Traffic congestion has been identified as the one of the most serious problems in urban transportation. Not much can be done in finding solutions to recurring congestion problem. As a part of ITS research in the 90's, a lot of research is being focused on non-recurring congestion which is caused primarily by incidents. Incident Response is a part of Incident Management programs but it has not been researched in depth. In this project, an incident response plan has been formulated on paper. A contact information database and a resource allocation database are the part of the plan. The resource allocation database has been created using expert knowledge and statistical anaJysis on the incident survey conducted in Fairfax County in northern Virginia. This plan is converted to a computer based response plan. It is then implemented using the ARCIINFO GIS software on a Unix Sun Sparc 2000 platform. The response plan is the part of a larger 'Wide Area Incident Management System Software'. / Master of Science

L’objectif de mon autoethnographie est de comprendre les tensions qu'engendrent les incidents critiques que je vis en salle de classe. Moi, doctorante et enseignante en français au palier secondaire en contexte scolaire québécois d’une région frontalière (Québec/Ontario), j’approfondis dans les dix chapitres de ma thèse mes représentations des tensions que je vis lorsque j’ajuste mes interventions éducatives dans mes classes. La recension des écrits et le cadre conceptuel orientent ma compréhension des constructions identitaires, professionnelles et éthiques qui découlent d’incidents critiques. À l’aide de la méthode du récit autobiographique, de la méthode des incidents critiques et de la méthode de l’autoconfrontation, j’appréhende certaines données liées à mes représentations personnelles. Puis, la description de mes incidents ainsi que les similitudes et les distinctions entre mes représentations et celles de collègues œuvrant dans mon école (six participantes à des entretiens et trente-trois collègues dont les propos sont rapportés dans mon journal de bord audionumérique) s’ensuivent. L’analyse en mode écriture et l’analyse thématique en continu m’amènent à approfondir des tensions dues aux transformations identitaires, aux transformations du travail enseignant et aux médiations éthiques. Finalement, quatre recommandations concluent cette thèse. Cette autoethnographie permet l’engagement dans des réflexions partagées à propos d’une préoccupation majeure en enseignement : l’incertitude liée aux possibles perturbations découlant d’incidents critiques. Malgré l’accent mis sur ma subjectivité, la qualité évocatrice d’une recherche autoethnographique, à travers la description de mon quotidien empreint de tensions, témoigne de la complexité d’un vécu professionnel qui est, à ma connaissance, peu abordée de façon descriptive et nuancée.

Digitalisation driven by competition and performance has lead to a situation where most aspects of organisations business is digitised and vulnerable to cybersecurity incidents. Even though this discrepancy is being adressed incidents continue to happen. To be able to protect the organisation from cyber incidents an assessment of the security of information systems is needed. However cybersecurity incidents has been the subject of little research and the limited research there is often focuses on single causes, resulting in reduced accuracy of assessments. Therefore the question remains how different causes of incidents has affected organisations. To answer the question a systematic literature review and a taxonomy of four mutually exclusive cybersecurity incident causes are used. The result shows that 31 papers in the last five years contained relevant data, indicating that cause of incidents has not been the subject of much systematic research. Furthermore, the result shows that malicious actions were covered in 27 of the papers and human errors in 22 while system failures were only covered in seven and natural phenomena in zero. Through this the need for research on causes and effect of cybersecurity incidents is highlighted. Looking at the effect of the incidents there is a great spectra of results and the covered papers cannot be used to formulate a consensus. This seems to be an effect of the papers having different focus, suggesting a need for studies that include all possible causes as well as a common taxonomy to be used in multiple studies.

Introduction: Incident reporting systems have been implemented in health care for over a decade and contain reports of critical incidents (CI). These must be analyzed in order to suggest, implement and evaluate solutions for minimizing the risk of future CIs to occur, thereby increasing patient safety. Drug-related CIs (DRCI) are one type of CI which may represent up to 1/3rd of all CIs, therefore this CI-type is characterized in this study. Aim: To categorize and characterize DRCIs reported in the Critical Incident Reporting System North Rhine-Westphalia (CIRS-NRW). Materials & Methods: In this explorative, retrospective, descriptive study, 553 reports from the CIRS-NRW, reported between the 1st of January 2019 and the 15th of September 2021, were analyzed. These were categorized by setting, medication use process stage, ATC-code, patient age and look-alike, sound-alike (LASA), and then analyzed via descriptive statistics. Various subgroup analyses were also conducted. Results: DRCIs occurred mostly in the hospital (48,5%) and pharmacy (40,7%) settings, during the prescribing (33,8%) and administration (33,5%) of drugs and the ATC-codes N02 (9,4%), B01 (6,9%) and N05 (5,4%) were commonly involved. Patient age contained >50% missing data and LASA was involved in 16,5% of DRCIs. Subgroups were often small, likely resulting in low statistical power. Conclusion: By successfully characterizing the DRCIs, some potential areas of improvement for reducing future DRCIs were highlighted, however there are many more variables of relevance for patient safety than those analyzed in this study, underlining the need for further studies characterizing more DRCIs including additional variables.

