This is an American Indian ethnographic study for the Hoover Dam Bypass Project. The study sites included three bypass bridge alternatives, each located within one mile from where United States Highway 93 (U.S. 93), at the time of the study, crossed over the top of Hoover Dam at the Arizona-Nevada state line. Due to growth in population and commerce in the Southwest, the roadway at Hoover Dam has experienced a tremendous increase in traffic over the past 30 years, resulting in increased safety hazards to motorists, pedestrians, and the dam itself. Federal, state, and local governments have worked to find a solution to the impacts of increased traffic across Hoover Dam. This project was a continuation of EIS efforts that began in 1989. The goal of this project was to evaluate alternative crossings of the Colorado River near Hoover Dam. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential impacts to American Indian cultural resources related to the three proposed crossing alternatives. This report is an expanded version of the draft produced in 1998. In 2000, funding became available to carry out further ethnographic research and involve Mohave, Hualapai, and Southern Paiute people.

As part of the American Indian consultation process for the Hoover Dam Bypass Project the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) consults regularly with representatives of tribal groups that have an interest in cultural and traditional resources affected by the project plans and activities. The focus of this document is on information particular to understanding cultural landscapes and the long standing connections between the Southern Paiutes, Hualapais, and Mohaves and the revered sites of Sugarloaf Mountain and Goldstrike. In the end, these layered intertribal and geographic connections which link these sites met the criteria for establishing the eligibility of Sugarloaf Mountain and Gold Strike Canyon as Traditional Cultural Properties (TCPs). This report was prepared as part of the nomination process. Maps containing locations have been redacted from the public document. Tribal members who want a copy of the un-redacted report please contact Special Collections. Sugarloaf Mountain and Goldstrike Canyon officially were designated TCPs on September 4, 2004.

This report is a Southern Paiute ethnographic study of the Grand Staircase- Escalante NM. This is the first report of activities conducted by the University of Arizona regarding Kaibab Paiute ethnographic resources currently within the boundaries of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM). The GSENM is a very large area that has been carved out of some of the most topographically and ecologically diverse lands in North America and contain a range of important Southern Paiute cultural resources and places. The Kaibab Paiute people were one of a number of Southern Paiute districts of the Southern Paiute nation who traditionally and aboriginally occupied and used the biotic and abiotic resources of this area. This study details the physical, prehistoric, historic, and cultural ties between the Southern Paiutes and the GSENM. In addition, this report presents the current relations of Southern Paiutes to this cultural landscape and the ways in which resource appropriation from the past continues to impact expressions of power in the present.

