Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoSD_DISSERT_partes.pdf: 44411 bytes, checksum: 62fe7b929c3d90fda22ce22c688f7e52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-04 / Prescription errors are the most serious type of medication errors found in the health system. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of clonazepam prescriptions. A descriptive and observational study with retrospective data collection was conducted at 30 community pharmacies in Natal/RN, Brazil, after informed consent was obtained from the pharmacists. A sample of 313 prescription notifications was randomly collected in October 2009. They were analyzed for legible handwriting and completeness. During the study, one researcher, two pharmacists, and one pharmacy undergraduate student evaluated patient and purchaser identification, pharmaceutical form, dosing regimen, administration route, and prescription by generic name. This research was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee. Among the 313 collected notifications, only 44.1% were legible. A total of 55.91% (175/313) had at least one illegible item, 100% contained incomplete information, and 97.12% (304/313) contained one or more abbreviations. The proportion of illegible handwriting related to the patient s identification (p=0.0001) was statistically significantly greater than that related to the drug purchaser s identification (p=0.0004). Contrary to legal requirements, prescriptions with the generic name accounted for 13.42% (42/313) of the total. All the examined notifications were handwritten. Prescription errors, which potentially can have serious consequences, have been evaluated worldwide, although little is known about this subject as it relates to community pharmacies. This study showed high percentages of prescribing problems, which justifies the development of future research about medication errors in community pharmacies and education activities for prescribers / Os erros de prescri??o s?o os mais s?rios tipos de erros de medica??o encontrados no sistema de sa?de. Sendo assim, o principal objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das notifica??es de receita de clonazepam. Um estudo descritivo e observacional, com coleta retrospectiva de dados, foi conduzido em 30 farm?cias comunit?rias no munic?pio de Natal/RN, Brasil. Ap?s a obten??o do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido por parte dos farmac?uticos comunit?rios, uma amostra de 313 notifica??es de receita de clonazepam foi aleatoriamente coletada em Outubro de 2009. As notifica??es foram analisadas quanto ? legibilidade e completude de informa??es. Durante o estudo, uma comiss?o, constitu?da por um dos pesquisadores, dois farmac?uticos e um estudante de gradua??o em farm?cia, avaliou os seguintes par?metros: identifica??o do paciente e comprador do medicamento, forma farmac?utica, posologia, via de administra??o e prescri??o pela denomina??o gen?rica. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit? de ?tica em pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Dentre 313 notifica??es de receita de clonazepam coletadas, apenas 44,1% apresentaram-se leg?veis. Um total de 55,91% (175/313) demonstrou pelo menos um dado ileg?vel, 100% continham informa??es incompletas e 97,12% (304/313) possu?am uma ou mais abreviaturas. A propor??o de ilegibilidade relacionada ? caligrafia da identifica??o do paciente (p=0,0001) foi estatisticamente mais significante que a relacionada ? caligrafia da identifica??o do comprador do medicamento (p=0,0004). Contrariando dispositivos legais, a prescri??o pela denomina??o gen?rica ocorreu em apenas 13,42% (42/313) do total. Todas as notifica??es de receita examinadas estavam escritas ? m?o. Os erros de prescri??o, que potencialmente podem levar a s?rias consequ?ncias, t?m sido mundialmente estudados, embora pouco seja conhecido no ?mbito da farm?cia comunit?ria. Esse estudo mostrou elevados percentuais de problemas relacionados ? prescri??o, o que justifica o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras sobre erros de medica??o em farm?cias comunit?rias e de atividades de ensino para os prescritores

Suite à l’analyse des causes d’iatrogénie médicamenteuse en soins ambulatoires en France, la collaboration entre professionnels de santé en soins de premiers recours, soutenue par les technologies de l’information et de communication, apparait comme un enjeu de première importance pour la sécurisation de la prise en charge des patients. