This thesis describes design and implementation of application for offline NetFlow data annotation from perspective of network security. In this thesis is explained the NetFlow architecture in detail along with methods for security incidents detection in the captured data. The application design is based on analysis of manual annotation and supported by several UML diagrams. The Nemea system is used for detecting security events and Warden system as a source of information about reported security incidents on the network. The application uses technologies such as PHP 5, Nette framework, jQuery library and Bootstrap framework. The CESNET association provided NetFlow data for testing the application. The result of this thesis could be used for analysis and annotation of NetFlow data. Resulting data set could be used to verify proper functionality of detection tools.

Kan historisk data om incidenter i informationssystem användas för att bedöma kostnaden föruteblivna investeringar i informationssäkerhet? Genom en händelsestudie med 76 incidenterfrån bolag på NASDAQ och NYSE från 2000-2021 beräknades den genomsnittliga totalakostnaden i form av onormal förändring i företagets marknadsvärde. Studien visar att företagi genomsnitt förlorar 0,8% av sitt marknadsvärde fem dagar efter en incident i ettinformationssystem. Studien ger även visst stöd för att branscher som hanterar känsliginformation upplever betydligt större kostnader av en incident. Resultatet bidrar till attmöjliggöra mer träffsäkra investeringsbedömningar i informationssäkerhet genom attpresentera ett statistiskt säkerställt sätt att beräkna den potentiella kostnaden av en utebliveninvestering.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor driver självständigt egna mottagningar inom primärvården. Det bidrar till ökad livskvalité och hälsa för patienter. När en sjuksköterskeledd mottagning ställs in kan såväl patientens situation som sjuksköterskans arbetssituation påverkas. Det var därför angeläget att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor erfar och hanterar när sjuksköterskeledd mottagning ställs in.    Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor erfar och hanterar kritiska incidenter vid inställd sjuksköterskeledd mottagning inom primärvården.    Metod: En kvalitativ studie med Critical Incident Technique (CIT) genomfördes med induktiv ansats där 28 sjuksköterskor som är yrkesverksamma inom primärvården i Region Skåne besvarade utformat frågeformulär.    Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna erfor att inställda sjuksköterskeledda mottagningar skapade merarbete. De beskrev stress, irritation, ilska men även till viss del förståelse. Inställd sjuksköterskeledd mottagning drabbade inte bara patienterna utan även deras anhöriga samt sjuksköterskestudenter. Sjuksköterskorna hanterade inställd sjuksköterskeledd mottagning genom att de prioriterade sitt arbete och att de använde sin yrkeserfarenhet för att lösa situationen. De anpassade sig till underbemanningen och lyfte detta i arbetsgruppen för att förbättra arbetsmiljön.   Slutsats: Region Skåne hade arbetsvilliga och kompetenta sjuksköterskor. När sjuksköterskeledd mottagning ställdes in fick patienterna minskad kontinuitet och ibland fördröjd diagnossättning. Detta berodde till stor del på underbemanning inom primärvården och arbetsgivaren kunde inte ge den arbetsmiljö som sjuksköterskorna behövde. / Background: Nurses independently run their own clinics within primary care. It contributes to increased lifequality and health for patients. When a nurse-led clinical appointments is cancelled, both the patient situation and the nurse's work situation can be affected. Therefore, important to investigate how nurses experience and manage when nurse-led clinical appointments are cancelled. Purpose: The purpose was to describe how nurses experience and handle critical incidents during cancelled nurse-led clinical appointments in primary care.       Method: A qualitative study with the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) was carried out with an inductive approach where 28 nurses who are professionals in primary care in Region Skåne answered a designed questionnaire.   Results: The nurses' experience of cancelled nurse-led clinical appointments was that it created extra work. They described stress, irritation, anger but also to some extent understanding. Cancelled nurse-led appointments affected not only the patients but also their relatives and nursingstudents. The nurses managed cancelled nurse-led appointments by prioritizing their work and using their professional experience to resolve the situation. They adapted to the understaffing and raised this in the work group to improve the work environment.     Conclusion: Region Skåne had willing and competent nurses. When nurse-led clinical appointments were cancelled, patients experienced reduced continuity and sometimes delayed diagnosis. This was largely due to understaffing in primary care and the employer could not provide the working environment that the nurses needed.

No description available.

