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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Evaluation of biohydrogen production potential of sugarcane bagasse using activated sludge in a dark fermentation process

Reddy, Karen January 2016 (has links)
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements Of the degree of Masters in applied science: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Anaerobic dark fermentation is an efficient biological process to produce hydrogen from waste material. In South Africa, this technology has not been explored adequately to extract energy from biological wastes. Within the KwaZulu Natal region of South Africa, the sugar industry is a prominent venture that produces mass quantities of sugarcane bagasse amongst other waste products. This by-product can be an ideal source of substrate for biohydrogen generation. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was used as the main substrate for biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation using sewage sludge as the inoculum. Different pre-treatment methods were employed to maximize the release of fermentable sugars from the lignocellulosic biomass. Among the different pre-treatment methods employed, the maximum sugar yield (294.4 mg/g) was achieved with 0.25% H2SO4 for 60 minutes at 121°C. Prior to inoculation, the sewage sludge was also subjected to thermal pre-treatment to eliminate methanogens. Thermal pre-treatment of inoculum sludge for 30 min was effective in eliminating methanogens. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to positively identify the hydrogen producing bacteria present before and after treatment. The pre-treated substrate and inoculum was integrated into a dark fermentation process to further optimize the effect of pH, substrate to biomass, iron and magnetite nanoparticles on hydrogen production. The maximum hydrogen production (1.2 mol/mol glucose) was achieved at a pH range of 5-6, a substrate to biomass ratio of 3.5, and iron and magnetite nanoparticle concentration of 200 mg/L. Microbial analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction has confirmed the dominance of Clostridium spp. in the reactor. The highest hydrogenase gene activity (number of copies of hydrogenase gene expression/ng DNA) was recorded in the reactor supplemented with magnetite nanoparticles with lowest being in the raw sludge. There was a direct positive correlation between the hydrogenase gene copy number and the hydrogen yield obtained at different reactor conditions. Scanning electron microscopy was a useful to visually analyse the interaction of microorganisms with activated sludge. This study highlights the significance of anaerobic microorganisms from waste sludge being able to utilize agricultural waste material to produce biohydrogen which could be further scaled up for continuous hydrogen production. In addition, statistical tools used to predict the possible sugar (Design of experiments) and hydrogen yields (Gompertz model) produced would be helpful in saving time during full-scale operation of biohydrogen producing reactors. / M
112

Devenir des polybromodiphényléthers et des alkylphénols dans les filières de traitement des eaux usées : cas des fonctionnements optimisés par temps sec et dégradés par temps de pluie / Fate of polybromodiphenylethers and alkylphenols in wastewater treatment plants operating under dry and wet-weather flows

Gilbert Pawlik, Solène 22 November 2011 (has links)
Ce travail s'est focalisé sur le devenir des polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE) et des alkylphénols (AP) dans les filières de traitement des eaux usées des stations d'épuration Seine-Centre et Seine-Amont, en agglomération parisienne. Des prélèvements effectués par temps sec et par temps de pluie ont permis de déterminer la qualité des eaux brutes vis-à-vis des paramètres globaux, des PBDE et des AP, ainsi que l'efficacité des ouvrages de traitement primaire et secondaire. Par temps sec, les concentrations dans les eaux brutes de Seine-Amont sont en moyenne 6 et 2 fois plus élevées pour ∑6AP et ∑4PBDE respectivement. Un bassin-versant plus industrialisé sur Seine-Amont et une forte dilution dans le réseau de Seine-Centre expliquent ces différences. Par temps de pluie, la pollution est diluée sur Seine-Amont. A l'inverse, la pollution particulaire augmente sur Seine-Centre, à cause de l'érosion des dépôts présents dans le réseau. En traitement primaire, la décantation physico-chimique lamellaire sur Seine-Centre favorise nettement l'abattement des pollutions particulaires et organiques. Ses performances sont stables et bien plus élevées que la décantation classique sur Seine-Amont. Par temps de pluie, les performances des deux ouvrages sont conservées, voire améliorées, malgré une hausse des charges polluantes et des vitesses ascensionnelles. Aucun de ces ouvrages n'est adapté au traitement de la pollution dissoute. En traitement secondaire, des abattements élevés pour la biofiltration et les boues activées ont été obtenus. Les traitements des deux stations étudiées conduisent à des effluents secondaires de qualité globalement similaire, même si les concentrations en pollution particulaire et en PBDE restent plus élevées sur Seine-Amont. Par temps de pluie, le 3ème étage de la biofiltration est dérivé et aéré sur Seine-Centre. Cette configuration impacte principalement les nitrates et le BDE-209. Sur Seine-Amont, les performances des boues activées sont légèrement affectées mais restent généralement supérieures à 80 %. Ceci conduit à des concentrations dans les effluents secondaires par temps de pluie 1,4 à 3 fois plus élevées en moyenne pour la pollution particulaire et les PBDE / This study investigates the fate of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and alkylphenols (AP) within two sewage treatment plants, Seine-Centre and Seine-Amont, located in Paris conurbation. Samplings were performed under dry and wet-weather flows to determine the raw water quality and the performances of the primary and secondary treatment. During dry-weather periods, mean concentrations of ∑6AP and ∑4PBDE in Seine-Amont raw sewage were respectively 6 times and twice higher. This is due to a highly industrialized watershed for Seine-Amont, and a strong dilution in Seine-Centre sewer network. Under wet-weather flows, the particulate pollution increases markedly in Seine-Centre raw sewage, due to the erosion of in-sewer deposits. As a primary treatment, the physico-chemical lamella settler in Seine-Centre clearly improves the removal of particulate and organic pollutions. Its performances are constant and much higher than normal settling in Seine-Amont. Under wet-weather flows, the performances of both techniques are maintained or improved, despite higher pollutant loads and ascensional velocity. The dissolved pollution is not removed in the primary treatment, whatever the process. In the secondary treatment, high removal is obtained for both biofiltres and activated sludge processes. Seine-Centre and Seine-Amont secondary effluents reach a similar quality, although particulate pollution and PBDE concentrations remain slightly higher in Seine-Amont. Under wet-weather flows, one stage of Seine-Centre biofiltration unit is derived and aerated. In these specific conditions, nitrates and BDE-209 removal is impacted. For activated sludge in Seine-Amont, performances are slightly decreased but remains over 80 % for most parameters. Hence, in Seine-Amont secondary effluents, PBDE pollution is from 1.4 to 3 times higher under wet-weather flows
113