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’identifier les aspects de la pratique pharmaceutique officinale sur lesquels s’appuyer pour développer la collaboration entre médecins et pharmaciens d’officine en soins de premier recours et d’explorer les formes organisées d’exercice pharmaceutique collaboratif, dans le contexte du déploiement du Dossier Pharmaceutique (DP).Nous nous sommes tout d’abord intéressés au processus de développement de la collaboration entre médecins et pharmaciens d’officine. Une revue de la littérature a été conduite afin d’identifier les modèles spécifiques à cette collaboration. Aussi, 16 articles ont été inclus et ont permis d’identifier 4 modèles distincts. Leur analyse a mis en évidence que la collaboration repose sur un processus individuel sous-tendu par 2 catégories déterminants : (1) les attentes professionnelles vis-à-vis de l’autre – et par là même envers la collaboration - et l’intérêt personnel pour la pratique collaborative ; (2) la perception que le professionnel a de l’autre et l’évaluation de ses compétences.La collaboration reposant sur la reconnaissance des compétences du professionnel, la deuxième partie de ce travail a consisté à valoriser les rôles du pharmacien d’officine et du DP dans la sécurisation de la prise en charge médicamenteuse. L’étude DOPI-OFFI ainsi menée est une étude observationnelle, transversale et multicentrique portant sur les Interventions Pharmaceutiques (IP) réalisées en officine et l’apport du DP dans la sécurisation de la dispensation médicamenteuse. Un total de 243 pharmacies d’officine ont documenté 7231 IP. Le DP apparait comme un bon substitut lorsque le dossier local du patient est vierge ou incomplet et comme un outil efficace pour prévenir les divergences par rapport à l’historique médicamenteux. L’étude a également permis d’identifier le contexte associé à la formulation des IP en officine. Ainsi, il sera désormais possible de proposer des actions adéquates pour aider à l’amélioration des pratiques pharmaceutiques officinales. Enfin, l’étude a mis en évidence la communication soutenue entre pharmaciens et médecins généralistes quant aux problèmes liés aux thérapeutiques.La dynamique de collaboration repose également sur les attentes spécifiques de chaque professionnel de santé. L’objectif de la troisième partie de ce travail était de déterminer des préférences de la population générale, des médecins et des pharmaciens d’officine quant à l’offre de services pharmaceutiques et leur organisation. Pour se faire, nous avons développé un outil d’analyse de type Best-Worst Scaling. Nous avons identifié les caractéristiques clefs des services pharmaceutiques à tester à partir de 6 entretiens de recherche en groupe conduits auprès de patients, des médecins généralistes et des pharmaciens d’officine. Trois questionnaires de 20 attributs chacun ont ensuite été développés.Le développement des missions du pharmacien d’officine doit s’appuyer sur la pratique actuelle mais également sur des services pharmaceutiques ayant fait la preuve de leur efficacité et sur la légitimité du pharmacien à les proposer. Les résultats du BWS compléteront les résultats déjà établis par ce travail. / With the analysis of the causes of drug-induced diseases in the French primary care, the collaboration between healthcare professionals, supported by information and communication technology, appears to be a major challenge to secure the patient’s care. The objective of this thesis was to identify the aspects of pharmacy practice on which to develop the physician – community pharmacist collaboration and to explore the organized forms of collaborative pharmacy practice in the context of the deployment of the Pharmaceutical Record (DP).First, we explored the process of the physician – community pharmacist collaboration. A literature review was conducted to identify the specific models of collaboration. A total of 16 articles were included and four different models were identified. Their analysis showed that collaboration is based on an individual process underpinned by two categories of drivers: (1) towards the other professional and the personal interest for collaborative practice; (2) the perception of the other professional and the evaluation of his skills.As the collaboration is based on the recognition of professional skills, the second part of this work was to analyze the pharmacists’ role and the impact of the DP in the safety of the dispensing. The DOPI-OFFI study is an observational, cross-sectional and multicenter study on pharmacists’ interventions (PIs) performed in the primary care and on the evaluation of the DP in the dispensing process. A total of 243 community pharmacies have documented 7231 PIs. The DP appears to be a valuable complement when the patient's local pharmacy record is blank or incomplete and as an effective tool to prevent discrepancies with the medication history. The study also identified the context associated with the PIs. Thus appropriate actions would be proposed to enhance the quality of pharmacy practices. Finally, the study demonstrated the sustained communication between general practitioners and community pharmacists about the drug-related problems.The collaborative dynamics is also based on the specific healthcare professionals’ and patients’ needs. The objective of the third part of this work was to determine the preferences of the general population, the physicians and the community pharmacists on pharmacy services and their organization. We developed a Best-Worst Scaling experiment. We identified the key characteristics of pharmacy services from 6 focus groups that were conducted with patients, general practitioners and community pharmacists. Three questionnaires, each consisting of 20 attributes, were developed.The development of the community pharmacists’ role must be based on the current practice, on pharmacy services that have demonstrated their effectiveness and on the legitimacy of the pharmacist to propose them. The results of the BWS will complement the results that were already established by this work.