Real-time control of traffic diversion during non-recurrent congestion continues to be a challenging topic. Especially, with the advent of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), the need for models and algorithms that will control the diversion in real-time, responding to the current traffic conditions has become evident. Several researchers have tried to solve this on-line control problem by adopting different approaches such as, expert systems, feedback control, and mathematical programming. In order to ensure the effectiveness of real-time traffic diversion, an implementation framework capable of predicting the impact of the incident on the traffic flow, generating feasible alternate routes in real-time, and controlling traffic in order to achieve a pre-set goal based on a system optimal or a user equilibrium concept is required. In this dissertation, a framework that would satisfy these requirements is adopted consisting of a "diversion initiation module", a "diversion strategy planning module", and a "control and routing module" which determines the route guidance commands in real-time. The incident duration data collected by the Northern Virginia incident management agencies is analyzed to determine major factors that affect the incident clearance duration. Next, prediction/decision trees are developed for different types of incidents. Based on the validation of these trees using the data that is not employed for the development of the trees, it is found that they perform well for the majority of the incidents. A simple deterministic queuing approach is used to predict the delays that will be caused by the incident for which the clearance duration is predicted using the prediction/decision trees. The diversion strategy planning module, Network Generator, is developed as a knowledge based expert system that uses simple expert rules in conjunction with historical and realtime data to determine the incident impact zone, and to eliminate links that are not suitable for diversion. Finally, it generates alternate routes for diversion using this modified network. Network generator is tested using simulation on a small portion of the Fairfax network. Finally, feedback control models for dynamic traffic routing models, both in distributed and lumped parameter settings, are developed. Methods for developing controllers for these models are also discussed. Two heuristic and analytic feedback controllers for the space discretized lumped parameter models are developed and their effectiveness for realtime traffic control is shown by simulating several scenarios on a simple network. An analytic feedback controller is also designed using a feedback linearization technique for the space discretized model. This controller also performed very well during simulations of various scenarios and proved to be an effective solution to this feedback control problem. / Ph. D.

La prévalence du diabète ne cesse d’augmenter et la détection de sujets à risque de développer cette maladie reste une préoccupation importante afin qu’un programme de prévention leur soit proposé. Le dosage de l’HbA1c est utilisé pour l’évaluation de l’efficacité du traitement pris par les diabétiques. Il n’était pas utilisé pour le diagnostic des dysglycémies car les méthodes de ce dosage n’étaient pas standardisées. Actuellement l’IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry) propose une nouvelle méthode de référence pour cette mesure, et l’OMS (Organisation Mondiale de la Santé) a intégré ce paramètre dans les critères diagnostiques du diabète. but Evaluer la capacité de l’HbA1c à prédire un diabète incident, chercher des seuils, d’HbA1c, de GAJ et de glycémie deux heures (G2H) après un test d’hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale (HGPO), au delà desquels les sujets sont plus à risque de développer un diabète incident et, enfin, étudier l’influence du tabac sur les variations de ces mesures. Méthodes Pour l’évaluation de la prédiction du diabète et la recherche de seuils, nous avons utilisé les données de l’étude australienne AusDiab, de l’étude danoise Inter99 et de l’étude française D.E.S.I.R. avec plus de 5500, 4500 et 3550 sujets, respectivement. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons utilisé les données du projet DETECT-2 (12 études, 26 000 sujets), ainsi que celles des études françaises D.E.S.I.R. et TELECOM (3700 sujets). Les distributions de l’HbA1c dans les trois premières études étaient différentes, nous avons donc, dans les deux premières parties d’analyses, ajusté les moyennes d’HbA1c à l’inclusion et après le suivi. Nous avons utilisé un modèle logistique pour la comparaison du pouvoir prédictif de l’HbA1c et de GAJ ; l’intervalle de confiance des Odds Ratios (ORs) à été obtenu par bootstrap. Pour rechercher les seuils de prédiction du diabète, nous avons comparé le modèle logistique (avec la variable glycémique) sans seuil au modèle avec seuil. Enfin, nous avons utilisé un modèle linéaire mixte pour évaluer la différence entre les moyennes d’HbA1c, de GAJ et de G2H en fonction du tabagisme, en attribuant un effet aléatoire à la variable ‘centre’. Résultats Avant ajustement des moyennes d’HbA1c, l’incidence du diabète (défini par la prise de traitement antidiabétique, une HbA1c≥6.5% ou une GAJ≥7mmol/l) était de 3.1% dans AusDiab, 2.7% dans Inter99 et 2.5% dans D.E.S.I.R. Les sujets dépistés comme étant diabétiques par l’HbA1c et