Phenotypic plasticity is defined as an organism’s ability to express differentphenotypes depending on the environment. Predation is one of the key forces inecology and can indirectly cause a change of the phenotype in fish populations.Pigmentation change in order to match the background is one type of camouflage usedin fish and other organisms. Moreover, pigmentation might depend on environmentalconditions such as turbidity and water colour that affect the light spectrum and thusthe visibility in the water. The phenotypic variation in body pigmentation of perch(Perca fluviatilis L.) has rarely been studied to this date. In this study, I examined ifbody pigmentation of perch varied between different environments and betweenstructurally different habitats (littoral/pelagic). I tested long-term (phenotypicplasticity) and short-term (physiological-behavioural) changes in pigmentation byusing long-term pre-treatments and short-term aquarium experiments. Differences instructurally-diverse habitats were investigated in an extensive field study.Furthermore, experimental results were compared to data from the field. The resultsshow that pigmentation is determined by environmental factors, such as water colouror turbidity, and by structural complexity. Since fishes adapted their pigmentation totheir visual environment, pigmentation is likely used as predator avoidancemechanism in perch. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the environmentally-inducedpigmentation pattern determines the magnitude of short-term pigmentation in perch.

In this report, mainly three different problems are considered. The first problem considered is how to filter position data of vehicles. To do so the vehicles have to be tracked. This is done with Kalman filters. The second problem considered is how to control a camera to keep a vehicle in the center of the image, under three different conditions. This is mainly solved with a Kalman filter. The last problem considered is how to use the color of the vehicles to make classification of them more robust. Some suggestions on how this might be done are given. However, no really good method to do this has been found. / Den här rapporten behandlar huvudsakligen tre olika problem. Det första problemet är hur man ska filtrera fordons positions data. För att göra detta måste fordonen följas. Detta är gjort med ett Kalmanfilter. Det andra problemet var att styra en kamera så att ett givet fordon ligger mitt i bild, tre olika förhallånde har betraktats. Detta löstes huvudsakligen med ett Kalmanfilter. Det sista problemet var hur man ska använda fordonens färg så att man får säkrare klassificering av dem. Några förslag på hur detta kan göras ges, men ingen riktigt bra metod har hittats.

Synaesthesia is a fascinating condition in which ordinary stimuli elicit extraordinary sensory experiences. For example, specific tastes may elicit unusual tactile sensations and standard black letters may elicit highly specific colour experiences. These unusual experiences have been shown to have substantial impact on cognition, emotion, perception, and covert attention. Two experiments are presented which show that synaesthesia also influences overt visual attention. In these experiments two grapheme-colour synaesthetes viewed coloured letters while their eye movements were tracked. Letters were presented in colours that were either congruent or incongruent with the synaesthetes' colours. Eye tracking analysis showed that synaesthetes exhibited a colour congruity bias – a propensity to fixate congruently coloured letters more often and for longer durations than incongruently coloured letters – in a naturalistic free viewing task. In a more structured visual search task, this congruity bias caused synaesthetes to rapidly fixate and identify congruently coloured target letters, but led to problems in identifying incongruently coloured target letters. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for perception in synaesthesia.

Medication errors are one of the most common causes of patient injuries in healthcare systems. Poor labelling has been identified as a contributing factor of medication errors, particularly for those involving injectable drugs. Colour coding and colour differentiation are two major techniques being used on labels to aid drug identification. However, neither approach has been scientifically proven to minimize the occurrence of or harm from medication errors. This thesis investigates potential effects of different approaches for using colour on standardized labels on the task of identifying a specific drug from a storage area via a controlled experiment involving human users. Three different ways of using colour were compared: labels where only black, white and grey are used; labels where a unique colour scheme adopted from an existing manufacturer’s label is applied to each drug; colour coded labels based on the product’s strength level within the product line. The results show that people might be vulnerable to confusion from drugs that have look-alike labels and also have look-alike, sound-alike drug names. In particular, when each drug label had a fairly unique colour scheme, participants were more prone to misperceive the look-alike, sound-alike drug name as the correct drug name than when no colour was used or when colour was used on the labels with no apparent one-to-one association between the label colour and the drug identity. This result could suggest a perceptual bias to perceive stimuli as the expected stimuli especially when the task involved is familiar and the stimuli look similar to the expected stimuli. Moreover, the results suggest a potential problem that may arise from standardizing existing labels if careful consideration is not given to the effects of reduced visual variations among the labels of different products on how the colours of the labels are perceived and used for drug identification. The thesis concludes with recommendations for improving the existing standard for labelling of injectable drug containers and for avoiding medication errors due to labelling and packaging in general.