Objective: To establishing, implement and consolidate clinical pharmacy services in units of Farmácia Popular do Brasil program in state of Sergipe. Methods: Initially, systematic review was performed in the databases PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE using the key words "community pharmacy services", "quality assurance health care", "outcome assessment". A longitudinal study of three units of the Farmácia Popular do Brasil in the state of Sergipe on the establishment was carried out (2012), implementation (2013) and consolidation of clinical pharmacy services (2014). The structure of pharmacies was evaluated for physical structure, through the RDC 44/2009, and human resources, the technique of simulated patient. Then three focus groups were conducted (2012, 2013 and 2014) for the perceptions of pharmacists. Finally, we used the coaching technique for establishment, implementation and consolidation of services: dispensing, measurement of blood pressure and blood capillary glucose, medication review and medication therapy management. Results: In the systematic review 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. It was observed that the most valued results were glycosylated hemoglobin (clinical), quality of life (humanistic) and analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the service relationship (economic). In assessing the structure, interventions enabled improvements on all items that were considered non-compliant. However, the overall impression of the pharmaceutical skills for clinical services was considered regular (3) on a scale from 1 to 5. Regarding the focus groups, pharmacists reported expectations in technical support to develop skills, gain knowledge and have a constant monitoring of the researchers, also identified 13 types of barriers. Finally, was designed 520 hours of coaching in place to implement flows and processes, development of standard operating procedures and preparation of strategic plans. In the education training, pharmacists underwent 176 hours of theoretical and practical training and employees to 24h. After the coaching interventions the numbers of services were expanded: there was 767 dispensations in 2012, 1444 in 2013 and 2537 in 2014; 714 measurements of blood pressure and blood capillary glucose in 2012, 2375 in 2013 and 5039 to 2014; 49 consultations of medication review in 2012, 87 in 2013 and 355 in 2014; 15 consultations of medication therapy management in 2012, 33 in 2013 and 271 in 2014. Conclusion: From the good situational diagnosis, the coaching can be considered a technique that assists in establishment, implementation and consolidation of clinical pharmacy services. Combined with a professional training, it allows the individual follow-up in steps as: definition of services and processes, selection of indicators for the assessment and development of strategic plans. In this perspective, this results may support the construction of a differentiated and replicable model of clinical services in community pharmacies. / Objetivo: Implantar, implementar e consolidar serviços clínicos farmacêuticos em unidades do programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil do Estado de Sergipe. Métodos: Inicialmente, foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE utilizando os descritores community pharmacy services , quality assurance health care , outcome assessment . Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal em três unidades da Farmácia Popular do Brasil do estado de Sergipe sobre a implantação (2012), implementação (2013) e consolidação dos serviços clínicos farmacêuticos (2014). Foi avaliada a estrutura das farmácias quanto à estrutura física, por meio da RDC 44/2009, e aos recursos humanos, pela técnica do paciente simulado. Em seguida, foram realizados três grupos focais (2012, 2013 e 2014) para obter as percepções dos farmacêuticos. Por fim, foi utilizada a técnica de coaching para a implantação, implementação e consolidação dos serviços de: dispensação, aferição da pressão arterial e glicemia capilar, revisão da farmacoterapia e seguimento da farmacoterapia. Resultados: Na revisão sistemática 42 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Observou-se que os resultados mais avaliados foram hemoglobina glicosilada (clínico), qualidade de vida (humanístico) e análise da relação custo-eficácia do serviço (econômico). Na avaliação da estrutura, as intervenções possibilitaram melhorias em todos os itens que foram considerados inconformes. No entanto, a impressão geral sobre as competências farmacêuticas para serviços clínicos foi considerada regular (3) numa escala de 1 a 5. Com relação aos grupos focais, os farmacêuticos relataram expectativas quanto ter suporte técnico para desenvolver habilidades, adquirir conhecimentos e ter um acompanhamento constante dos pesquisadores, além disso, identificaram 13 tipos de barreiras. Por fim, foram destinadas 520 horas de coaching in loco para implantação de fluxos e processos, elaboração de procedimentos operacionais padrão e elaboração de planos estratégicos situacionais. Na etapa de treinamento, os farmacêuticos foram submetidos a 176h de treinamento teórico-prático e os colaboradores a 24h. Após as intervenções do coaching os números dos serviços foram ampliados: obteve-se 767 atendimentos de dispensação em 2012, 1444 em 2013 e 2537 em 2014; 714 aferições da pressão arterial e glicemia capilar em 2012, 2375 em 2013 e 5039 em 2014; 49 consultas da revisão da farmacoterapia em 2012, 87 em 2013 e 355 em 2014; 15 consultas de seguimento da farmacoterapia em 2012, 33 em 2013 e 271 em 2014. Conclusão:. A partir de um bom diagnóstico situacional o coaching pode ser considerado uma técnica que auxilia nas etapas de implantação, implementação e consolidação de serviços clínicos farmacêuticos. Aliado a um treinanamento profissional, ele permite o acompanhamento individualizado em etapas como: definição dos serviços e processos, seleção de indicadores para a avaliação e elaboração de planos estratégicos situacionais. Nesta perspectiva, os resultados observados poderão embasar a construção de um modelo diferenciado e replicável de serviços clínicos farmacêuticos em farmácias comunitárias.

This thesis provides a historical account of the emergence of the pharmacy education system in South Africa, and an analysis of the influence of competing interest groups over the pharmacy education curriculum. It provides a critical evaluation of structural-consensus and micro-interpretive approaches to medical and pharmacy education, and sets out a macrointerpretive account of pharmacy education in South Africa. Following Margaret Archer (1979) it analyzes three forms of negotiation between competing interest groups in their efforts to change the pharmacy curriculum; these are political manipulation, external transaction and internal initiation. The thesis argues that whilst the private sector interest group (comprising of retail, wholesale and manufacturing pharmacy) dominated the pharmacy education system until 1994, since then a newly emerged government interest group has begun to compete for educational control. The priorities pursued by this interest group have consistently reflected the objectives set out in the ANC National Health Plan of 1994. The thesis maintains that given its frustration over the non-implementation of the ANC’s health policy objectives, the government interest group is likely to resort to direct political manipulation by passing legislation to alter the content of the current pharmacy curriculum. Such changes would seek to ensure that the syllabus more accurately reflects the ANC Plan’s community health and primary health care objectives. The thesis asserts that such an outcome (of direct political manipulation of the curriculum) is not inevitable, and can be avoided through a process of internally initiated change. It presents the findings of an interpretive case study into how the Rhodes University Community Experience Programme (CEP) influenced final year pharmacy students’ perceptions of the role of the pharmacist. The students’ comments were collected by means of focus group interviews, participant observation and documentary analysis. Whilst the CEP did not successfully transform their concept of the pharmacist’s role, it did succeed in influencing students’ understanding of the notions of community pharmacy and primary health care in line with the government interest group’s health objectives. This thesis concludes that internally initiated change within the pharmacy education system, would be preferable to that imposed through external political manipulation, as such change would be more likely to preserve the independent professional interests of pharmacy academics.