par la GAJ n’étaient pas toujours les mêmes. L’incidence estimée du diabète augmente bien avec l’augmentation du taux de l’HbA1c et de la GAJ à l’inclusion. Pour chaque critère, l’aire sous la courbe de ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) était supérieure à 0.80 témoignant d’une bonne discrimination des deux tests entre les diabétiques incidents et les non diabétiques et le test de Hosmer-Lemeshow témoigne d’une bonne adéquation des modèles utilisés (p>0.05). Dans les trois populations, les ORs qui mesurent l’association entre les taux d’HbA1c et de GAJ et la survenue du diabète étaient presque toujours supérieurs pour l’HbA1c. Les seuils d’HbA1c et de GAJ au-delà desquels les sujets étaient plus à risque de développer un diabète variaient en fonction de la définition du diabète incident sauf pour l’HbA1c dans l’étude D.E.S.I.R. (5.3%) et la GAJ dans l’étude AusDiab (5.5mmol/l). Enfin, la moyenne d’HbA1c chez les fumeurs actuels était 0.10%(0.08,0.12) plus élevée que chez ceux qui n’ont jamais fumé ; la moyenne de G2H était -0.44(-0.51,-0.36) moins élevée chez les fumeurs actuels que chez ceux qui n’ont jamais fumé.Conclusion Ces résultats soulignent : 1) l’importance de l’utilisation de l’HbA1c comme critère diagnostique de dysglycémies, 2) la nécessité de mieux explorer les limites inférieures des stades intermédiaires qui précèdent la survenue du diabète, 3) l’importance de prendre en considération les facteurs qui peuvent influencer les taux d’HbA1c / The increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide makes the detection of people at risk of developing diabetes a major concern, so that they can benefit from diabetes prevention programs. HbA1c is used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment taken by diabetic patients. HbA1c had not been used to diagnose dysglycemia because the assay methods were not standardized. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry has proposed a reference method, and in 2011 the World Health Organization included HbA1c as one of the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes. aims: 1) To evaluate the ability of HbA1c to predict incident diabetes compared with fasting plasma glucose (FPG); 2) to find thresholds for HbA1c, FPG and two hour plasma glucose (G2H) after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) beyond which subjects are more at risk for developing incident diabetes and finally; 3) to study the influence of smoking on HbA1c, FPG and G2H.Methods: Several populations were studied. To evaluate the prediction of diabetes and the search for thresholds, we used data from the Australian study (AusDiab), a Danish study (Inter99) and a French study (D.E.S.I.R.) with respectively more then 5500, 4500 and 3550 participants. In the third part, we used data from the DETECT-2 consortium (12 studies with more than 26 000 men and women) and from two French studies: D.E.S.I.R. and TELECOM (with more than 3700 participants). The distribution of HbA1c in AusDiab, Inter99 and D.E.S.I.R. differed, so in the first two parts of this thesis, we adjusted HbA1c so that all three studies had the same mean HbA1c at baseline and the same mean HbA1c at follow-up. We used a logistic model to quantify the predictive ability of HbA1c and FPG for diabetes, and then derived confidence intervals for the difference in Odds Ratios (ORs) by bootstrap. To search for thresholds to predict incident diabetes, based on HbA1c, FPG and G2H at inclusion, we compared logistic regression models that were linear in the glycaemic variable, without a threshold, with a spline model with a threshold. Linear mixed models with ‘centre’ as a random variable, were used to assess the difference between the means of HbA1c, FPG and G2H in current-, ex- and never-smokers.Results: With unadjusted HbA1c data, the incidence of diabetes (defined by treatment, HbA1c≥6.5% or FPG≥7 mmol/l) was 3.1% in AusDiab, 2.7% in Inter99 and 2.5% in D.E.S.I.R.. Subjects detected as having diabetes by HbA1c and FPG were not always the same. The incidence of diabetes increased with increasing HbA1c and FPG at baseline. For each test, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was greater than 0.80, indicating good discrimination for these two measures between those with and without incident diabetes, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated that the models fitted well (p>0.05). In all three populations, the ORs measuring the association between HbA1c and FPG and the development of diabetes were almost always higher for HbA1c than for FPG. The thresholds of HbA1c and FPG above which the incidence of diabetes were higher, varied according to the definition of incident diabetes - except for HbA1c in D.E.S.I.R. (always 5.3%) and for FPG in AusDiab (always 5.5mmol/l). Finally, in current-smokers, the mean HbA1c was 0.10%(0.08,0.12) higher than in never-smokers; the mean G2H was 0.44( 0.51,-0.36) lower in current-smokers than in never-smokers. Conclusion: The results that we found emphasize: 1) the importance of using HbA1c as a diagnostic criterion for dysglycemia, as those diagnosed diabetic by HbA1c did not have always an FPG ≥ 7 mmol/l, 2) the need to better explore the lower limits of the “pre-diabetic” stage as the thresholds of HbA1c, FPG and 2H-PG that we found were lower than those used in clinical practice, 3) the importance to consider factors that may influence HbA1c and G2H, such as smoking.