Flux et sources des parabènes, du triclosan et du triclocarban en milieux urbains denses : comparaison entre Paris et Beyrouth / Flow and sources of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in urban conurbations : comparison between Paris and Beirut

Geara-Matta, Darine 17 December 2012 (has links)
Le triclosan (TCS), le triclocarban (TCC) et les parabènes (esters de l'acide para-hydroxbenzoïque) sont employés en tant qu'antiseptiques et agents conservateurs dans les produits de soins corporels. Leur usage génère des inquiétudes sur leur devenir et leur effet potentiel sur la faune et la flore (Bazin et al., 2010). En effet, ils sont introduits dans le milieu récepteur principalement via les effluents des stations d'épuration et les rejets urbains de temps de pluie (McAvoy et al., 2002; Agüera et al., 2003). Les principaux objectifs de ces travaux étaient de mettre en place une base de données sur les niveaux d'imprégnation dans les eaux résiduaires urbaines de deux agglomérations, Paris et Beyrouth par temps sec, et d'évaluer l'efficacité des traitements présents dans différentes stations d'épuration : deux à Paris une à Beyrouth. Le suivi de la contamination des émissaires pour les agglomérations de Paris et Beyrouth a permis plusieurs avancées sur les connaissances relatives à la fois à l'analyse des parabènes, triclosan et triclocarban mais aussi à la contamination des eaux résiduaires urbaines dans les deux pays par ces molécules. Ainsi sur les aspects analytiques, une très grande stabilité des parabènes, triclosan et triclocarban, une fois fixés sur cartouche Oasis® HLB, après extraction sur des échantillons d'eaux usées préalablement acidifiés, a été mise en évidence. Un test de conservation, mené sur une période de 4 mois, a montré la possibilité de conduire des analyses des parabènes, triclosan et triclocarban dans des pays ne possédant pas la chaîne analytique complète (absence d'un appareil de type UPLC/MSMS, par exemple), ce qui ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour des pays émergents. Pour les niveaux de contamination rencontrés, nos résultats montrent que les méthylparabène, éthylparabène et propylparabène présentent les concentrations les plus élevées alors que le benzylparabène n'a jamais été observé dans aucun échantillon. Les parabènes sont présents en phase dissoute à plus de 99 %. Les log(Kd) estimés pour ces composés sont compris entre 0,8 et 2 (en valeur médiane) pour la France et 1,3 et 2,3 pour le Liban. Les MES ne sont donc pas le principal vecteur de ces composés dans les émissaires. Le triclosan est lui majoritairement présent en phase particulaire, il offre des log(Kd) plus élevés que ceux des parabènes, voisins de 4 pour les deux pays. Le triclocarban est plus singulier. Dans les émissaires de l'agglomération parisienne, son log(Kd) est plus faible que celui du triclosan (3,4 contre 4) alors que c'est une situation inverse qui est obtenue Beyrouth : 4,6 pour le triclocarban et 4,1 pour le triclosan, conséquence directe de la plus forte contribution de la phase particulaire à la charge totale en triclocarban au Liban. Sur la base des concentrations mesurées, pour la première fois en France, des flux annuels par équivalent habitant ont pu être déterminés pour l'ensemble des composés ; ils sont de 1158 mg/EH/an pour MeP, 276 mg/EH/an pour EtP, 253 mg/EH/an pour PrP, 12 mg/EH/an pour IsoBuP, de 66 mg/EH/an pour BuP, 268 mg/EH/an pour TCS et 9 mg/EH/an pour TCC. Ces estimations n'ont pu être réalisées pour le Liban car les mesures de débits n'étaient pas possibles sur les sites suivis. Bien que les phénomènes mis en jeu diffèrent suivant les composés, il a été montré que les deux stations d'épuration de Seine Centre et Seine Amont éliminent à plus de 97 % les parabènes, le triclosan et le triclocarban / Triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) and parabens (esters of para-hydroxbenzoic acid) are used as antiseptics and preservatives in pharmaceuticals personal care products. Their use generates concerns on their fate and their potential effect on the fauna and flora (Bazin et al., 2010). Indeed, they are introduced in the receiving waters primarily via effluents from wastewater treatment plants and combine sewer overflows (McAvoy et al., 2002; Agüera et al., 2003). The main objectives of this work were to set up a database on levels of impregnation in the urban wastewater from two cities, Paris and Beirut by dry weather, and to assess the effectiveness of treatments in different wastewater treatment plants: two in Paris one in Beirut. Monitoring of the contamination of the main tributaries of Paris and Beirut has allowed more advanced knowledge of both the analysis of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban but also to urban waste water contamination in both countries by these molecules. Thus on analytical aspects, a very high stability of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban, once fixed on cartridge OASIS HLB, after extraction on previously acidified samples of wastewater, has been highlighted. A test of conservation, carried out over a period of 4 months, showed the possibility of conducting analyses of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in countries without any analytical devices (UPLC/MSMS, for example), which opens up interesting prospects for emerging countries. With respect to levels of contamination, our results showed that methylparaben, propylparaben and ethylparaben have the highest concentrations while benzylparaben has never been observed in any sample. Parabens were present in the dissolved phase at more than 99 %. The log(Kd) estimated for these compounds were between 0.8 and 2 (median values) for France and 1.3 and 2.3 for Lebanon. TSS were not the main conveyor of these compounds in the tributaries. Triclosan was predominantly present in the particulate phase, it presented log(Kd) higher than parabens, of about 4 for the two countries. Triclocarban was more singular. For the emissaries in the Paris region, its log(Kd) was lower than that of triclosan (3.4 against 4) whereas a reverse situation was observed in Beirut: 4.6 for triclocarban and 4 1 for triclosan. This was a direct consequence of the higher contribution of the particulate phase to the total load of triclocarban in Lebanon.Based on measured concentrations for the first time in France, the yearly flows per inhabitant equivalent have been determined for all the compounds, they were of 1158 mg for MeP, 276 mg for EtP, 253 mg for PrP, 12 mg for IsoBuP, 66 mg for BuP, 268 mg for TCS and 9 mg for TCC. These estimates have not been made possible for Lebanon because flow measurements were not available on the monitored sites. Although the phenomena involved differ depending on the compounds, it has been shown that the two wastewater treatment plants of Seine Centre and Seine Aval removed at more than 97 % parabens, triclosan and triclocarban
114