Vor dem Hintergrund des heutigen Verständnisses der biologischen Psychologie zur Entstehung von Farbempfindung als selbstregulierende Energiewandlung und -wirkung wird der Beitrag gewürdigt, den Wilhelm Ostwald vor über 100 Jahren mit seiner ‚biologischen Energetik’ einbrachte. Energetische Intentionen und Interpretationen bestimmten auch dessen ,Psychologische Farbenlehre’ als das erklärte Kernstück einer modernen Farbenlehre. Obwohl im Sinne einer kritischen Rezeption auch Grenzen jener Farbenlehre aufgezeigt werden, offenbart sich aber Ostwalds energetische Konzeption durchaus als visionäre Vorleistung, die sich in vielen Aspekten mit heutigen einschlägigen Wissensbeständen deckt. Aus der Perspektive enger Beziehungen zwischen Wissenschaft und Kunst wird zudem auf befruchtende Wechselwirkungen, insbesondere die Ausstrahlung der Ostwald’schen ‚Energetik’ auf die visuellen Künste im 20. Jahrhundert hingewiesen. / With today's understanding of colour perception as a self-regulating process of energy transformation and effects, biological psychology honours the contribution made by Wilhelm Ostwald over 100 years ago with his concept of ’biological energetics’. Energy considerations and interpretations determined also his ’psychological theory of colour’, the declared core of modern colour science. Even if critical reception has revealed also the limitations of this colour theory, Ostwald's energetic concept can certainly be seen as a pioneering vision, retaining its validity in many aspects in today's scientific knowledge base. In the context of close relationships between science and art, furthermore, attention must be drawn to fertile interactions, in particular in the influences of Ostwald’s ’energetics’ on the visual arts in the 20th century.

<p>The influence of particle shape of coating pigments on theirpacking ability and on the flow properties of coating colourshas been investigated. The particle shapes considered werespherical, flaky and acicular (needle-shaped). In the case ofsuspensions containing monodisperse spherical polystyreneparticles, a concentration gradient appeared in the filter cakeforming during filtration under static conditions. Such agradient, monitoredby non-destructive magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI), is not accounted for in the traditionalfiltration theory used in coating technology. Good agreementwas found between a literature model describing filtrationthrough a compressible filter cake and the concentrationgradients measured by MRI. According to this model, the scaledconcentration gradient was the same at all times.</p><p>For flaky (mainly kaolin) and acicular (aragonite)particles, a rapid method was evaluated to estimate a shapefactor of the pigment particle. Generalised mathematical modelsof oblate and prolate spheroids were applied to reduce thethree geometrical dimensions of the particle to two, the majoraxis and the minor axis. The shape factor, which is mass-based,was derived from a comparison between the results obtained bytwo different size-assessment instruments, viz. the Sedigraphand an instrument using light scattering. This yields a shapefactor distribution as a function of equivalent sphericalparticle size, but the results are uncertain for small particlediameters, below 0.2 µm. Good agreement was obtainedbetween the shape factor and a mass-based aspect ratio obtainedby image analysis, but the rapid method is generally moreaccurate for flaky than for acicular particles.</p><p>Results obtained by capillary viscometry showed that therewas a relationship between the viscosity at high shear rates(>10⁵s^-1) and the shape factor, but that it was notsufficient to use the median value of the shape factor toachieve proper information. A more complete evaluation requiresknowledge of the shape factor distribution, which is also givenin part by the method mentioned above. However, a large medianshape factor was related to a high high-shear viscosity.Non-Newtonian entrance pressure losses were sometimessignificant in capillary viscometry, indicating that it wasinappropriate to measure the shear viscosity with only onecapillary. Such effects were however relatively much morepronounced in slit die viscometry, especially in the case ofacicular particles, where the aspect ratio was a crucialparameter. The influence of the shape factor of kaolinparticles on the non-Newtonian entrance pressure losses over aslit die was surprisingly small. The high-shear viscosity ofcoating suspensions based on different pigments correlated withthe median pore size of the corresponding coating layer ratherthan with the porosity.</p><p><b>Keywords</b>: Aspect ratio, capillary viscometry, coatingcolour, filtration, particle packing, pigment, pore structure,rheology, shape factor, slit die viscometry, spheroid.</p>