During an incident, which is critical in nature, sense-making by the individuals involved are essential in ensuring an optimal response to the incident. The incident management systems employed to manage the allocation of resources to an incident allow for the visualisation of the incident and its constituents, and this visualisation supports sense-making by improving knowledge transfer. Knowledge visualisation contains pitfalls that can be avoided by implementing knowledge visualisation criteria. The purpose of this study is to identify the knowledge visualisation criteria that optimise the knowledge transfer by visual artifacts in incident management systems like emergency medical or fire-response systems. This study used the design science research (DSR) methodology and was conducted in the context of critical incident response management. A review of the existing literature was done to identify an initial set of knowledge visualisation criteria. The initial set was evaluated by content experts (using questionnaire driven interviews) and usability experts (using questionnaire driven interviews, usability testing with eye tracking and a survey) in the context of an emergency incident management system. The main contribution of this study is a validated set of knowledge visualisation criteria to guide knowledge transfer in incident management systems. / School of Computing / M. Sc. Computing

Bakgrund: Vetenskapliga artiklar visar att patienter som får stroke under sin sjukhusvistelse får sämre omhändertagande än strokepatienter som direktinläggs. Litteraturen visar även att det behövs mer kunskap om vilka förbättringar som kan behöva göras för att få en säker, kunskapsbaserad och effektiv stroke sjukvård. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att identifiera händelser som har varit kritiska i omhändertagandet av inneliggande patienter som insjuknar i stroke. Metod: CIT (Critical Incident Technique) har använts som datainsamlingsmetod, denna har använts inom flygvapnet men har på senare tid fått större användning i bl. a hälso- och sjukvården. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Burnard (1996) ligger till grund för bearbetning av materialet. Analysen utgick ifrån 10 intervjuer med sjuksköterskor som har erfarenhet av patienter som insjuknat i stroke på vårdavdelning. Intervjuer är genomförda på 5 (fem) olika typer av avdelningar inom Sahlgrenska sjukhuset under våren 2016. Resultat: Kritiska händelser förekommer i samband med omhändertagande inom alla delar av vården av patienter som insjuknar i stroke under sin sjukhusvistelse. Övergripande kategorier är: oförutsedd händelse, bristande resurser riskerar patientsäkerheten och specialistvårdens baksida/organisatoriska hinder. Kategorierna identifieras inom mikro-, meso- och makrosystem för sig samtidigt som de interagerar mellan de olika systemen. Slutsatser: Tillgång till aktuella mätningar är viktig för att få en överblick över det aktuella läget för inneliggande strokepatienter i form av antal och var de inträffar. Studien visar att det finns ett stort behov av en välfungerande strokekedja för inneliggande strokepatienter och att det finns genomförda projekt i USA som kan vara till hjälp för framtida förbättringar i stroke vården. Det är även viktigt att lägga fokus kommunikation och information till anhöriga. / Background: Scientific articles has shown that patients that have had a stroke during their hospitalization receive lesser degree of care, than patients that has been admitted with a stroke. Literature has shown we need more knowledge how to improve stroke care to get a secure, knowledge based and effective stroke care in hospitals. Aim: The study aims to identify the events that have been critical in the management of hospitalized patients who suffer a stroke. Method: CIT has been used as a data collection method to bring in information, it has been used in the airforce and more recently has been used more widely in national healthcare. Qualitative contents analysis, according to Burnard (1996), gives basis for analyzing the material. The analysis was based on 10 interviews with nurses who have experience of patients diagnosed with stroke during hospitalization. Interviews were conducted at 5 (five) different departments within the Sahlgrenska Hospital in spring 2016. Result: Critical events occur in connection with care in all parts of the care of in-hospital patients who suffer a stroke. Overall categories: unexpected event, the safety of patients affected by department resources and the backside of specialist care. The categories identified in the micro, meso and macro systems are interacting between the different systems. Conclusion: Access to current measurements is important to get an overview of the current state of in-hospital stroke patients in the form of numbers and where they occur. The study shows that there is a great need for a well-functioning stroke chain for in-hospital stroke patients and that there are implemented projects in the US that could be helpful for future improvements in stroke care. It is also important to focus on communication and information to relatives.

