Americans are curiously absent from the literature as forces in the black market prevailing in Germany after World War II. Aside from Rundell's study of failed currency control policy during the Second World War and the subsequent occupations of Germany and Japan, historians have failed to accord the American presence on the black market its proper status. They receive mention in narrative fashion, authors noting that Americans could make money on the black market, or relating a story about what a soldier bought or sold there. Then, like bit players in a movie, Americans recede from view, and Germans and displaced persons resume their places in the lead. This thesis has two objectives. Through support from the archival record, first, it demonstrates that Americans did in fact execute a specific function with respect to the maintenance and perpetuation of the black market - they were the market's suppliers. Second, by positing this role, this thesis attempts to correct a view of the black market as an essentially German experience, populated in the main by Germans and displaced persons. In so doing, I posit a schema of American illicit supply to Germans and displaced persons. This thesis argues that Americans operated as suppliers of illicit goods to the indigenous population. This supply occurred in three ways: Americans selling on the black market; misappropriation of materiel (usually food); and theft of goods from American installations. Furthermore, each type of supply was predicated upon the fulfillment of a certain condition. Americans sold on the black market when they were certain they could make a profit. Americans misappropriated US government property (usually food) as a consequence of a relationship with a German or displaced person; in practice, because those with access to American goods were young men, the relationships were only with women, and always included some gradation of intimacy. Germans and displaced persons committed larceny from American installations to procure goods for the black market, which insured handsome profits.

Thesis (D.Phil.)--University of Oxford, 2008. / Supervisors: Dr Dawn Chatty, Douglas H. Johnson. Bibliography: leaves 366-398.

Thesis (M.A. (Health Social Science))--Mahidol University, 2006. / LICL has E-Thesis 0012 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, March, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Egberto Ribeiro Turato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T16:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Packer_MilenePescatori_M.pdf: 419054 bytes, checksum: 4c762c969689734886832bbc0d1ec1ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Discutir as vivências relatadas por moradores de rua, com história de uso abusivo de álcool, que passaram a morar em instituição confessional do Município de Campinas, dentro de um programa de acolhimento e de cuidados gerais. Sujeitos e Métodos: Foi empregado o método de pesquisa clínico-qualitativo com entrevista semi-dirigida com questões abertas. A coleta dos dados foi na Fraternidade Toca de Assis. A pesquisa contou com nove sujeitos ex-moradores de rua, sendo usado o critério da saturação para o fechamento da amostra. Foi utilizada a técnica de análise do conteúdo temático para a formação das categorias aprovadas pelos pares. Resultados: Foram extraídos três artigos: "Facilitações e barreiras em pesquisa de campo a propósito do emprego de métodos qualitativos em instituição informal de saúde"; "Pra suprir um vazio no estômago": o uso do álcool segundo relatos de ex-moradores de rua"; "Virei um mendigo": relatos de exmoradores de rua acolhidos em uma Instituição Confessional no Brasil". Discussão: A escolha de um campo que escapa ao habitual dos profissionais institucionalizados na saúde permitiu uma discussão acerca dos desafios da entrada em campo, assim como da coleta dos dados. Consideramos que o relato desta experiência acrescentaria os elementos teóricos à metodologia escolhida. No relato da experiência de vida dos sujeitos da pesquisa foi enfática a relação pessoal desses sujeitos com o fenômeno do uso abusivo do álcool e o processo de desconstrução psicológica da identidade. Conclusões: É possível ser construída uma nova vida, principalmente pelos próprios ex-moradores de rua. Depreende-se que parecem querer sair das ruas, mesmo que isso lhes pareça algo distante. / Abstract: Discuss the experiences of homeless with abuse of alcohol in an institution Confessional. Subjects and Methods: Clinical-qualitative research with semi-structured Interview to open question. Data collection was in the Fraternity Toca de Assis. The research subjects had nine homeless, and used the criterion of saturation for the closing of the sample. Used the technique of analysis of thematic content for the formation of the categories approved by peers. Results: Extracted three papers: "Facilities and barriers in field research by the way of the use of qualitative methods in health informal institution"; "to fill an empty stomach.": the use of alcohol according to reports from ex-homeless"; "turned a beggar": reports of ex-homeless sheltered in a Confessional Institution in Brazil". Discussion: The choice of a field beyond the usual of institutionalized health professionals led a discussion about the challenges of entering the field, as well as data collection. We believe that reporting this experience add elements to the methodology chosen theorists. In reporting the experience of life of research subjects was emphatically a personal relationship with the subject the phenomenon of abuse of alcohol and the process of psychological deconstruction of identity. Conclusions: It can be built a new life mainly by the homeless. It seems that they want to leave the streets, even if this seems distant. / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24366号 / 法博第289号 / 新制||法||178(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 濵本 正太郎, 教授 酒井 啓亘, 教授 鈴木 基史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM

Since its founding, the economic opportunities and quality of life present in the United States of America have drawn millions of people across the oceans to seek out a better existence for themselves. America's Founding Fathers believed that the country needed as large a population as possible to become a strong nation. The capitalistic economy of the new nation caused immigration to become critically important in the expansion of its manufacturing infrastructure. Once the growth of the nation's population began to exceed that of the economy's needs, the federal government attempted to limit further immigration. The government focused on restricting how many people of certain ethnicities could enter the country each year, ignoring the problems facing those immigrants who were already in the United States. Even worse, the policy, through various quota restrictions and fees, encouraged people from Canada and Mexico to enter the country illegally. This paper is intended to analyze the flaws of the major immigration acts passed between 1882 and 1952.

This dissertation considers how refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are conceived in international relations, and how they are understood in relation to the global refugee regime complex. This research explores how cognitive frames are impeding fair/democratic governance of IDPs/refugees and employs two case studies to investigate how the practice of critical reflexivity can lead to the creation of democratic spaces for refugees/IDPs to enact protection preferences. The first case analysis argues that Sarvodaya Shramadana's Deshodaya initiative in Sri Lanka has enabled IDPs in that nation to embrace critical reflexivity to re-constitute/reimagine themselves as governing agents who can redefine state and international organization-based definitions of their protection. The second case examines asylum adjudications at the Department of Homeland Security and is an exploration of how that agency's responsible officials can employ critical reflexivity to recognize seemingly hidden governance structures that condition their decision-making and limit refugee choices. Finally, this inquiry offers a new, organic model for conceptualizing both refugee/IDP governance and strategies for democratization of refugee/IDP governance institutions and systems. / Ph. D.

The aim of this study was twofold; firstly it sought to describe the human security situation of Roma IDPs and IDPs living in collective centers, secondly it tried to create an understanding for how the human security situation can affect IDPs capabilities to develop. The findings of the study were mainly based on a field study conducted in Belgrade, Serbia for two months. The results of the study were that IDPs in collective centers have a poor human security situation regarding basic income, employment, adequate housing and experienced personal security. Roma IDPs suffer from the same insecurities, but in addition also has poor human security in basic education and personal safety. Their stagnant human security situation proved to be the result of the inability to help IDPs by the actors involved in the relief work. Obstacles such as the Serbian government’s policy of return, a society in transition, the status of IDPs, lack of necessary documents together with lack of agency of IDPs and mistrust between different levels of the society, have hindered a positive improvement of IDPs human security situation. Their poor human security situation and their lack of instrumental freedoms in the Serbian society have lead to limited prospects for these two groups of IDPs to develop in the Serbian society.

This thesis deals with Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) on global and local level. The researchquestion deals with the problems associated with IDPs - what challenges IDPs are facing and thefuture prospects for IDPs worldwide and on local level in the Samegrelo region in Georgia.The thesis is divided into two parts: In the first part I define the IDPs using the GuidingPrinciples on Internal Displacement, the critique towards the Guiding Principles and adescription of the vulnerability of IDPs worldwide. (Part 1, Chapter 1, Sections 1,2 and 3).I continue to describe the IDPs on local level, paying special attention to those in the Samegreloregion, in Georgia. In addition, I point at a delicate issue regarding ethnicity. Further, I providefigures on the IDP population, by showing the massive IDP movement in 1994 and 2008.Further, I use a description to the Indicators of Vulnerability with regards to integration of IDPs inthe region, and alongside with these indicators I contrast the content with the Government ofGeorgia Action Plan for the Implementation of the State Strategy for IDPs, and the Guiding Principleson Internal Displacement. (Chapter 2, Section 1,2 and 3).In the following chapter I define foreign aid as a tool of policy and I point out the absence ofearmarked Official Development Assistance (ODA) destined for IDPs, although there isearmarked ODA specified for Refugees according to ODA policy.ODA disbursements to Georgia indicate that a majority of the ODA is used as humanitarian aidand the traceable assistance directed to IDPs is predominantly humanitarian. (Chapter 3, Sections1 and 2).A brief overview explains the transition from early rural cooperatives in the West, to the NGOsoperating in post-Soviet states from early 1990s, within the sectors humanitarian anddevelopment assistance. Despite a long list with short-term hard and soft projects implementedby Local NGOs, the outcomes never reached sustainable levels. (Chapter 4, Section 1).Second part of the thesis encompass a case study of a development project I managed during aninternship at the Human Rights Center of Georgia. I describe the conduct of the project and howthe team, working together with young IDPs, achieved to formulate an idea for sustainableincome generation. I also present the technicalities and the process on how we negotiated toconvince the elder IDPs about cooperating with us on the idea and the project. I describe theprocess of renovating a food processing room at the collective center where the IDPs were living,and how this project was aborted due to lack of funds. (Part 2, Case study).