Depuis quelques années, à l'Université d'Ottawa, une grande partie des étudiants et étudiantes en enseignement arrivent d'Afrique subsaharienne. Bien que la plupart réussisse ses stages, la littérature recensée analyse surtout les difficultés rencontrées. Cette étude se situe dans la recherche qualitative interprétative. Elle adopte l'approche interactionniste et la notion d'expérience de Dewey. Suivant la méthode de Morissette et Demazière (2019), deux stagiaires d'Afrique subsaharienne ont été invitées à un « entretien individuel à orientation biographique » (p. 53), puis à trois entretiens collectifs entre elles et moi. En s'inspirant des auteurs, les stagiaires et moi-même avons interprété et co-analysé les expériences et les incidents critiques vécus dans le milieu de stage. La méthode des incidents critiques et les entrevues semi-dirigés ont montré qu'un stage réussi ne signifie pas nécessairement que la stagiaire interprète son expérience de façon positive. En somme, l'analyse montre la grande complexité de l'expérience de stage, façonnée par la vulnérabilité induite par la négociation de schèmes d'interprétation au travers l'interaction des stagiaires avec leur enseignant-accompagnateur.

<p>A runway incursion occurs when an aircraft, ground vehicle, or a pedestrian is present on a runway when they were not supposed to be there. Runway incursions are a decades-old and continuing problem. The runway incursion between two Boeing 747s at Tenerife airport in 1977 is still the worst accident in aviation history. Despite the aviation community’s efforts to mitigate runway incursions, the number of incursions has not decreased. Though most of the runway incursions that occur today are near-misses or incidents, and do not result in injuries or aircraft damage, we cannot count on fortune to prevent another deadly accident.</p><p>While the COVID-19 crisis has slowed air traffic, the industry is optimistic about recovery and return to the growth in air traffic we have seen over the past decade. With this growth comes the potential for more runway incursions. Therefore, we must develop better ways of preventing incursions. Runway incursion incidents are one way to learn more about how we can prevent similar incidents in the future and reduce the probability of serious accidents. Unfortunately, most incident reports lack detailed information on the causes of runway incursions. In the United States, trained investigators at the National Transportation Safety Board investigate aviation accidents, but not most incidents, including incursions. Air traffic controllers on duty at the time of incursion report the incident to the FAA. While most controller reports explain what happened, they often do not explain why the incident happened. We need deeper insight into why incidents occur so that we can develop more effective measures to reduce incursions.</p><p>After controllers submit their incident reports, reviewers at the FAA go through the controller-generated reports and determine the need for further investigation. They may contact the controllers for more information or talk to the pilots involved. This research considers one aspect of the reporting process — the reporting form. The research hypothesis is that an alternative reporting form that asks detailed questions and guides the controller to look deeper into an incident can provide more details on human error and causes of these errors than the current form, which does not necessarily prompt controllers to gather all the details of the incident.</p><p>The design of the alternative reporting form is based on the theoretical framework of expert systems. Expert systems, which provide tailored questions and guidance to medical doctors and others, have proven useful in other fields. The resulting alternative tool aims to guide controllers into answering three major questions: what happened (which aircraft were where, and when), how it happened (e.g., controller gave the wrong instruction), and why it happened (e.g., controller was fatigued).</p><p>To investigate how controllers interact with different reporting formats and what helps them or detracts them from creating useful reports, the research experiment involved controllers reporting two hypothetical runway incursions either using the alternative reporting tool or an online survey based on the current FAA form. The experiment used surveys, think-aloud protocols, observations, and interviews to collect data on what controllers included in their reports and how controllers generated these reports. The findings helped compare the type of information we get from the two reporting formats, and how the reporting formats affected the quality of the incident reports.</p><p>Overall, the alternative tool-generated reports provided more information than the online survey based on the current FAA form. Each controller who participated in the experiment approached preparing an incident report differently and different factors motivated them to specify details of the incident. While the format of the alternative reporting form helped one controller talk to the pilot and learn more about why the pilot made an error, the format did not have the same impact on another controller.</p><p>This research identifies ways of helping controllers prepare more useful reports. This research may help the FAA improve data collection. More useful reports in the future can help the aviation community identify the cause of human errors leading to incursions, and develop more effective mitigation strategies, ultimately saving lives.</p><p><br></p>