Utilização de reatores enzimáticos como unidades de pré-tratamento para sistemas de lodos ativados utilizando esgoto sintético a base de lipídios / Utilization of enzymatic reactors, as units of pre-treatment for activated sludge systems using synthetic wastewater based on lipids

Modolo, Marcelo Romano 28 June 2002 (has links)
Sabe-se que as águas residuárias, contendo elevadas concentrações de lipídios, causam problemas às unidades convencionais de tratamento podendo gerar lodo altamente biodegradável e sistemas com baixos rendimentos na remoção da matéria orgânica. Com o intuito de estudar a possibilidade de se obter eficiências maiores de remoção de matéria orgânica no tratamento de águas residuárias com elevados teores de lipídios, empregou-se na presente pesquisa processo alternativo de tratamento denominado de sistema combinado, composto de um reator enzimático (R1) e de um reator de lodos ativados (R2). Visando realizar a pré-hidrólise dos lipídios afluentes, o reator enzimático, contendo a enzima lipase LIPOLASE 100T, imobilizada em suporte de polietileno, foi instalado antecedendo o reator de lodos ativados. Paralelamente, foi construída outra unidade de lodos ativados (Rc) similar a primeira, porém sem o reator enzimático acoplado, denominada sistema de controle, visando possibilitar a comparação dos resultados obtidos. A unidade experimental foi operada durante 94 dias, em regime contínuo com a temperatura em torno de 30ºC. Os reatores de lodos ativados, R2 e Rc, foram operados, cada, com TDH de 8 horas e vazão de 3,4 L/dia. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO bruta obtidas foram respectivamente de 85% e 79% para os sistemas combinado e de controle. A eficiência média de remoção de óleos e graxas do sistema combinado foi de 91%, enquanto que para o sistema de controle a eficiência média foi de 84%. Assim, os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, demonstraram que as vantagens obtidas com o emprego do sistema combinado proposto, sob as condições específicas da presente pesquisa, foram significativas. / The wastewaters containing high concentrations of lipids, cause problems to the conventional units of treatment being able to produce highly biodegradable sludge and systems with low organic matter removal. In order to study the possibility of obtaining high efficiencies of organic matter removal in the treatment of wastewater with high contents of lipids, it was used in the present research an alternative procedure of treatment named combined system, composed of an enzymatic reactor (R1) and an activated sludge reactor (R2). In order to achieve the pre-hydrolysis of the affluent lipids, the enzymatic reactor, containing the lipase enzyme LIPOLASE 100T immobilized in polyethylene support, was installed preceding the activated sludge. Parallely, it was built another unit of activated sludge (Rc) similar to the first, but without the enzymatic reactor coupled, named control system, in order to enable the comparisons of the results obtained. The experimental unit was operated during 94 d, in continuous operation, with the temperature around 30°C. The activated sludge reactors, R2 and Rc, were operated, respectively, with hydraulic time residence of 8 h and flow rate of 3,4 L/d. The average efficiencies of removal raw COD obtained were respectively, of 85% and 79% for the combined and control systems. The average efficiency of removal of oil and greases of the combined system was of 91%, while for the control system the average efficiency was of 84%. So, the results obtained in this present work, showed that the advantages obtained with the use of the proposed system, under the specific conditions of the present research, were significant.
115

Efeitos do recebimento do lodo da estação de tratamento de água pelo sistema de tratamento de esgoto por lodo ativado em bateladas e aeração prolongada do município de Juquitiba - SP. / Effects of the accepting water treatment plants (WTP) residuals at wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using SBR activated-sludge process with extended aeration in the city of Juquitiba, SP.