Upland rivers control the large-scale topographic form of mountain belts, allow coupling of climate and tectonics at the earth’s surface and are responsible for large scale redistribution of sediment from source areas to sinks. However, the details of how these rivers behave when perturbed by changes to their boundary conditions are not well understood. I have used a combination of fieldwork, remotely sensed data, mathematical analysis and computer modelling to investigate the response of channels to well constrained changes in the forcings upon them, focussing in particular on the effects of glacial remoulding of the catchments draining the south flank of the Ladakh batholith, northwest Indian Himalaya. The last glacial maximum for these catchments is atypically old (~100 ka), and this allows investigation of the response to glaciation on a timescale not usually available. The geomorphology of the catchments is divided into three distinct domains on the basis of the behaviour of the trunk stream – an upper domain where the channel neither aggrades above or incises into the valley form previously carved by glacial abrasion, a middle domain where the channel incises a gorge down into glacial sediments which mantle the valley floor, and a lower domain where the channel aggrades above this postglacial sediment surface. This landscape provides a framework in which to analyze the processes and timescales of fluvial response to glacial modification. The dimensions of the gorge and the known dates of glacial retreat record a time averaged peak river incision rate of approximately 0.5 mm/y; the timescale for the river long profile to recover to a smooth, concave up form must exceed 1 Ma. These values are comparable with those from similarly sized catchments that have been transiently perturbed by changing tectonics, but have never been quoted for a glacially forced basin-scale response. I have also demonstrated that lowering of the upper reaches of the Ladakh channel long profiles by glacial processes can systematically and nonlinearly perturb the slope-area (concavity) scaling of the channel downstream of the resulting profile convexities, or knickzones. The concavity values are elevated significantly above the expected equilibrium values of 0.3-0.6, with the magnitude controlled by the relative position of the knickzone within the catchment, and thus also by the degree of glacial modification of the fluvial system. This work also documents the existence of very similar trends in measured concavities downstream of long profile convexities in other transiently responding river systems in different tectonoclimatic settings, including those responding to changes in relative channel uplift. This previously unrecognised unity of response across a wide variety of different environments argues that such a trend is an intrinsic property of river response to perturbation. Importantly, it is consistent with the scaling expected from variation in incision efficiency driven by evolving sediment flux downstream of knickzones. The pervasive nature of this altered scaling, and its implications for fluvial erosion laws in perturbed settings, have significant consequences for efforts to interpret past changes in forcings acting on river systems from modern topography. I follow this by examining in detail the channel hydraulics of the Ladakh streams as they incise in response to the glacial perturbation. I present a new framework under which the style of erosion of a natural channel can be characterized as either detachment- or transport-limited based upon comparison of the downstream distribution of shear stress with the resulting magnitude of incision. This framework also allows assessment of the importance of sediment flux driven effects in studied channels. This approach is then used to demonstrate that fluvial erosion and deposition in the Ladakh catchments is best modelled as a sediment flux dependent, thresholded, detachment-limited system. The exceptional quality of the incision record in this landscape enables an unprecedented calibration of the sediment flux function within this incision law for three different trunk streams. The resulting curves are not compatible with the theoretically-derived parabolic form of this relation, instead showing nonzero erosion rates at zero sediment flux, a rapid rise and peak at relative sediment fluxes of less than 0.5 and a quasi exponential decrease in erosional efficiency beyond this. The position of the erosional efficiency peak in relative sediment flux space and the magnitude of the curve are shown to be both variable between the catchments explored and also correlated with absolute sediment flux in the streams.

The three-dimensional structure of a protein, formed as a result of amino-acid sequences folding into compact domains, is regarded as a key factor in its biological function. How and why proteins fold into specific topologies, remain the key focus of scientific research in the field of biophysics. By stripping down complex reactions down to the most basic elements, biophysicists aim to develop simplified models for biological phenomena such as antibody discrimination, viral fusion or self-assembly. Focusing on small model peptide systems, rather than the full proteins from which they were derived, was hoped to result in accurate structural measurements and provide a more transparent comparison between simulation and experiment. The aim of this research was therefore to investigate how accurate these models were when compared against experiment. Furthermore, while breaking down the complex biological phenomena into simple models, there was also a conscious effort to ensure that the models were representative of real biological systems, and a major focus was therefore aimed at determining whether any meaningful biomedical insight may be extrapolated from such models. Peptides found in hormones (human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone), viruses (HIV) and amyloid diseases (transthyretin) were selected in order to probe a variety of questions in relation to the aforementioned biological phenomena. Namely, how the primary sequence influenced the three-dimensional structure (and thus its biological function), how its environment could influence such a confirmation, and how these systems aggregated. This doctoral study has made use of a combination of computer simulations and experimental techniques to investigate a selection of biologically relevant peptides; utilising classical atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterise the free-energy landscapes of the chosen peptides, and compare these findings with the secondary structure content predicted by spectroscopic methods such as circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy. The peptide systems studied within, were found to be characterised by rugged free-energy landscapes unlike their protein counterparts (defined by singular, deep minima). Furthermore, these landscapes were found to be highly plastic and sensitive to changes in the local environment.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Fine Art, Durban Institute of Technology, 2004. / This research aims to critically investigate the changing colonial and post-colonial attitudes towards the South African landscape, as physical space and its representation, through a post-colonial and Post-Modern critique. Chapter One explores the shifting colonial attitudes toward the landscape from the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, to provide an historical overview and context for contemporary practice. Section One defines colonialism for the purposes of this study and provides a brief history of colonialism in South Africa. Section Two provides a concise history of European visual representation from the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century in order to contextualize the development of South African landscape painting. Section Three analyzes and evaluates changing colonial attitudes and their representation through a discussion of the work of Francois Le Vaillant (1753-1842), Thomas Baines (1820-1875) and J.H. Pierneef (1886-1957). Chapter Two explores attitudes towards the South African landscape between 1948 and 1994 in order to provide a link between colonial representation and post-colonial contemporary practice. / M

