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Western Europe Functionalism ideas are born of the need for scientific and technological progress in producing new materials and building technologies.  Today energy efficiency has become one of the most important characteristics of any project, where functionalism reflects well-designed building components. Reducing energy consumption, improving energy efficiency and minimizing greenhouse emission in the building is vital for the planet's survival. This study intends to provide expertise in design and construction disciplines to use the idea concept of Fallingwater and Villa Savoye, functionalist-style buildings, from the golden era of functionalism. This evaluation can help a new generation of designers and architects to improve the passive energy efficiency and daylight of studied concepts, pragmatic and organic. As a case study, the authors simulated and evaluated the energy efficiency of two conventional architecture designs stated above. Energy efficiency and daylight simulation of these functionalist-style buildings were executed using the BIM-based Building Energy Simulation (BES) tool. The indoor temperature variation and the amount of illuminance for each zone were assessed. The result indicates that the main temperature variation (mean air and operative temperature) in both buildings is not suitable for living and some parts of the regularly occupied floor receive too much direct sunlight. Based on the results, some passive energy-saving measures such as improving building orientation, material and shape, window wall ratio (WWR), adding external shading device, window position, and size are suggested to help researchers in the AEC industry in the future reforming process.

<p> </p> <p>Moore’s law is dead. The physical and economic principles that enabled an exponential rise in transistors per chip have reached their breaking point. As a result, High-Performance Computing (HPC) domain and cloud data centers are encountering significant energy, cost, and environmental hurdles that have led them to embrace custom hardware/software solutions. Single Instruction Multiple Thread (SIMT) accelerators, like Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), are compelling solutions to achieve considerable energy efficiency while still preserving programmability in the twilight of Moore’s Law.</p> <p>In the HPC and Deep Learning (DL) domain, the death of single-chip GPU performance scaling will usher in a renaissance in multi-chip Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) scaling. Advances in silicon interposers and other inter-chip signaling technology will enable single-package systems, composed of multiple chiplets that continue to scale even as per-chip transistors do not. Given this evolving, massively parallel NUMA landscape, the placement of data on each chiplet, or discrete GPU card, and the scheduling of the threads that use that data is a critical factor in system performance and power consumption.</p> <p>Aside from the supercomputer space, general-purpose compute units are still the main driver of data center’s total cost of ownership (TCO). CPUs consume 60% of the total data center power budget, half of which comes from the CPU pipeline’s frontend. Coupled with the hardware efficiency crisis is an increased desire for programmer productivity, flexible scalability, and nimble software updates that have led to the rise of software microservices. Consequently, single servers are now packed with many threads executing the same, relatively small task on different data.</p> <p>In this dissertation, I discuss these new paradigm shifts, addressing the following concerns: (1) how do we overcome the non-uniform memory access overhead for next-generation multi-chiplet GPUs in the era of DL-driven workloads?; (2) how can we improve the energy efficiency of data center’s CPUs in the light of microservices evolution and request similarity?; and (3) how to study such rapidly-evolving systems with an accurate and extensible SIMT performance modeling?</p>

How can local governments in the absence of national regulations or incentive schemesmotivate private owners of post-war mass-housing for investments into ambitious retrofittingfor energy efficiency? The million-program houses’ lifecycle currently makes renovationsnecessary and this would be an excellent opportunity to realize an upgrading of their energyefficiencystatus. Private owners do however show no inclination to do so. An intertwinedarray of barriers towards energy-efficient renovation is explored in this study, while it seeks tofind out which new drivers are needed to overcome these barriers and create an intrinsicmotivation for the owners to undertake the anticipated investments. In an exploratory casestudy, these points are investigated in the context of the exemplifying case of the Bygga omDialogen project in Malmö, Sweden.Bygga om Dialogen, is reframing the situation of investments into energy-efficiency in abroader socio-economic context and thrives to create new drivers pushing the owners toundertake the investments via the tools of strategic niche management and reflexivegovernance. This study explores how a strategic niche management and reflexive governancecan be used to motivate a variety of stakeholders to scrutinize and reconsider theirassumptions of the renovation-business-case and how this can stimulate the owners to activelycontribute to the establishment of a new, innovative, cross-sectoral approach seeking torealize energy-efficient investments in the context of holistic sustainable development in theneighborhood of Lindängen. Additionally it is explored how strategic niche management canbe used to deal with the contextual, strategic and institutional uncertainties that the establishednetwork is facing. Ideally the vision of mutually realizing energy-efficient renovations as partof an inclusive socio-economic upgrading of the neighborhood, could act as a building blockand exemplifying case for similar neighborhoods nationwide- or even all over Europe.