Les pharmaciens communautaires ont accès en tout temps aux informations concernant les renouvellements d’ordonnance et ont une interaction fréquente avec les patients. Ils sont donc les professionnels de la santé les mieux placés pour intervenir auprès des patients non adhérents à leurs médicaments. Il serait donc pertinent de développer un outil électronique d’aide à la prise en charge des patients non adhérents aux médicaments à usage chronique (e-AdPharm) adapté aux besoins des pharmaciens. Pour ce faire, ce projet a été mené selon un devis mixte. Dans un premier temps, un sondage a été acheminé aux pharmaciens communautaires du Québec afin d’obtenir un portrait global de leur pratique concernant la mesure de l’adhésion et des interventions réalisées auprès des patients pour optimiser l’adhésion. Les résultats du sondage nous indiquent que la méthode la plus utilisée pour identifier les patients non adhérents est le nombre de jours de retard entre les renouvellements, alors que les principales barrières rencontrées pour mesurer l’adhésion sont le manque de temps et le manque d’information sur les ordonnances. La principale intervention réalisée auprès des patients non adhérents est le conseil verbal et les principales barrières pour intervenir sont la réaction négative du patient et le manque de temps. Dans un deuxième temps, quatre groupes de discussion ont été organisés afin de questionner les pharmaciens communautaires sur le développement d’un prototype d’outil électronique pour la prise en charge de l’adhésion. Les pharmaciens souhaitent que l’adhésion soit mesurée sous forme de pourcentage et présentée dans un tableau utilisant un code de couleurs déterminé selon le niveau d’adhésion. Ils ont aussi manifesté un grand intérêt pour l’ajout d’une section permettant le suivi de l’adhésion, incluant un horizon temporel des interventions réalisées et à faire et les causes de la non-adhésion. / Community pharmacists have direct access at all times to prescription refills information and have regular interactions with their patients. Therefore, they are in a unique position to promote optimal medication use. It would therefore be relevant to develop an electronic tool adapted to pharmacists’ needs (e-AdPharm) to provide medication adherence support to patients treated for chronic diseases. This project was conducted according to a mixed study design. First, an invitation to complete a web-based survey was published online through different platforms to describe how community pharmacists in Quebec identify non-adherent patients, monitor medication use, and promote optimal medication adherence. The survey results show that the most common method to identify non-adherent patients was to check gaps between prescription refills whereas the most common barriers to identifying non-adherent patients were lack of time and lack of prescriptions and refills information. The most common intervention to promote adherence was patients’ counselling whereas the most common barriers to intervene were anticipation of a negative reaction from patients and lack of time. Second, four focus groups were organized to design a prototype of an electronic tool adapted to community pharmacists’ needs to provide medication adherence support to patients. Pharmacists wanted a table displaying medication adherence measures for chronic conditions with a color code representing adherence level. They also stressed the importance to have a structured section enabling them to continuously document the interventions made, needs for patients’ follow-ups and non-adherence causes.

<p>  </p> <p>Although community pharmacists have further reduced medication errors and improved care with access to patient data through unidirectional health information exchange (HIE), access to routine patient data has not been sustained. Several barriers to sustaining use and access of HIE in community pharmacies have been noted, such as lack of implementation supports and technological restrictions. Further, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians have not been involved in the development of HIE systems for their use previously. My research aims to optimize HIE access for community pharmacists through our co-developed HIE interface prototype specifically for use by community pharmacy teams in collaboration with PioneerRx, a pharmacy dispensing software system and our state HIE, the Indiana Health Information Exchange (IHIE), and provide supports for the sustainability of community pharmacist access to HIE.</p> <p>Therefore, the objectives of my research are to 1) conduct a formative usability evaluation of the HIE interface prototype with community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to inform strategies to improve the HIE interface design for future implementation in community pharmacies (“<em>Study One”</em>) and 2) identify the potential barriers, facilitators, and recommendations for HIE implementation in community pharmacies through semi-structured interviews to create a curated list of resources to address identified implementation needs to assist with the future implementation of HIE (“<em>Study Two”</em>).</p> <p>The findings from Study One demonstrate the HIE interface prototype was viewed favorably by pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, with the average System Usability Scale (SUS) score 69 (scale 0 – 100, where 100 is the best). Pharmacists reported higher satisfaction than technicians on average (74 vs. 65, respectively). Key problems identified included accessibility of HIE links and placement in the existing workflow and application label name clarifications. The same eight pharmacists and eight pharmacy technicians, with the addition of seven patients, completed interviews in Study Two. Five barriers, four facilitators, and two recommendations were identified. These were further characterized into four key implementation needs: instruction on how to use HIE, guidance on workflow and team roles, and provider and patient facing resources for discussing HIE. Curated draft implementation resource items that are responsive to all four key implementation needs are in development. The combination of findings from Study One and Study Two create the blueprint for pharmacy-team informed implementation of HIE in community pharmacies.</p>