Scholarship on Longus’s Daphnis and Chloe tends to center on eroticism or pastoralism or the interplay of the two in the infusion of Theocritean innocence into the Greek narrative prose tradition of heterosexual love. Although these approaches examine Longus’s careful construction of an eroticized pastoral world, they tend to overlook the reproduction and parenthood that also inform Longus’s pastoralism. This article argues that Longus’s pastoral landscapes, signaled chiefly by the locus amoenus, have a primarily reproductive rather than erotic function. These landscapes introduce parenthood and childcare as themes that, in turn, serve as metaphors for the creative process behind the novel itself. By shifting the focus to the reproductive and parental aspects of Daphnis and Chloe, I will illuminate a hybrid quality to Longus’s pastoralism that has not been fully explored but is a key aspect of his pastoral art.

Self-assembly --- by which ordered structures spontaneously emerge from disordered components --- and biological evolution --- by which Charles Darwin's "endless forms most beautiful" have emerged from the simple chemistry of prehistoric Earth --- may both be pictured as search processes on high-dimensional landscapes, defined respectively by the concepts of energy and fitness. The rich dynamics of these search processes will be studied in order to explain biologically observed features of self-assembly and evolution. This study will introduce and analyse the behaviour of a model for a paradigmatic example of self-assembly, the icosahedral virus capsid, a symmetric structure formed from interacting protein subunits. Results for the thermodynamics and kinetics of model virus assembly will be presented, and the model will be extended to include complicating effects such as different subunit types and cellular crowding. A more general formalism for analysing self-assembling systems will then be introduced and used to suggest a well-defined complexity measure of universal applicability to self-assembled structures. The biological evolution of simple self-assembling structures will be studied using genetic algorithms. The suitability of this modelling approach and its dependence on the many parameters involved will be investigated. Several active areas of enquiry in the field of evolution, including the evolution of complexity, the presence and effect of neutral networks, fluctuations in evolutionary time series and the emergence of symmetry will be investigated within this framework. Throughout this study, we will use the picture of "exploration and exploitation": different approaches to performing optimisation on an unknown landscape, essentially corresponding to a random search and a hill-climbing approach respectively . We will show that, both in self-assembly and evolution, finding an optimal combination of these two approaches gives rise to many of the observed features in this study.

Artist Statement I am inspired by living in multiple environments and experiencing many regions of the United States. My imagery varies from references to landscapes to geometric abstractions of quilt patterns. My media consists of acrylics, oils, and pastels on supports including fabric, canvas, or paper. Mixed media allows me to add multiple layers in creating visual textures, depth, and energy to draw in my viewers. The media is glazed, flowed, dripped, sprayed, rolled, scraped, and scrubbed into my interpretations of natural elements and geometric patterns. My landscape paintings are of observations of nature, and I attempt to capture the power, motion, and energy of a moment in time. I paint from memory and purposely filter the images, simplifying and strengthening the focus of the captured moment. Rhythmic patterns in nature and seasonal light on the land are sources of my visual stimulation. My affinity for geometric shapes and patterns is sometimes expressed in abstract paintings of quilt patterns. I form rhythmic compositions and enhance the patterns with delicate brushwork and several glazed layers for added surface interest. These patterns of quilts are also reminiscent of landscapes from a bird’s eye view.

This thesis focuses on several paintings of the Mexican landscape produced by Conrad Wise Chapman (1842 – 1910) and held by the Valentine Richmond History Center in Richmond, Virginia. Chapman lived in Mexico from 1865 to 1867 and from 1883 to 1908 (with a few short absences), and during this period, produced a large number of landscapes, which are the subject of this thesis and will be considered as an amalgamation of both nineteenth-century Mexican landscape painting and traveler-art. It is the purpose of this study to demonstrate that Chapman’s artistic style embodies both classical components of landscape painting and characteristics commonly associated with traveler-art. This investigation of Chapman’s Mexican oeuvre provides significant insight into a period of the artist’s career that has long been neglected, and it examines several works of art not yet considered by scholars.