Since 1999, migrants and refugees from across the Middle East and Northeastern Africa have squatted in makeshift camps in and around the strategic port city of Calais, France, hoping for the opportunity to stow away on a ferry or lorry to England. The inhabitants of these camps seek to engage the world in a dialogue, and although they speak a variety of languages, the voices the refugees and migrants in The Jungle of Calais raise through their protest placards and graffiti are more homogeneous. Like in many other protests, the languages of these messages are universal; they are French and English, the languages of their location, their desired destination, and of the world that they hope is watching. The data for this study are from still images freely available through Getty Images Embed Service. Using the techniques of linguistic landscapes, this paper analyzes the linguistic material of The Jungle. Like other recent works on the linguistic landscapes of protest, this analysis challenges the idea that territory is a fixed place or space (Kasanga, 2014), asserting rather that the migrants/refugees are co-creating a collective space that exists more through their raised voices, and less in the physical space they temporarily inhabit.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture, Regional and Community Planning / Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page / In the temperate Midwest, interiorscapes are seldom a feature of public schools. The interior spaces of school environments tend to be dull, uninspiring, and do very little to nurture the wellbeing and needs of students. Interiorscapes can greatly influence the overall productivity of users by creating healthy, pleasant environments. Schools fail to create richer indoor environments for a number of reasons, such as lack of resources as well as knowledge about the design, implementation and benefits of interiorscapes. In addition students today “are not the outdoor-living [children] they were 100 years ago, and as much as 90% of [their] time may be spent indoors” (Manaker, 2). Healthy and stimulating school environments have the potential to enhance students’ productivity and creativity. Therefore the question at hand is: how can a Manhattan Kansas’ high school integrate the natural and built environment to create richer interior spaces? In this Master’s report, I explore the potential benefits of designing an interiorscape that integrates the natural and built environments within a school setting. Using Manhattan High School West Campus as the project site, I analyzed the effect and design of existing interiors on students through passive observation. Numerous research precedents identified valuable information on design processes and methodologies for designing interiorscapes and evaluating user interaction with existing places. Following a thorough analysis of the typology and characteristics of each precedent, I considered unique facets that were directly applicable to my project site. I then went to test the aspects selected from these precedents by incorporating them into the design for the selected project site; north courtyard and adjacent interior dining space. Based upon the precedent research and literature review, design goals and objectives evolved. The end product is a schematic design for Manhattan’s High School cafeteria area and north courtyard. The plan encompasses desired characteristics of an interiorscape and needs of its potential users. Ultimately, this proposal presents ideas for ways of implementing interiorscapes to enhance the overall productivity of users, while simultaneously strengthening the relationship between the natural and built environments.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional & Community Planning / Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page / There is currently a dearth of planning literature concerning participatory processes relative to children, particularly in the planning and design of schoolyard or playground spaces. Through a local, place-based, participatory approach emphasizing local knowledge and active listening, this master's report seeks to confirm the value of children in the planning and design of a schoolyard space. The study took place at the Northview Elementary School in Manhattan, KS comprising students as primary stakeholders, teachers/administrative staff as secondary stakeholders and parents as tertiary stakeholders. Additionally, the study employed Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s childhood cognitive development theories and five operational play categories in guiding the development of a learning landscape design aimed at supporting and maximizing cognitive development, physical activity and recreation. The report concludes with a set of five (5) recommendations designed to equip prospective researchers in undertaking participatory processes within school settings. The implication of this study is that sustained stakeholder engagement during planning and design processes of schoolyards will result in spaces reflective of the target audience.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture / Katie Kingery-Page / Encouraging creativity is an important part of a child’s education and often not adequately supported by outdoor school environments. Contemporary playgrounds are designed in response to perceptions of liability and a limited interpretation of child development. Prefabricated plastic constructions and expanses of asphalt are poor initiators of creative expression. This project proposes a more stimulating, artistically crafted alternative to the typical playground. Beginning with documented research of play, the project layers psychology, education and humanities to form an understanding of how formal space affects human experience. More specifically, poetry, land art, sculpture, narrative and character studies inform the design solution for a 6.4 acre site at Northview Elementary School in Manhattan, Kansas. Integrated design provides children a meaningful experience of space and direct contact with nature. This design encourages imaginative and creative play, expanding the experiential quality of a contemporary playground.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture, Regional and Community Planning / Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page / Man has been learning in the outdoors since the beginning of humankind. Modern times have reduced the amount of time people spend learning and exploring outside. This causes humans to be disconnected from the natural environment. By making schoolyards more environmentally focused, conducive to outdoor education and play, formal education can return to the original classroom–nature– and inspire people to reconnect with their environment. Much literature supports the ideas of aligning the efforts of play and education, environmental interpretation and education, and outdoor education with formal education; by incorporating all of these elements in a schoolyard, the potential for enriched learning is greatly increased. This project explores nature interpretation strategies used by public botanic gardens and translates these strategies to an ecological schoolyard. At Northview Elementary School in Manhattan, Kansas, the students face a simple, sterile play-yard with flooding limiting site use after storm events. The design for Northview Elementary will integrate stormwater features with school needs into a new ecological master plan for campus. Interpreting this landscape using the strategies adapted from botanical gardens for educational approaches, methods, and interpretive displays, provides the school and community a resource to enhance their lives, education, and the environment.