Sundefeld Júnior, Gilberto Carlos 09 May 2007 (has links)
Existem algumas diferentes soluções técnicas de engenharia para a finalidade de tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos gerados em ETA\'s aplicáveis aos diferentes sistemas de tratamento de água. Porém, depara-se com estações consolidadas sem os sistemas de tratamento da fase sólida, onde nem sempre a melhor solução para o tratamento é a mais econômica ou ainda, é a possível de ser implantada. Com isso propôs-se neste estudo avaliar a capacidade da estação de tratamento de esgotos receber os resíduos da ETA, da cidade de Juquitiba - SP, via rede coletora de esgotos, uma vez que existe na ETE o sistema de tratamento dos sólidos ali gerados. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar as transformações do fósforo e do nitrogênio ao longo do sistema de esgotos, verificar as variações das concentrações de DBO, DQO e sólidos em suspensão, assim como verificar se é possível a manutenção de um equilíbrio consistente controlado pela idade do lodo. A estação de tratamento de água produz resíduos que resultariam em um acréscimo médio de 133 mg/L de sólidos no esgoto e ao longo deste estudo atingiu-se 74 mg/L. Esta contribuição representou, aproximadamente, uma situação em que o porte da ETA é o dobro da ETE receptora dos resíduos. Como conseqüência as concentrações dos sólidos em suspensão totais nos reatores biológicos aumentaram em média 15% e no efluente tratado 73%, ainda a produção de lodo biológico aumentou a ordem de 40%. Ocorreu a diminuição da concentração de fósforo total no efluente tratado da ETE em 29% e 51% para os reatores 1 e 2, respectivamente e da concentração de fósforo solúvel em 74% e 79% para os reatores 1 e 2, respectivamente. Ocorreu a diminuição da remoção média de NKT em 18% e na remoção média de N-NH3 em 13%. Ocorreu, ainda, a diminuição da remoção dos parâmetros DBO e DQO em 4% após o lançamento do lodo da ETA no sistema de esgotos. Pode-se então admitir que ETE\'s pelo processo de lodo ativado com aeração prolongada e com reatores seqüenciais em bateladas são adequados para o recebimento de lodo proveniente de ETA\'s, desde que projetada para atender a essa função complementar, especialmente no que se refere às unidades de desidratação de lodo. / There are different technical engineering solutions for the treatment and final disposal of water treatment plants (WTPs) residuals. Discharge of WTP residual to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a technical solution in evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the WWTP using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated-sludge process (with two reactors named reactor 1 and 2) in the city of Juquitiba, State of São Paulo, to receive the WTP residuals by gravity sanitary sewers. For this purpose the following points were checked: phosphorous and nitrogen transformations in the sewer systems, variations in BOD , COD and suspended solids (SS) concentrations and the possibility of maintaining a consistent balance system controlled by solids retention time. There was an average increase of 74 mg of suspended solids per liter in incoming sewage by the discharge of WTP residuals to sanitary sewers. Suspended solids concentrations in the biological reactors increased 15 percent in average and 73 percent in the final effluent. Production of waste activated-sludge increased by 40 percent. There was a decrease of 29 percent and 51 percent of total phosphorus concentration in the effluent in reactors 1 and 2, respectively, and of 74 percent and 79 percent of soluble phosphorus concentration in reactors 1 and 2, respectively. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen removal efficiency was reduced by 18 percent and ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency by 13 percent. BOD and DQO parameters for efficiency removal showed a decrease of 4 percent after the discharge of WTP residual to sanitary sewers. In view of these results it can be admitted that WWTPs using sequencing batch reactor activated-sludge process are suitable to receive WTP residuals since adequately designed for this complementary function.
116

Efeito da variação da qualidade do efluente final produzido em sistema de lodos ativados convencional no processo de desinfecção. / Effects of the quality variability of activated studge final effluent on the desinfection process.