Energy efficiency is an important economical and environmental issue in a majority of theEuropean countries. Shortcoming to curb the increasing energy consumption can beconsidered a failure of sustainability with regards to the common goal amongst the memberstates of EU of reducing the total energy consumption in Europe by 27% by 2030. With theongoing inflation rates reaching an average of 44.3% for electricity, this study sheds light tothe real estate industry's demand for a subsidy and the desirable conditions of such in order toaccelerate the transition to an energy-efficient property-portfolio. Through the use of aquestionnaire that was sent out to 62 property owners, this thesis provides insight into whatcharacteristics and resources that are most sought after from a subsidy, by the propertyowners. The results indicate a negative response to the interest in the attainment of greenbuilding certificates such as BREEAM and LEED. but with clear ambitions to minimise costsand energy usage. A demand for a subsidy is clearly at hand, with financial aid in the form ofgrants being the most sought after by the private sector which is discussed to be in alignmentwith expectations, and should therefore be considered with prudence. The sought aftercharacteristics regarding framework, stipulations, and form of communication is alsodiscussed. / Energieffektivitet är en viktig ekonomisk och miljömässig fråga i flera av de europeiskaländerna. Fortgående misslyckanden med att bromsa den ökade energikonsumtionen kananses vara ett hållbarhets misslyckande sett till den gemensamma målsättningen att minskaden totala energikonsumtionen i Europa med 27% fram till år 2030. Med ständigt stigandeinflationen vars genomsnitt uppgår till 44,3% för elektricitet syftar denna studie till attundersöka fastighetsbranschens efterfrågan av ett stöd samt de önskvärda egenskaper ettsådant bidrag behöver ha för att accelerera omställningen till ett energieffektivarefastighetsbestånd. Genom användandet av en enkätundersökning som skickades ut till 62fastighetsägare, avser den här avhandlingen att bidra med insikt kring ett stöds egenskaperoch resurser ur fastighetsägarens perspektiv. Resultatet indikerar en negativ respons gällandeintresset för att erhålla miljöcertifieringar så som BREEAM och LEED men en positivinställning till att minska sina kostnader och energianvändning. Behovet av ett nytt stödutöver de incitament som finns tillgängliga i dagsläget är tydligt. Resultatet indikerar att ettfinansiellt stöd i form av bidrag till investeringskostnaden för energieffektivisering åtgärdenär det som efterfrågas mest av fastighetsägare inom den privata sektorn. Slutligen diskuterasäven de efterfrågade egenskaperna gällande regelverk, villkor, och kommunikation avbidraget.

The roll-out of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks alongside existing generations and characterized by a dense deployment of base stations (BSs) to serve an ever-increasing number of users and services leads to a drastic increase in the overall network energy consumption (EC). It can lead to an unprecedented rise in operational expenditure (OPEX) for the network operators and an increased global carbon footprint. The present-day networks are dimensioned according to the peak traffic demands, and hence are under-utilized due to the daily traffic variations. Therefore, to save energy, BSs can be put into sleep with different levels following the daily load variations. Selection of the right sleep level at the right instant is important to adapt the availability of the resources to the traffic load to maximize the energy savings without degrading the performance of the network. Previous studies focused on the selection of sleep modes (SMs) to maximize energy saving or the sleep duration given configuration and network resources. However, adaptive BS configuration together with SMs have not been investigated. In this thesis, the goal is to consider the design of the wireless network resources to cover an area with a given traffic demand in combination with sleep mode management. To achieve this, a novel EC model is proposed to capture the activity time of a 5G BS in a multi-cell environment. The activity factor of a BS is defined as the fraction of time the BS is transmitting over a fixed period and is dependent on the amount of BS resources. The new model captures the variation in power consumption by configuring three BS resources: 1) the active array size, 2) the bandwidth, and 3) the spatial multiplexing factor. We then implement a Q-learning algorithm to adapt these resources following the traffic demand and also the selection of sleep levels. Our results show that the difference in the average daily EC of BSs considered can be as high as 60% depending on the deployment area. Furthermore, the EC of a BS can be reduced by 57% during the low traffic hours by having deeper sleep levels as compared to the baseline scenario with no sleep modes. Implementing the resource adaptation algorithm further reduces the average EC of the BS by up to 20% as compared to the case without resource adaptation. However, the EE gain obtained by the algorithm depends on its convergence, which varies with the distribution of the users in the cell, the peak traffic demand, and the BS resources available. Our results show that by combining resource adaptation with deep sleep levels, one can obtain significant energy savings under variable traffic load. However, to ensure the reliability of the results obtained, we emphasize the need to guarantee the convergence of the algorithm before its use for resource adaptation. / Under de senaste åren har intresset för energieffektivitet (EE) av mobila kommunikationssystem ökat på grund av den ökande energiförbrukningen (EF). Med femte generationens mobilsystem, vilket kännetecknas av mer komplexa och kraftfulla basstationer (BS) för att betjäna ett ständigt ökande antal användare och tjänster, riskerar nätverkets totala EF att öka ytterligare. Detta kan leda till en markant ökning av operativa utgifter (OPEX) för nätoperatörerna och ett ökat globalt koldioxidavtryck. Många studier har visat att dagens nätverk ofta är överdimensionerade och att radioresurserna är underutnyttjade på grund av variationerna i det dagliga trafikbehovet. Genom att anpassa BS radioresurser efter trafikbehovet kan man säkerställa att man uppfyller användarkraven samtidigt som man minskar den totala EF. I denna studie föreslås en aktivitetsbaserad metod för att utvärdera EF för en BS. Aktivitetsfaktorn för en BS definieras som den bråkdel av tiden som BS är aktiv (sänder data) under en fast period och är beroende av mängden radioresurser. För att kvantifiera EF för en BS föreslås en ny modell som beräknar in effekt till BS som funktion av utstrålad effekt från BS. Den nya modellen fångar variationen i energiförbrukning med tre huvudsakliga radioresurser som är: 1) antal sändarantenner 2) bandbredd och 3) den spatiella multiplexingfaktorn (antal användare som schemaläggs samtidigt). Därefter implementeras en Q- inlärningsalgoritm för att anpassa dessa resurser efter det upplevda trafikbehovet och vilolägen som BS kan växla till när den är inaktiv. Ett viloläge innebär att viss hårdvara i BS stängs av. Resultatet visar att man genom att identifiera rätt typ av BS utifrån lokala trafikförhållanden kan få energibesparingar så höga som 60%. Vidare kan EF för en BS reduceras med 57% under den tid av dygnet då trafiken är som lägst genom att ha djupare vilolägen jämfört med basscenariot utan vilolägen. Genom att implementera Q-inlärningsalgoritmen som anpassar tillgängliga radioresurser till trafikbehovet minskar den genomsnittliga EF för BS ytterligare med upp till 20%. Vinsten i EE som erhålls av algoritmen beror dock till stor del på dess konvergens, som varierar med fördelningen av användarna i cellen, topptrafikbehovet och BS tillgängliga radioresurser. Resultatet visar att genom att kombinera resursanpassning med vilolägen kan man få betydande energibesparingar under varierande trafikbelastning. För att säkerställa tillförlitligheten av de erhållna resultaten betonas emellertid behovet av att garantera konvergensen av algoritmen innan den används för resursanpassning.