Incident clearance rates are calculated by dividing the total number of crime occurrences by those solved by police in a given area. While these percentages are commonly used as a measure of law enforcement effectiveness, they are largely influenced by geographic size, economy, and cultural factors. For instance, rural police tend to have fewer financial resources and may not have sufficient personnel and technology to investigate certain criminal offenses. Rural communities also tend to be more close-knit, have stronger social ties, and residents often know one another, which can influence reporting rates and police strategies. Improving our understanding of clearance rates across rural and urban counties is necessary to increase the effectiveness of location-specific law enforcement practices. Data for the present study were obtained from the Tennessee Incident Based Reporting System for reported incidents of crimes against persons and subsequent clearance rates in 2015. Whether an incident was cleared by arrest, cleared by exceptional reasons, or not cleared was noted. Exceptional clearances refer to situations where an offender died prior to being arrested, a prosecutor declined a case, extradition was denied, a victim refused to cooperate, or a juvenile was responsible for the incident. Using the 2013 Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC), counties were categorized based on geographic size and proximity to metropolitan areas, Tennessee's 95 counties were grouped into metropolitan counties (RUCC codes 1-3; n = 42), nonmetropolitan counties with an urban population (RUCC codes 4-7; n = 37), and completely rural counties or those with a population of less than 2,500 (RUCC codes 8-9; n = 16). Preliminary ANOVA analyses with post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni test suggest that rural counties (M=73.0%, SD=18.1) had higher incidence clearance rates [F(2,92) = 4.19, p = .018], compared to both metropolitan counties (M=61.1%, SD=14.3, p =.024) and nonmetropolitan counties with urban populations greater than 2,500 (M=61.2%, SD=14.2, p =.029). Similarly, rural counties (M=71.9%, SD=18.3) had significantly higher rates of clearance by arrest [F(2,92) = 9.29, p = .000] than metropolitan counties (M=51.5%, SD=14.9, p =.000) and nonmetropolitan counties with urban populations greater than 2,500 (M=55.7%, SD=16.6, p =.004). In contrast, a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test yielded insignificant differences across the three groups with regard to exceptional clearance rates [F(2,74) = 5.79, p = .055]. Thus, initial findings reveal that overall clearance and clearance by arrest rates in rural areas differ from more urban locations. Additional analyses regarding county-level differences in incidence clearance rates across various types of offenses will be explored. Possible factors that may contribute to discrepancies across counties and future directions will be discussed.

Student problem behavior continues to be a major issue in schools for both teachers and students. Teachers often feel they are not provided with enough resources to help them manage this problem behavior. Students who engage in problem behavior tend to struggle socially and academically. When classified with an emotional disturbance, students are especially at risk due to the severity of the problem behavior they exhibit (Brauner & Stephens, 2006). This study examined how function-based interventions can help both teachers and students better manage the effects of problem behavior. There are several factors believed to hinder the effectiveness of function-based interventions, including time available, training, parental involvement, and fidelity of implementation (Ingram et al., 2005). The study used the critical incident technique (CIT) qualitative methodology to identify helping and hindering factors in the implementation of behavior intervention programs (BIP). Participants of the study include BIP implementers, defined as any school personnel who directly participates in the implementation of an effective BIP with a student. Using the CIT qualitative methodology and semi-structured interviews, the research team determined which events are most prevalent in the hindering and helping of BIP implementation. Research concluded that ongoing collaboration with colleagues, in- and out-of-class support, consistent data tracking, reward systems, calming down strategies, and relationships were the most helpful factors reported by teachers. Unexpected events, severity of behaviors, inconsistent reward systems, differing opinions amongst team members, inconsistent communication, and insufficient training were factors that hindered BIP efficacy based on the results of this study. The findings suggest that the implementation of BIPs can be improved with greater consistency in consequences, clear communication among stakeholders, and building meaningful relationships of trust.

Bakgrund: Ambulanssjukvården i Sverige saknar nationella kompetenskrav. Detta innebäratt kritiska incidenter förväntas hanteras patientsäkert av ett vårdteam därambulanssjuksköterskans (AS) kollega har lägre, samma, högre eller en annan kompetens.Skillnaderna i vårdteamets kompetens kan ha betydelse för möjlighet att utföra en god ochsäker vård. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva AS upplevelser av kollegialt stöd vid kritiskaincidenter. Metod: En kvalitativ retrospektiv intervjustudie med en kritisk incident teknik (CIT)användes. Nio kliniskt verksamma AS från fyra olika ambulansregioner intervjuades.Urvalet gjordes med strategiskt och snöbollsurval. Intervjuerna transkriberades ochanalyserades induktivt med en innehållsanalys. Resultat: ledarskap, stöd, förståelse och förtroende beskriver AS vara viktiga upplevdafaktorer som är viktiga för att känna tillit till kollegan. AS upplever sig även vara utsatta ochotillräckliga vilket innebär att vara ensam i vårdmötet vid kritiska incidenter. Diskussion: Kritiska incidenter är vanliga varför intervjuer med en CIT genomfördes. Det ärlevda erfarenheter och upplevelser som är intressant att studera. Kollegialt stöd beskrivs somsärskilt viktigt för oerfarna AS då det krävs ledarskap och kunskap inom de vanligastebeskrivna kritiska incidenterna hjärt- lungräddning eller vård av medvetslösa. Intressant äratt erfarna AS beskriver att det finns utmaningar och svårigheter i att hantera negativakollegor och att undervisa kollegor som saknar kunskap samtidigt som vård skall utföras. Slutsats: Kompetensens betydelse i ambulanssjukvårdens vårdteam är viktigt. Om kolleganär en erfaren specialistsjuksköterska med inriktning mot ambulanssjukvård så upplever ASoftare en högre grad av tillit till kollegan. / <p>2023-10-25</p>

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