<p>För att kunna erbjuda god och lättillgänglig hälso- och sjukvård vid stora olyckor och katastrofer krävs en katastrofberedskap grundad på planläggning, utbildning och övning. Sjukvårdens särskilda beredskap måste kunna hantera såväl den "lilla vardagsolyckan" som den stora olyckan eller katastrofen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur enhetschefer och distriktssköterskor vid primärvården i två kommuner i Jämtlands län upplevde sig förberedda inför en katastrof eller en stor olycka där utryckning krävdes utanför vårdinrättningar till olycksplats. Syftet var även att undersöka hur katastrofberedskap prioriteras av enhetschefer. En intervjustudie har genomförts med tre enhetschefer och fem distriktssköterskor. Intervjuerna har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Utifrån analysen skapades två<strong> </strong>kategorier: ”känsla av säkerhet”<strong> </strong>och ”organisation” samt fyra underkategorier ”beredskap”, ”prioritet”, ”förmåga” och<strong> </strong>”kunskap”. Huvudfyndet var att samtliga intervjudeltagare önskade ha övningar för att känna sig mer förberedd vid en stor olycka. I dagsläget övades det inte alls på katastrofberedskap.</p> / <p>In order to provide good and accessible healthcare in case of emergencies and disasters, an emergency plan based on planning, training and practice is required. Special care must be prepared to deal with both the ”small everyday accident” but also the major accident and disaster. The purpose of this study was to examine how unit managers and districtnurses in primary care in two municipalities in Jämtland county experience themselves prepared in case of a disaster or a major accident which requires emergency care facilities outside the unit. The aim was also to examine how emergency preparedness is a priority for the unit managers. An interview study has been carried out with three unitmanagers and five districtnurses. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Based on the analysis two categories were created: 'feeling of security "and" organization "and four sub-categories of" security "," priority "," ability "and" knowledge ". Major findings was that all the interview participants wished to have exercises to feel more prepared for a major accident. For the time being, no practice in disaster preparedness is carried out.</p>

<p>There are great expectations that collaboration among professions and various sectors will further develop health care and thus lead to improved public health. In the World Health Organization’s declaration “Health 21” the designated goal for health professions in the member nations in Europe by the year 2010 is to have developed health promotional competence, including teamwork and cooperation based on mutual respect for the expertise of various professions. The challenges faced by the interprofessional teams are, however, multifaceted, and these challenges place demands upon society, which, in turn, determines the fundamental conditions for collaboration among the health professions within the health care organizations.</p><p>This licentiate dissertation contains discourse and content analyses of interprofessional teamwork in health care. The major objective of this dissertation is to study and describe how the team members construct and create the content and significance of teams and teamwork among health professions. One specific goal has been to study how the members of a multi-professional health care team refer to their team, especially the discursive patterns that emerge and the function that these patterns has (I). The second specific goal has been to identify and describe the difficulties that the health professionals have experienced within their interprofessional teamwork. One purpose has been to enable discussions of the implications for interprofessional learning (II).</p><p>Focused group interviews with team members (n=32) from six teams were studied using discursive social psychological research approach. The analysis concentrated on the use of the pronouns “I”, “we” and “them”. The results were then analyzed in relation to theories on discursive membership and discursive communities (I). Individual semi-structured interviews with team members (n=18) from four of the six teams were carried out using critical incident techniques. The interviews were analysed via latent qualitative content analysis and the results were interpreted in the light of theories on sociology of professions and learning at work (II).