Inoue, Marta Regina 24 November 2009 (has links)
A operação de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos pode apresentar várias alternativas para condução da desinfecção do efluente final, devendo-se levar em conta os seus custos, benefício, facilidade de instalação, operação, disponibilidade no mercado e as propriedades de cada agente desinfetante. Dentre os diferentes agentes desinfetantes que podem ser empregados o cloro é o que mais tem sido utilizado em função do seu baixo custo, facilidade de operação e também pelos diversos estudos realizados e consolidados com esse agente desinfetante. Desta forma, este trabalho estudou o efeito da variação da qualidade do efluente final produzido em sistemas de lodos ativados convencional no processo de desinfecção utilizando cloro na forma de hipoclorito de sódio. O efluente final empregado na condução dos ensaios experimentais foi gerado pela ETE Jesus Netto, sendo que a instalação piloto consistiu em um tanque de contato com dimensões de 3 metros de comprimento, 3 metros de largura e 0,8 m de altura útil, perfazendo um volume útil igual a 7,2 m³. A dosagem aplicada de agente oxidante foi de 5 mgCl2/L e os tempos de contato avaliados foram de 10 minutos a 30 minutos. Nos ensaios realizados houve a formação de cloraminas, provenientes da nitrificação parcial do processo de lodos ativados da ETE, e em alguns casos também foi observada a presença de cloro residual livre na saída do tanque de contato. Para ensaios de avaliação microbiológica do efluente desinfetado foram observados valores de remoção acima de 5 (expresso como log No/N) para coliformes totais para um tempo de detenção hidráulico superior a 30 minutos e remoção acima de 4 (expresso como log No/N) de coliformes termotolerantes para tempos de detenção hidráulico superior a 20 minutos. ) Para os parâmetros físico-químicos cor aparente, pH, turbidez, nitrogênio amoniacal, demanda química de oxigênio, carbono orgânico total e sólidos suspensos totais não foram observados alterações significativas no afluente e efluente do tanque de contato do processo de desinfecção. Para valores de DBO5,20 inferiores a 20 mg/L e valores de sólidos suspensos totais inferiores a 30 mg/L, não foram observados efeitos no comportamento do processo de desinfecção nos efluentes da ETE Jesus Netto. Os ensaios realizados permitiram avaliar a formação de subprodutos da desinfecção, sendo que os valores de trihalometanos no efluente da água na saída do tanque de contato resultaram abaixo de 10 µg/L. A toxicidade no efluente dos sistemas de lodos ativados convencional foi não detectável. Os bioensaios indicaram que a presença de cloro eleva a toxicidade aguda em Daphnia similis e cloração seguida de descloração produz efluentes sem toxicidade. / The operation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) may present several alternatives with regard to carrying out the final effluent disinfection. One must take into account cost-benefit criteria, easiness of installation and operation, availability in the disinfection market and the properties of each alternative disinfectant. Among the available disinfectant agents that can be put to use, chlorine has been the most widely utilized because of its low cost, easiness of handling and also due to the existing several studies on chlorine disinfection. In this way, this work the effects of quality variability of the final effluent from a conventional activated sludge plant (CASP) on the disinfection process with sodium hypochloride. The final effluent was generated at the Jesus Netto CASP and the pilot scale unit utilized in this work was a contact tank 3 meters long, 3 meters wide and a net depth of 0,8 meters, leading to a net volume of 7.2 m³. The applied free chlorine dose was 5 mg Cl2/L and the utilized contact times were 10 and 30 minutes. During the experimental runs there was formation of chloramines from partial nitrification in the Jesus Netto CASP. In some cases the presence of a free chlorine residual at the outlet of the contact tank was observed. Regarding microbiological evaluation of the disinfected plant effluent, removal efficiencies above 5 logs (expressed as log No/N) were observed for total coliforms with a contact time above 30 minutes and alsothermo tolerant coliform removal efficiencies above 4 logs for hydraulic residence times above 20 minutes. Regarding the physical-chemical variables apparent color, pH, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total suspended solids, no significant changes in the affluent and effluent of the contact tank were observed. ) For BOD5,20 values below 20 mg/L and TSS values below 30 mg/L, no effects on the tested disinfection process for the Jesus Netto CASP were observed. The experimental runs allowed the evaluation of disinfection byproduct formation. THM levels in the contact tank effluent were below 10 µg/L. No toxicity was detected in the Jesus Netto CASP effluent. Bioassays were conducted and indicated that the presence of chlorine increased the acute toxicity level as evaluated with Daphnia similis and also that CASP effluent chlorination followed by dechlorination produced a disinfected effluent without toxicity.
117

Desempenho do acoplamento de um reator de lodo ativado à fotocatálise heterogênea (TiO2/UV) no descoramento de um efluente industrial / Performance of coupling an activated sludge reactor with heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV) for removing the color of an industrial wastewater