Dans les dernières décennies, les taux de vaccination dans les différentes provinces canadiennes n’atteignent pas les objectifs fixés et stagnent. La pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en lumière la nécessité d’impliquer de nouveaux partenaires tels que les pharmaciens communautaires et de mieux rejoindre les « populations vulnérables ». Les pharmaciens québécois ont récemment acquis le droit de prescrire et d’injecter les différents vaccins du Programme québécois d’immunisation. La vaccination s’ajoute aux diverses responsabilités du pharmacien et les facilitateurs et les barrières qui influencent les pratiques vaccinales sont méconnus. L’objectif général de ce mémoire est de comprendre comment les pharmaciens communautaires québécois conçoivent et ciblent les « populations vulnérables » à travers leurs activités de vaccination. Nous avons d’abord réalisé une revue de littérature basée sur la méthodologie d’une étude de portée afin de décrire les populations visées par les diverses stratégies promotionnelles en pharmacie communautaire. Cette revue nous a permis de constater l’utilisation prédominante de critères biomédicaux et liés à l’âge pour cibler les clientèles vulnérables ainsi que la sous-utilisation de critères de vulnérabilité liés aux déterminants sociaux de la maladie. Par la suite, nous avons réalisé une série d’entretiens semi-structurés (n=14) auprès d’acteurs clé en vaccination afin de comprendre comment les pharmaciens collaborent avec le réseau public de la santé pour vacciner les « populations vulnérables ». Malgré un grand intérêt pour la vaccination, plusieurs obstacles au niveau de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, de la formation et de la connaissance des couvertures vaccinales locales ont été recensés. La pandémie de COVID-19 a accéléré l’émergence de collaborations entre le pharmacien et la santé publique. Toutefois, une meilleure intégration des pharmaciens dans les comités décisionnels et la clarification de leur rôle permettrait un meilleur alignement des pratiques en pharmacie avec les objectifs vaccinaux de la santé publique. / In recent decades, vaccination rates in the different Canadian provinces have not reached the established objectives and are stagnant. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to involve new partners such as community pharmacists and to better reach ‘‘vulnerable populations’’. Quebec pharmacists have recently acquired the right to prescribe and inject the vaccines of the Quebec Immunization Program (PQI), which brings a promising solution to increase vaccination coverage. Vaccination is added to the various responsibilities of the pharmacist and little is known about the facilitators and barriers that influence vaccination practices. The general objective of this thesis is to understand how Quebec community pharmacists view and target ‘‘vulnerable populations’’ through their vaccination activities. First, we conducted a scoping review that described the populations addressed in community pharmacy promotional strategies. This review showed a predominant use of biomedical and age-related criteria to target vulnerable clienteles as well as the under-use of vulnerability criteria related to the social determinants of the disease. We then conducted a series of qualitative interviews (n=14) to understand how pharmacists collaborate with the public health network in the vaccination of ‘‘vulnerable populations’’. Despite great interest in vaccination, several irritants in regard to the supply chain, training and knowledge of local vaccination coverage have been identified. The COVID-19 pandemic has thus accelerated the emergence of collaborations between pharmacists and public health. However, better integration of pharmacists in decision-making committees and clarification of their role would allow a better alignment of pharmacy practices with public health vaccination objectives.

Aim/Objectives: There were two aims; improving type II diabetes glycaemic control; and enhancing the role of community pharmacists by engaging them in type II diabetes medicine management. Methods: This quantitative study collected data from both community pharmacists and patients. In a premises survey, 426 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to community pharmacies. In a knowledge survey, 125 questionnaires were distributed to community pharmacists. In a clinical trial, 40 community pharmacies were randomly assigned to be control (18) and intervention (22) premises. Each pharmacy recruited 4 or 5 patients with type II diabetes. 225 patients were recruited and assigned to receive usual pharmacist care (n=100) or a pre-defined pharmacist intervention (n=125). Results: Community pharmacists had good knowledge of diabetes with average scores 21/29 (±3.18). The differences between control and intervention groups in patients' HbA1c and FPG changes were not significant. In the intervention group patients' diabetes knowledge was significantly improved (p=0.031). In the intervention group HbA1c and FPG improved significantly and in the control group FPG improved significantly and HbA1c did not. Patients' self-reported self-management activities improved significantly around blood glucose measurements (p<0.001) and physical exercising (p=0.001). Attitudes around the value of tight control of diabetes improved (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings suggest that community pharmacists in Libya may have the ability to improve type II diabetes care. The primary outcomes were not improved in intervention versus control. The before/after analysis showed significant improvement in primary outcomes in the intervention group and also in one of the primary outcomes in the control group. Patients' self-reported self-care activities and attitudes improved significantly in the intervention group.

Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen har varit att, inom området läkemedelsinformatik, studera utvecklingen av elektroniska stöd inom läkemedelsförskrivning; för klinisk praxis, uppföljning och forskning. Under århundraden har det handskrivna receptet varit det sätt, med vilket läkare förmedlat sina läkemedelsordinationer till apotekare, vilket också för patienten blivit en informationskälla för hur läkemedel ska användas för att göra bästa nytta. Nu genomgår receptet en förändring från pappersbaserat till elektroniskt meddelande och att anpassa en traditionell process till en ny elektronisk era innebär både möjligheter och utmaningar. Studierna som ingår i avhandlingen har visat att exponeringen av förskrivna läkemedel i en allmän befolkning har ökat under de senaste tre decennierna. Risken för potentiella interaktioner mellan läkemedel, varmed avses den risk som finns att olika läkemedel kan påverka varandras effekter och biverkningar, har också visat sig öka starkt desto fler läkemedel som används av en individ. Denna ökade samtidiga användning av flera olika läkemedel, så kallad polyfarmaci, medför att det finns en större anledning för förskrivare och farmacevter att uppmärksamma risken för potentiella interaktioner mellan läkemedel. De nyinrättade nationella receptregistren över uthämtad receptförskriven medicin bör användas bland annat för att upptäcka potentiella läkemedelsinteraktioner, såväl i vårdens utövning som inom läkemedelsepidemiologisk forskning. Den svenska läkemedelsförteckningen, som omfattar information om uthämtade receptförskrivna läkemedel för huvuddelen av den svenska befolkningen, bedöms ha en stor klinisk potential. Den enskilde individens historiska information om uthämtade läkemedel är tillgänglig för individen på Internet med hjälp av e-legitimation; även förskrivare och farmacevter på apotek kan ta del av informationen med den enskildes samtycke. Brist på tillgång till enhetliga och säkra autenticeringsmetoder inom hälso- och sjukvården kan dock fördröja tillgången på individuell läkemedelsinformation för förskrivare. I och med att de flesta recepten i Sverige nu skrivs och överförs elektroniskt är det viktigt att kvalitetsmässiga aspekter tas tillvara så att en iakttagen ökad risk för receptförskrivningsfel inte överförs i informationskedjan. Avhandlingens slutsats är att e-förskrivning, med kommunikation och användning av lagrad information om receptexpeditioner, möjliggör att läkemedelsbehandling som process kan följas och studeras på ett helt nytt / The thesis aimed to study the developments, in the area of pharmacoinformatics, of the electronic prescribing and dispensing processes of drugs - in medical praxis, follow-up, and research. For hundreds of years, the written prescription has been the method of choice for physicians to communicate decisions on drug therapy and for pharmacists to dispense medication. Successively the prescription has also become a source of information for the patient about how to use the medication to maximize its benefit. Currently, the medical prescription is at a transitional stage between paper and web, and to adapt a traditional process to the new electronic era offers both opportunities and challenges The studies in the thesis have shown that the exposure of prescribed drugs in the general population has increased considerably over three decades. The risk of receiving potentially interacting drugs was also strongly correlated to the concomitant use of multiple drugs, polypharmacy. The pronounced increase in polypharmacy over time constitutes a growing reason for prescribers and pharmacists to be aware of drug interactions. Still, there were relatively few severe potential drug interactions. Recently established national prescription registers should be evaluated for drug interaction vigilance, both clinically and epidemiologically. The Swedish National Pharmacy Register provides prescription dispensing information for the majority of the population. The medication history in the register may be accessed online to improve drug utilization, by registered individuals, prescribers, and pharmacists in a safe and secure way. Lack of widespread secure digital signatures in healthcare may delay general availability. With a relatively high prevalence of dispensed drugs in the population, the National Pharmacy Register seems justified in evaluating individual medication history. With a majority of prescriptions transferred as ePrescriptions, the detected increased risk for prescription errors warrants quality improvement, if the full potential of ePrescriptions is to be fulfilled. The main conclusion of the studies was that ePrescribing with communication of prescribed drug information, storing and retrieving dispensed drug information, offers new opportunities for clinical and scientific