</p><p>The findings showed that two discursive patterns emerged in the team members’ constructions of “we the team”. These patterns were designated knowledge synergy and trustful support (I). The following three themes that touched upon the difficulties of interprofessional teamwork were identified in the personal interviews: (A) difficulties concerning the teams’ dynamics that arose when the team members acted as representatives for their respective professions; (B) difficulties when the various contributions of knowledge interacted in the team; and (C) difficulties that were related to the surrounding organisation’s influence on the team (II).</p><p>The conclusion was reached that the discursive pattern provided rhetorical resources for the team members, both in order to reaffirm membership in the team and to promote their views with other care providers, but also to deal with difficulties regarding, for example, lack of unity in outlook. The conclusion was also drawn that, in addition to the individual consequences, one outcome of the perceived difficulties was that they caused limitations of the use of collaborative resources to arrive at a holistic view of the patient’s problems. Thus the patients could not be met in the desired manner.</p><p>The practical implications of the research project concern the development of teams in which various forms of interprofessional learning can influence the continued development of the team and the management of health care in regard to the importance of implementation processes and organisational learning.</p> / <p>Stora förväntningar ställs på att samarbete mellan yrkesgrupper och mellan sektorer ska utveckla hälso- och sjukvården och leda till en förbättrad folkhälsa. I Världshälsoorganisationens policydokument “Health21” anges exempelvis målsättningen att hälsoprofessionerna i de europeiska medlemsländerna till år 2010 ska ha utvecklat en hälsofrämjande kompetens som bland annat innefattar teamarbete och samarbete på basis av ömsesidig respekt för de olika professionernas expertis. Det interprofessionella teamets utmaningar är dock mångfacetterade och kräver uppmärksamhet från det samhälle som skapar villkoren för hälsoprofessionernas samarbete inom hälso- och sjukvårdens organisationer.</p><p>Denna licentiatavhandling innehåller diskurs- och innehållsanalytiska studier om interprofessionellt teamarbete i vården. Avhandlingens övergripandet syfte var att undersöka och beskriva hur teammedlemmar konstruerar och skapar innebörder av team och teamarbete mellan flera hälsoprofessioner. Det ena specifika syftet var att undersöka hur medlemmar i multiprofessionella vårdteam talar om sitt team, särskilt avseende de diskursiva mönster som framträdde och vilken funktion dessa mönster hade (studie I). Det andra specifika syftet var att identifiera och beskriva svårigheter som hälsoprofessioner har uppfattat vid interprofessionellt teamarbete, där avsikten även var att möjliggöra en diskussion om implikationer för interprofessionellt lärande (studie II).</p><p>Fokusgruppintervjuer med teammedlemmar (n=32) från sex team analyserades utifrån en diskursiv socialpsykologisk forskningsansats och fokuserade på användningen av pronomina ”jag”, ”vi” och ”de”. Fynden relaterades sedan till teorier om diskursivt medlemskap och diskursiva samhällen (studie I). Individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med teammedlemmar (n=18) från fyra av de sex teamen genomfördes med critical incident-teknik. Intervjuerna analyserades via latent kvalitativ innehållsanalys och fynden tolkades utifrån teorier om professionssociologi och lärande i arbetet (studie II).</p><p>Resultaten visade att två diskursiva mönster framträdde i teammedlemmarnas konstruktioner av ”vi-som-team”. Dessa mönster benämndes kunskapssynergi och tillitsfullt stöd (studie I). Vid individuella intervjuer med teammedlemmar identifierades följande tre teman som rörde svårigheter vid interprofessionellt teamarbete; (i) svårigheter som gällde den teamdynamik som uppstod när teammedlemmarna agerade som företrädare för sina professioner i relation till teamet, (ii) svårigheter när medlemmarnas olika kunskapsbidrag interagerade i teamet och (iii) svårigheter som rörde den omgivande organisationens påverkan på teamet (studie II).</p><p>Konklusionen gjordes att de diskursiva mönstren utgjorde retoriska resurser för teammedlemmarna, både för att bekräfta medlemskapet i teamet, för att hävda sina åsikter i kontakter med andra vårdgivare (”de andra”) och även för att hantera uppfattade svårigheter beträffande exempelvis bristande samsyn. Vidare drogs slutsatsen att en konsekvens av de uppfattade svårigheterna var, förutom individuella konsekvenser, begränsningar i användandet av de gemensamma resurserna för att nå en helhetssyn på patientens problem och att patienterna inte kunde bemötas på det sätt som önskades.</p><p>Forskningsprojektets praktiska implikationer rörde teamutveckling där olika former av interprofessionellt lärande påverkar teamets fortsatta utveckling, samt ledning av hälso- och sjukvården avseende betydelsen av imple-menteringsprocesser och organisatoriskt lärande.</p>