020 et 2050, ainsi que de leurs effets économiques. Nous essayons aussi de définir les caractéristiques (observées jusqu'à présent) de ces flux et de leurs interactions avec les flux financiers «classiquement» perçus par les Pays en Développement (PED) : aide publique au développement (APD) et investissements directs étrangers (IDE). Sont aussi étudiés les facteurs principaux qui pourraient induire de plus conséquentes retombées pour les pays récepteurs, mais aussi les impacts des MDP en termes de développement durable et de transferts technologiques. L’analyse est complétée par une description des principaux obstacles qui existent (en raison des caractéristiques des pays récepteurs mais aussi du mécanisme lui-même), des tentatives de solutions déjà adoptées ainsi que des mécanismes alternatifs qui pourraient être mis en place à l’avenir. Ainsi, l’analyse démontre les effets bénéfiques des projets MDP (ou des potentiels mécanismes successeurs) en termes d'investissements perçus, d’Unités de Réductions Carbone (qui peuvent en résulter), de croissance économique, de transferts technologiques et de développement durable pour les pays non-Annexe I. En outre, l’analyse souligne l'importance des capacités d’absorption de ces pays (notamment présence de main-d'œuvre qualifiée, disponibilité de facilités de crédit et d’infrastructures dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables) afin de bénéficier plus largement des potentielles retombées économiques. Ainsi, la mise en place d'un mécanisme similaire amélioré et accompagné de programmes de développement des capacités installés, devrait être du plus grand intérêt autant pour les pays Annexe I et non-Annexe I dans le cadre de futures négociations du CCNUCC. / The present thesis focuses on the definition of potential Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (or other successor mechanism) financial flows at the horizon of 2020 and 2050 and on their impact on recipient countries’ economies. The analysis is completed by an overview of the current CDM characteristics, not only through a comparison with other financial flows (Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Official development Assistance (ODA)) typical for developing countries, but also through a detailed survey of the conditions that would ease the spread of greater spill-over effects and through an analysis of the current impacts on host countries’ economic growth. At last, the thesis presents an overview of the current CDM impacts in terms of technology transfers and sustainable development and it proposes a detailed overview of the main offset- mechanism limits, the undergone improvements and the alternative solutions. Thus, the thesis shows the positive impact that projects under the CDM or any potential successor mechanisms can have in terms of perceived investments, issued carbon emission reductions, economic growth, technology transfers and, ultimately, sustainable development within non-Annex I host countries. In addition, it demonstrates that larger share of benefits will be earned by those countries that would be able to absorb greater spill-over effects through their more favourable conditions in terms of renewable energies infrastructure, credit facilities and qualified human capital availability. For both Annex I and non-Annex I countries, the generalization of an improved sustainable successor mechanisms, in combination with robust capacity building programs, should be of the highest interest in any future negotiations under the UNFCCC.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valeria de Luca Penha.pdf: 473321 bytes, checksum: 698ab997bfe2e2fa312407b83871af2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / This paper examines the effects of infrastructure investments and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) based on international comparison. We use panel data for 50 countries, classified into three different categories - BRIC, fast growing countries and developed countries - from 1990 to 2010. We estimate impacts on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) by two steps. First, we investigate the role of infrastructure investments on TFP growth. Second, we extend the previous studies to examine whether Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) affect the development of TFP. The result indicates that the relationship among the data analyzed is significant, although improvements in infrastructure investments may enhance countries productivity more than an increase in FDI inflows does / Esta dissertação analisa os efeitos dos investimentos em infraestrutura e do Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE) na Produtividade Total de Fatores (PTF) com base em comparação internacional. Foram usados dados de painel para 50 países, divididos em três diferentes categorias - BRIC, países de crescimento rápido e países desenvolvidos - para o período de 1990 a 2010. Para esta analise, os impactos na Produtividade Total de Fatores (PTF) foram estimados em duas etapas. Em primeiro lugar, investigamos o papel dos investimentos de infraestrutura sobre o crescimento da PTF e, em seguida, examinamos como o Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE) afeta o desenvolvimento da PTF no mundo. Os resultados indicam que a relação entre o os dados analisados é significativa, embora aumentos nos investimentos em infraestrutura tenham maior impacto na produtividade dos países do que incrementos nos fluxos de IDE

In this paper, we examine the determinants of outward FDI from four major OECD investors, namely, the US, Germany, France, and the Netherlands, to 129 developing countries classified under five regions over the period 1995-2008. Our goal is to distinguish whether the motivation for FDI differs among these investors in developing countries. Rather than relying on specific theories of FDI determinants, we examine them all simultaneously by employing Bayesian model averaging (BMA). This approach permits us to select the most appropriate model (or combination of models) that governs FDI allocation and to distinguish robust FDI determinants. We find that no single theory governs the decision of OECD FDI in developing countries but a combination of theories. In particular, OECD investors search for destinations with whom they have established intensive trade relations and that offer a qualified labor force. Low wages and attractive tax rates are robust investment criteria too, and a considerable share of FDI is still resource-driven. Overall, investors show fairly similar strategies in the five developing regions.

The study of the extent to which incoming FDI results in ‘spillovers’ (technology, R&D, management practices and know-how) has so far yielded only mixed results, and research has largely been restricted to north-north and north-south interactions; this study develops a model of knowledge spillovers based on previous literature and extends inquiry into south-south FDI by investigating spillovers from Chinese FDI to the Cambodian garment and light manufacturing industries. Several significant factors including the nature and extent of FDI linkages, local industry absorptive capacity, nature of the network relationship, and local firms’ learning orientation have been found to influence the extent to which knowledge spillovers occur. These variables are integrated within this paper which develops a conceptual model of knowledge spillovers based on the Awareness-Motivation- Capability framework to examine knowledge spillovers derived through both horizontal and vertical linkages. One area of interest examined in the study is the FDI influence on domestic firms’ export performance since light manufacturing represents the most significant portion of Cambodia's total export products. The thesis, addresses two primary questions: (1) when, where and under what conditions are significant knowledge spillovers created? And (2) what are the effects of the spillovers on domestic companies' technological capability and export performance? The research contributes to the previous literature by further developing the theory on the realisation of knowledge spillovers as well as exploring the nature and channels of knowledge spillovers from South-South FDI in labour-intensive industry, an area of study previously unexplored. Our results show that knowledge spillovers occur through both horizontal and vertical linkages and Cambodian firms receive more spillovers from Chinese FDI than they do from FDI from developed countries.