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Tatyana Xavier Almeida Matteucci Ferreira - 2014.pdf: 2636150 bytes, checksum: 1a4ca1e1b300012b98f2c3c3a52d6449 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Background: Although dispensing of medication has been addressed on theoretical models, studies that confirm the impact of this service are still needed. Objective: to describe and evaluate a model of medicine dispensing developed and implemented in a pharmacy in accordance with the parameters of structure, process and outcome. Methods: This was a descriptive, observational and quasi-experimental study performed in a Campus Pharmacy, approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Goiás under protocol 222/2012. one hundred and four patients attending the dispensing service of the campus pharmacy between 21 January 2013 and 20 April 2013 were included in this quasi-experimental study. The description and assessment of the service was performed in terms of the three parameters: structure, process and outcome, used by Donobedian to evaluate the quality of medical care and adapted by Farris & Kirking to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care. The description and assessment of each parameter was performed as recommended by the Ministry of Health of Brazil, international agencies and previous studies. Assessment of knowledge about medicine prescription and adherence, before and after medicine dispensing, was performed by McNemar’s test. Associations between variables were assessed by the Wald test. A p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Medicine dispensing improved patient’s knowledge about medications (P<0.05), which was associated with pharmacotherapy complexity (P<0.05). The main problems identified were related to lack of patient’s knowledge regarding their medication (52.9%). Pharmaceutical interventions were mostly performed directly to the patients (86.3%) by verbal (95.4%) and written (68.2%) information, and most of the problems were completely solved (62.7%). Pharmacy service was evaluated as “excellent” or “very good” by more than 70% of patients, and a high level of satisfaction was observed. Improvement of medication adherence, however, was not observed. Conclusion: the medicine dispensing model was able to identify and solve drug-related problems and promote an improvement in patient’s knowledge about medication. / ntrodução: Apesar dos modelos teóricos de serviços farmacêuticos de dispensação de medicamentos existentes, ainda são necessários estudos que comprovem os resultados de sua utilização. Objetivo: Avaliar o serviço de dispensação oferecido aos usuários de uma farmácia segundo os parâmetros de estrutura, processo e resultado. Método: Este foi um estudo descritivo, observacional e quase experimental, desenvolvido na Farmácia de uma instituição pública de ensino superior do estado de Goiás, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Goiás sob o protocolo no 222/2012. Participaram desta pesquisa 104 usuários, atendidos pelo serviço de dispensação no período de 21 de janeiro a 20 de abril de 2013. A descrição e avaliação do serviço foi realizada segundo os parâmetros propostos para avaliação da atenção médica por Donabedian, adaptados por Farris e Kirking para avaliação do cuidado farmacêutico: estrutura, processo e resultados. Os aspectos descritos e avaliados em relação a cada um dos parâmetros foram definidos conforme recomendações dos serviços farmacêuticos do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, de organizações internacionais e de estudos publicados sobre o tema. Para avaliar se houve diferença significativa do conhecimento sobre a prescrição médica e o comportamento do paciente quanto à adesão ao tratamento antes e após a dispensação foi utilizado o Teste de McNemar, e para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis o Teste de Wald (nível de significância de 5%). Resultados: A dispensação proporcionou melhora do conhecimento do paciente sobre os medicamentos (p<0,05). A melhora do conhecimento do paciente sobre os medicamentos demonstrou-se associado à complexidade da farmacoterapia(p<0,05). Foram identificados majoritariamente problemas relacionados à falta de condições do paciente em utilizar o medicamento (52,94%). As intervenções farmacêuticas foram realizadas predominantem ente junto ao paciente (86,27%) através do fornecimento de informações verbais (95,4%) e escritas (68,2%) e,em sua maioria, o problema que originou a intervenção foi totalmente resolvido (62,75%). Observou-se alta satisfação do paciente com o serviço sendo todos os aspectos avaliados classificados como excelente ou muito bom por mais de 70% dos pacientes. Não foi observada melhora no comportamento quanto a adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão: O serviço foi capaz de identificar e resolver os problemas relacionados ao medicamento e contribuiu para a melhoria do conhecimento dos pacientes relativo aos medicamentos utilizados.