Padovan, Rodrigo Nogueira 09 April 2010 (has links)
A maioria dos efluentes pode ser facilmente tratada com reatores biológicos que oferecem boa eficiência na remoção da matéria orgânica. Contudo, a existência de compostos tóxicos ou de baixa biodegradabilidade dificulta o processo e, às vezes, impede que o mesmo seja feito. Na tentativa de minimizar a toxicidade e aumentar a biodegradabilidade, os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POA) são uma alternativa viável. Os POA consistem na geração de fortes oxidantes \"in situ\" que reagem então com a matéria orgânica. O principal agente oxidante, gerado pelos POA, são os radicais hidroxila (•OH), que possuem um alto potencial de oxidação. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar, em escala laboratorial, a remoção de cor obtida pelo acoplamento de um reator de lodo ativado com a fotocatálise heterogênea (TiO2/UV), no tratamento do efluente de uma indústria de produtos de madeira, otimizando a concentração do catalisador, a temperatura e o pH, observando também a seqüência de tratamento, ou seja o reator fotocatalítico como pré- e pós-tratamento. O efluente e o lodo utilizados foram cedidos pela indústria de Faber-Castell em São Carlos. O tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) do reator de lodo ativado foi de 3 horas, com uma parada para a sedimentação de 30 minutos (tempos semelhantes aos utilizados pela empresa). A fotocatálise foi realizada em um reator encamisado com a irradiação de uma lâmpada de média pressão de Hg (250 W), a 20 cm da lâmina de líquido (volume efetivo de 100 mL), com agitação magnética de 45 rpm. O reator biológico utilizado no laboratório removeu boa parte da DQO do efluente, de 85-90% de remoção, porém não houve descoramento. Quando a fotocatálise foi utilizada como pós-tratamento, a remoção de cor foi de 93% em uma hora de irradiação e houve um total desaparecimento da ecotoxicidade do efluente. Ao se avaliar a fotocatálise como pré-tratamento do reator de lodo ativado, em uma hora de irradiação, houve pouca diminuição na intensidade de cor do efluente (60%) e a ecotoxicidade continuou alta. No entanto, ao se aumentar o tempo para 5 horas e 30 minutos houve um descoramento de quase 90%, somente com a fotocatálise. A cinética de descoramento, para o reator utilizado como pós-tratamento se ajustou a um modelo de primeira ordem com uma constante de velocidade (k) de (5,0 ± 0,57) × 10-2 min-1 e um R2 = 0,996. Quando o efluente bruto foi tratado primeiramente com a fotocatálise, a cinética de descoramento foi de ordem zero, com um R2 = 0,992, e uma constante de velocidade (k) de (2,60 ± 0,24) × 10-2 u.a. min-1. Conclui-se que o tratamento oxidativo avançado é uma ferramenta útil no descoramento do efluente estudado, tanto para pré ou pós-tratamento do reator biológico de lodo ativado. Porém, a melhor seqüência de reatores foi a que utilizou a fotocatálise como pós-tratamento, trabalhando com as condições, temperatura 25°C, pH 7 e concentração de dióxido de titânio de 2,0 g L-1, tendo havido uma redução de 93% da cor. Quando o reator fotocatalítico foi usado como pré-tratamento, nas condições pH 5,7, temperatura 25°C e concentração de titânio de 0,42 g L-1 TiO2, houve um descoramento de 60%. / Generally, wastewaters can be easily treated by biological reactors with a good efficiency regarding organic matter removal. However, the process can be impaired in the presence of compounds that are toxic or have low biodegradability. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) may be a choice to oxidize these compounds and minimize their toxicity and/or increase biodegradability. AOPs are based in the \"in situ\" generation of strong oxidants that reacts with the organic matter. The most important oxidant agent generated by AOPs is the hydroxyl radical (•OH), as they have a high oxidation potential. The aim of this work is to study, in laboratory scale, the decolorization achieved by the combination of an activated sludge reactor with heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV), in the treatment of a wood\'s industry wastewater, optimizing catalyst concentration, temperature, and pH, also observing the treatment sequence, that is, photocatalysis prior or after the activated sludge reactor. The wastewater and the sludge were collected at Faber-Castell, São Carlos. The Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of the activated sludge reactor was 3 hours, with an interruption in the aeration of 30 minutes (same time used in the industry). Photocatalysis was carried out in a jacketed reactor with the irradiation of a medium pressure mercury lamp (250 W), away 20 cm from the wastewater surface (effective volume of 100 mL), magnetic stirred at 45 rpm. The biological reactor removed almost all COD of the effluent (85-90%), although color was not removed. When photocatalysis was used after the activated sludge reactor, color removal reached 93% in one hour of irradiation, as well as the complete detoxification of the wastewater. When photocatalysis as used as a pre-treatment, there was a color removal of 60% the ecotoxicity did not change. However, color removal increased to 90% with an irradiation time of 5 hours and 30 minutes. The photocatalytic decolorization kinetics (post-treatment) followed a first order model, with a constant (k) of (5.0 ± 0.57) × 10-2 min-1 and a R2 of 0.996. When the effluent was first treated with photocatalysis, the kinetics showed a zero order behavior, with a R2 = 0,992 and a of (2.60 ± 0.24) × 10-2 u.a. min-1. Photocatalysis is a good choice for removing the color of this effluent, regardless of the sequence tested. However, the best choice is to use photocatalysis prior to the biological treatement, as a 93% color removal was achieved, working with pH 7.0, 25°C and 2 g L-1 TiO2. Only 60% of color removal was observed when the wastewater was photocatalytic pretreated, with pH 5.7, 25°C, and 0.42 g L-1 TiO2.
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Pós-tratamento de efluente de reator UASB em sistema de lodos ativados visando a remoção biológica do nitrogênio associada à remoção físico-química do fósforo. / Association of biological removal of nitrogen and physical-chemical of phosphorus by means of activated sludge post-treatment of UASB reactor effluent.