Climate change effects are getting more evident year by year. Athens is specially affected by climate change related shocks, especially by poor air quality, flooding and heat waves. Every year climate shocks threatens and worsens the situation in the city. The municipality of Athens, together with the European Investment Bank and EQO-NIXUS (consulting company) have undertaken a project in order to increase the resilience and the mitigation and adaptation measures of the city, taking as case study 5 public buildings located in different areas of the centre of the city. This project is in line with the Athens Resilience Strategy drawn by the Municipality of Athens in order to integrate new ways to prepare and protect the city from future shocks and stresses. This study aims to investigate and propose mitigation and adaptation measures that could be potentially applied into the 5 selected public buildings in order to improve the energy efficiency and the resilience towards heat waves, flooding and pollution of the air. A literature review study has been performed in order to look for good practices worldwide in terms of energy efficiency and climate mitigation and adaptation in order to find the best measures that could be applied in the 5 selected buildings. Finally, a multi-criteria decision analysis has been executed to prioritise which measures result to be more relevant for each specific building. The study shows that, in overall, energy efficiency and raise of public awareness are the most relevant measures that can be potentially applied in the buildings in order to tackle the climate shocks that threatens Athens. Finally, if the measures are applied into the buildings and the resilience and energy efficiency measures are improved, this study could be replicated to other buildings of Athens in order to achieve the 2030 strategy plan set by the municipality of Athens. / Effekterna av klimatförändringen blir alltmer tydliga. Greklands huvudstad Aten påverkas exempelvis av försämrad luftkvalitet, översvämningar och värmeböljor och extrema klimatrelaterade händelser förvärrar situationen i staden. Atens kommun har tillsammans med Europeiska investeringsbanken och EQO-NIXUS (ett privat konsultföretag) genomfört ett projekt för att öka motståndskraften mot klimatförändringens effekter, genom anpassningsåtgärder, där fem offentliga byggnader i olika delar av Atens centrum studeras. Projektet är relaterat till Atens resiliensstrategi som handlar om hur staden ska integrera nya sätt förbereda och skydda staden och dess invånare från framtida extrema händelser och påfrestningar. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och föreslå anpassningsåtgärder som potentiellt kan tillämpas i de fem olika offentliga byggnaderna för att förbättra energieffektiviteten och resiliensen mot värmeböljor, översvämningar och luftföroreningar. En litteraturstudie har genomförts för att identifiera globala, goda exempel när det gäller energieffektivitet och anpassning till ett förändrat klimat som potentiellt kan tillämpas i de fem byggnaderna. Slutligen har en multikriterieanalys med flera kriterier genomförts för att prioritera vilka åtgärder som är mest relevanta för varje specifik byggnad. Studien visar att energieffektivitet och ökning av allmänhetens medvetenhet totalt sett är de mest relevanta åtgärderna som potentiellt kan tillämpas i byggnaderna för att hantera klimatförändringar. Slutligen, om dessa åtgärder tillämpas och resiliensen och energieffektivitetsåtgärderna förbättras, skulle denna studie kunna vara relevant även för andra byggnader i Aten och därmed bidra till uppfyllelsen av stadens 2030-strategi.