Master of Fine Arts thesis by Alexandra Thiesson

Machine learning methods are increasingly being used to solve real-world problems in the society. Often, the complexity of the methods are well hidden for users. However, integrating machine learning methods in real-world applications is not a straightforward process and requires knowledge both about the methods and domain knowledge of the problem. Two such domains are colour print quality assessment and anomaly detection in smart homes, which are currently driven by manual monitoring of complex situations. The goal of the presented work is to develop methods, algorithms and tools to facilitate monitoring and understanding of the complex situations which arise in colour print quality assessment and anomaly detection for smart homes. The proposed approach builds on the use and adaption of supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods. Novel algorithms for computing objective measures of print quality in production are proposed in this work. Objective measures are also modelled to study how paper and press parameters influence print quality. Moreover, a study on how print quality is perceived by humans is presented and experiments aiming to understand how subjective assessments of print quality relate to objective measurements are explained. The obtained results show that the objective measures reflect important aspects of print quality, these measures are also modelled with reasonable accuracy using paper and press parameters. The models of objective  measures are shown to reveal relationships consistent to known print quality phenomena. In the second part of this thesis the application area of anomaly detection in smart homes is explored. A method for modelling human behaviour patterns is proposed. The model is used in order to detect deviating behaviour patterns using contextual information from both time and space. The proposed behaviour pattern model is tested using simulated data and is shown to be suitable given four types of scenarios. The thesis shows that parts of offset lithographic printing, which traditionally is a human-centered process, can be automated by the introduction of image processing and machine learning methods. Moreover, it is concluded that in order to facilitate robust and accurate anomaly detection in smart homes, a holistic approach which makes use of several contextual aspects is required. / PPQ / SA3L

Šiame darbe nagrinėjama spalvų įvairovė, spalvų poveikis vaikams, jų požiūris į spalvas. Pirmame magistrinio darbo skyriuje nagrinėjama spalva, jos raidos elementai: spalvos istorija, spalvų teorijos, savybės, reikšmė, kaip kiekviena spalva veikia vaiką, kaip vaikai suvokia ir mato spalvas. Antrame magistrinio darbo skyriuje atskleidžiama spalvų reikšmė daugelyje sferų, nes spalvos egzistuoja visur – namuose, gamtoje, dailėje, reklamoje ar net medicinoje. Trečiajame magistrinio darbo skyriuje apibendrinami magistrinio darbo tyrimo rezultatai, kurie parodė, kad dauguma apklaustųjų mokinių galvoja, jog spalvos turi įtakos mokymosi kokybei, todėl mokyklos turėtų stengtis pagyvinti atitinkamomis spalvomis mokymosi aplinką, kas skatintų mokinių aktyvumą, darbingumą, motyvaciją mokytis, gerintų mokinių nuotaiką. Ši tema aktuali tuo, kad ji beveik nenagrinėta mokslinėje literatūroje, pasigendama sistemiškos, kompleksinės spalvų reikšmės vaikų ugdymui analizės. Spalvos nagrinėjamos bendrai apibūdinant jų poveikį žmogui, neatkreipiant ypatingesnio dėmesio į spalvų poveikį vaikams Tyrimo objektas: vaikų požiūris į spalvas, jų reikšmė. Šio darbo tikslas - atskleisti spalvų poveikį vaikų ugdyme. Darbo tyrimo uždaviniai: 4. Apžvelgti spalvų istoriją, teorijas, atskleisti spalvų savybes ir jų reikšmę vaikų ugdymui. 5. Išanalizuoti pasirinktas tam tikras sritis, kur spalvos turi ypatingą reikšmę. 6. Apibendrinti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master thesis investigates the variety of colours, the impact of colours for children and their attitude towards colours. Details of development of colours such a history of colours, theory of colours, features, and importance of colours for children, how each colour effects children, how children realize colour are examined in the first part of the master thesis. The effects of colours in different spheres are analyzed in second part of the master thesis, because colours exist everywhere – at home, in nature, in art, in advertisement or even in medicine. The results of research are summarized in the third part of master thesis, which showed, that majority of respondents declare that colours have the influence ion quality of the studies, so schools should secure the environment to be more colourful, which could induce the activity, working, motivation to study, improve the mood of students. The thesis is topical, because there is no systematic, complex analysis of the effect of colours for children and their education. The object of master thesis is children attitude to colours and its importance for children. The purpose of master thesis is to educe the effect of colours for children and their education. The tasks of master thesis are: 1. to review the history, theories of colours, reveal the features of colours and its effect for children education; 2. to analyze selected spheres, where the effect of... [to full text]

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