Gaspar, Patricia Martins Ferreira 11 September 2003 (has links)
No presente trabalho foi operada uma unidade piloto de lodos ativados para o tratamento de esgoto doméstico, pré-tratado anaerobicamente em reator UASB, visando a remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo. O sistema piloto era constituído de reator anóxico, reator aeróbio e decantador. Os experimentos foram conduzidos mantendo a vazão afluente e de retorno de lodo em 50 L/h e a idade do lodo de aproximadamente 10 dias em todas as etapas. Para avaliar a remoção de fósforo foram realizados 4 experimentos com as seguintes condições operacionais: ETAPA 1) sem adição de cloreto férrico nem de polímero; ETAPA 2) adição de 80 mg/L de cloreto férrico e sem adição de polímero; ETAPA 3) adição de 80 mg/L de cloreto férrico e 1 mg/L de polímero catiônico de médio peso molecular; e ETAPA 4) adição de 150 mg/L de cloreto férrico e sem adição de polímero. Foi possível obter as seguintes conclusões: A) O sistema de lodos ativados, como pós-tratamento de efluentes de reatores anaeróbios não é eficiente na remoção de nitrogênio devido a pouca disponibilidade de matéria orgânica para os organismos que realizam a desnitrificação; B) Em se tratando da remoção de amônia, o sistema de lodos ativados se mostrou eficaz, foram alcançadas eficiências médias de remoção sempre acima de 95%; C) O uso de cloreto férrico para a remoção físico-química de fósforo mostrou-se eficaz somente para elevadas relações Fe/Ptot do afluente. As relações Fe/Ptot do afluente variaram de: 1,8 a 2,8 na ETAPA 2; 1,7 a 3,0 na ETAPA 3; e 4,9 a 7,1 na ETAPA 4. Com relações Fe/Ptot de 1,5 a 2,1:1 e 2,3 a 2,8:1 esperava-se alcançar remoções de fósforo da ordem de 85% e 95% respectivamente, o que não ocorreu. As eficiências de remoção de fósforo total variaram de: 53 a 74% na ETAPA 2; 65 a 73% na ETAPA 3; e 87 a 99% na ETAPA 4. Tal fato é explicado pelo sistema de mistura do reator aeróbio não ter sido capaz de promover o contato eficaz do coagulante com o fósforo. D) A aplicação de cloreto férrico reduziu a relação SSVTA/SSTA devido a formação de “lodo químico". As relações de SSVTA/SSTA variaram de: 0,62 a 0,75 na ETAPA 1; 0,45 a 0,70 na ETAPA 2; 0,48 a 0,61 na ETAPA 3; e 0,53 a 0,54 na ETAPA 4; e E) O sistema se mostrou eficiente na remoção de matéria orgânica. As eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica, em termos de DQO total, variaram de 59 a 88% na ETAPA 1; 64 a 97% na ETAPA 2; 47 a 91% na ETAPA 3; e 62 a 79% na ETAPA 4. As eficiências médias de remoção de matéria orgânica considerando a DQO filtrada do efluente (desprezando assim o problema com a perda de sólidos) variaram de 74 a 86% na ETAPA 1; 78 a 97% na ETAPA 2; 82 a 96% na ETAPA 3; e 86 a 98% na ETAPA 4. / In this research work a pilot-scale, activated sludge plant was operated to treat the treated effluent of an anaerobic treatment system, in order to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. The pilot unit was composed of anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and secondary settler. The experiments were carried out while keeping both the affluent and return sludge flow rates at 50 L/hr and the sludge age at about 10 days during all experimental phases. In order to assess phosphorus removal, four experiments or experimental phases were conducted under certain operational conditions: PHASE 1) without ferric chloride and without polymer addition; PHASE 2) ferric chloride addition (80 mg/L) and no polymer addition; PHASE 3) ferric chloride addition (80 mg/L) and polymer addition (1 mg/L of cationic, medium-sized molecular weight polymer); and PHASE 4) ferric chloride addition (150 mg/L) and no polymer addition. The following conclusions were obtained: A) The activated sludge system utilized to treat effluents from anaerobic reactors is not efficient to remove nitrogen, due to the lack of adequate concentrations of organic matter to the denitrifying microorganisms, B) Regarding ammonia removal the activated sludge system was effective, reaching average removal efficiencies always above 95 %, C) The utilization of ferric chloride for the physico-chemical removal of phosphorus presented good efficiencies for high Fe/Ptot ratios of the affluent to the treatment system. The Fe/Ptot ratios of the affluent to the treatment system varied from: 1,8 to 2,8 in phase 2; 1,7 to 3,0 in phase 3; and 4,9 to 7,1 in phase 4 of experiments. With ratios in the ranges of 1,5 to 2,1:1 and 2,3 to 2,8:1 one expected to obtain phosphorus removal levels around 85 % and 95 % respectively. That did not happen. The phosphorus removal efficiencies varied from: 53 to 74% in phase 2; 65 to 73% in phase 3; and 87 to 99% in phase 4 of experiments. Such facts can be explained by the fact that mixing in the aerobic reactor was not capable of providing adequate contact between the coagulant and the phosphorus, D) The application of ferric chloride reduced the VSS/TSS ratio in the aeration tank due to the formation of “chemical sludge". The VSS/TSS ratios varied from: 0,62 to 0,75 in phase1; 0,45 to 0,70 in phase 2; 0,48 to 0,61 in phase 3; and 0,53 to 0,54 in phase 4 of experiments and E) The treatment system presented good efficiencies of organic matter removal. The removal efficiencies (in terms of total COD) varied from: 59 to 88% in phase 1; 64 to 97% in phase 2; 41 to 91% in phase 3; and 62 to 79% in phase 4 of experiments. The removal efficiencies of organic matter in terms of the filtered effluent COD (thus discarding the problem of loss of solids) varied from: 74 to 86% in phase 1; 78 to 97% in phase 2; 82 to 96% in phase 3; and 86 to 98% in phase 4.
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Biodegradação de cianeto em efluente siderúrgico utilizando lodo da estação de tratamento biológico e lodo liofilizado, em escala laboratorial e planta piloto / Biodegradation assessment of cyanide in steel plant wastewater using its own sludge from the treatment plant on the laboratory scale and pilot plant

Souza, Cláudio Márcio do Amaral 02 September 2014 (has links)
A indústria siderúrgica gera seus efluentes com altas concentrações de cianeto. O cianeto é uma substância altamente tóxica que deve ser degradada para ser eliminada do efluente, obedecendo a legislação vigente,Resolução CONAMA nº 430 de 13 de maio de 2011, que fixa os padrões para descarte de efluentes nos corpos receptores.O processo convencional de tratamento físico-químico usado para esta tipologia de efluente é a conversão de cianeto em complexo metálico. Entretanto, este processo é normalmente dispendioso e requer tratamento posterior dos subprodutos gerados, bem como da lama gerada contendo o complexo metálico de cianeto.Uma alternativa ao tratamento físico-químico é o uso da biodegradação por alguns gêneros de bactérias, incluindo Pseudomonas. A biodegradação de efluente siderúrgico contendo cianeto pelo processo de lodo ativado, utilizando microrganismos do tratamento biológico existente, torna-se uma alternativa para substituição parcial do tratamento físico-químico convencional. Logo, este trabalho teve por objetivo principal, avaliar a biodegradação de cianeto em um efluente siderúrgico, utilizando lodo ativado da estação de tratamento biológico e lodo liofilizado comercial. Foram realizados ensaios em escala laboratorial e em planta piloto. Em escala laboratorial, a redução da concentração de cianeto utilizando lodo da estação de tratamento biológico foi de 66% e com o lodo liofilizado comercial, a redução foi de 71%. Os resultados de degradação de cianeto na planta piloto, utilizando o lodo da estação de tratamento biológico e o lodo liofilizado, foram redução de 33% e 69%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que houve biodegradação de cianeto tanto em escala laboratorial quanto em planta piloto. A biodegradação de cianeto no efluente siderúrgico com concentrações reduzidas de amônia e fenol, sugere que os microrganismos utilizaram o cianeto como fonte de carbono e nitrogênio, aumentando dessa forma, a taxa de degradação. / The steel industry generates its effluents with high concentrations of cyanide. Cyanide is a highly toxic substance that must be degraded to be eliminated from the effluent complying with current legislation, CONAMA Resolution No. 430 of 13 May 2011 laying down the standards for discharge of effluents into bodies receptores. The conventional physicochemical treatment process used for this type of effluent is the conversion of cyanide into metal complex. However, this process is costly and usually requires further treatment of the byproducts generated, as well the generated sludge containing the metal complex of Cyanide. An alternative to physico-chemical treatment is the use of biodegradation for a few genres of bacteria including Pseudomonas. The biodegradation of steel plant effluent containing cyanide by the activated sludge process, using microorganisms of the existing biological treatment, becomes an alternative to partial replacement of conventional physico-chemical treatment. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the biodegradation of cyanide in a steel plant wastewater using activated sludge from biological treatment station and sludge lyophilized commercial. Tests on laboratory scale and pilot plant were performed. In laboratory scale, the concentration reducing of cyanide using sludge from biological treatment plant was 66% and the commercial lyophilized sludge the reduction was 71%. The results of degradation of cyanide in the pilot plant using biological treatment of mud and sludge lyophilized station were reduced by 33% and 69%, respectively. The results showed that there was biodegradation of cyanide in laboratory scale and pilot plant. The biodegradation of the steel plant cyanide effluent with reduced concentrations of ammonia and phenol, suggests that the microorganisms used the cyanide as source of carbon and nitrogen, thus increasing the rate of degradation.
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Análise comparativa entre o processo de lodo ativado e o reator de biofilme de leite móvel na remoção de nitrogênio de esgoto sanitário. / Comparative analysis between the activated sludge process and the moving bed biofilm reactor for nitrogen removal of municipal wastewater.

Fujii, Fábio Yugo 30 August 2011 (has links)
O processo de tratamento de esgoto por lodo ativado pode ser adaptado para o recebimento de maior carga orgânica ou para a remoção de nitrogênio por meio da introdução de suportes plásticos móveis, em um processo conhecido por IFAS Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge. O objetivo do projeto é avaliar comparativamente os desempenhos dos sistemas de lodo ativado e IFAS na remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio de esgoto doméstico, associados à variação da idade do lodo com referência na biomassa suspensa. O efeito da adição de suportes plásticos móveis em sistemas existentes de lodo ativado é avaliado como forma de subsidiar análises de viabilidade de emprego dessa solução para a ampliação e adaptação de estações de tratamento de esgotos domésticos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em escala piloto, mantendo dois sistemas em funcionamento em paralelo, um representando um sistema de lodo ativado com remoção de nitrogênio e outro idêntico, exceto para a introdução dos suportes plásticos móveis. Desta forma, foi possível atribuir a diferença nos resultados à presença de biomassa aderida. Foram utilizados elementos suporte com área superficial específica de 300 m²/m³ e fração de enchimento de 50%. Ambos os sistemas foram mantidos em operação estável e eficiente, considerando a remoção de matéria orgânica. No entanto, o sistema IFAS teve melhor desempenho na remoção de nitrogênio em todas as fases experimentais, confirmando as vantagens antecipadas. Os resultados foram verificados em termos de taxas de aplicação previstas para cada porção de biomassa, de acordo com as idades do lodo estudadas. / The activated sludge wastewater treatment process can be retrofitted to either receive larger organic loads or for nitrogen removal by introducing plastic media carriers, in a process known as IFAS Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge. The project aims to comparatively assess the performances of activated sludge and IFAS systems in removing organic matter and nitrogen from domestic sewage, associated to the variation of the sludge age with reference to the suspended biomass. The effect of adding plastic media carriers on existing activated sludge systems is evaluated as a subsidy for prefeasibility analysis of using this solution for the upgrading and retrofitting of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The study was developed on a pilot scale, operating two systems in parallel, representing an activated sludge system with nitrogen removal and another identical system except for the introduction of plastic media carriers. Thus, it was possible to assign the difference in results to the presence of attached biomass. Carriers were used with 300 m²/m³ specific surface area and 50% filling fraction. Both systems were kept under stable and efficient operation considering the removal of organic matter. However, the IFAS system had better performance at removing nitrogen in all experimental phases, confirming the anticipated advantages. The results were verified in terms of application rates expected for each portion of biomass in accordance with the sludge ages studied.

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