This thesis is focused on studies of glacial and slope morphology in the high Arctic of western Greenland shelf and the Molloy Hole seafloor spreading area, based on high-resolution acoustic methods and other geophysical data. The main purpose is to improve our understanding of glacial dynamics and associated processes in the marginal region of a large marine-terminating ice sheet. Newly acquired data, together with existing datasets have been compiled to create bathymetric models, which were used to study the seafloor landscape and its preserved record of glacial and sedimentary processes. The new bathymetric models were used with novel processing tools combined with seismic profiles, sub-bottom profiles and overlays of geological- and gravimetric maps to describe the observed landforms and interpret causal relationships. The main conclusions are: 1)   The underlying geology is an important control on the cross-shelf trough (CST) dimensions in western Greenland. This is likely due to the influence of underlying geology to the frictional resistance of the ice flow over the basement rock. Our observations show that ice streaming in areas with basaltic bed-types cause minimal over-deepening of the main trunk of the trough, which also has weaker lateral boundaries allowing the ice stream to shift flow direction more easily. CSTs on the Cenozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary basins indicate a stronger eroding and more focused paleo-ice streams. 2)   Bedrock lithology has an important part in controlling the location of the head-to-trough transition in CSTs of western Greenland. The areas where the head’s network of channels converges to form the main trunk of the trough are mostly located on the boundary from crystalline to sedimentary bedrock. These areas are also marked by distinct over-deepenings. 3)   Preglacial conditions such as faults/fractures and lithological properties of the basement rocks in western Greenland served as an important control on the erosional potential of the glacial processes, particularly on a local scale. Faults and fractures have led to the topographic steering of the ice flow that causes further excavation and erosion of the bed, while uneven erosion patterns, based on differences in glacial morphological features, is observed between areas of adjacent bedrocks with different lithology. 4)   The occurrence of trough mouth fans is suggested to be controlled mainly by the shelf width, which governs the glacial flow length along available sediment sources. It is also controlled by the continental slope steepness, which may be too steep for sediment fans to accumulate, or may cause slope failure which eventually transports the sediments to the deep basin. 5)   The maximum ice extent in west Greenland extended towards the shelf edge. Geomorphological evidence of ice margin standstills and slow retreat (grounding zone wedges and transverse moraines) in some areas reveal a multi-stage deglaciation process. 6)   The view of a highly dynamic paleo-Greenland ice sheet is supported by the presence of a large number of CSTs which hosted ice streams, and evidence of ice stream flow-switching throughout one or several glaciations. 7)   The influence of glacial sedimentary processes extends into the deepest areas of the Arctic Ocean. A submarine landslide, here termed the Molloy Slide, has been described in the Molloy Hole in the Davis Strait between Greenland and Svalbard. This slide was likely caused by massive glacial sediment deposition along the west Svalbard margin. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Fine Arts, 2017 / The central question I want to ask in this dissertation is: How to paint a highway? It sounds simple, but considering all that highways represent, the answer is anything but straightforward. The motivation for this study came about due to my travels on the N1 between two of my homes - one in Johannesburg, Gauteng, and the other in Rosendal, eastern Free State. [No abstract provided. Information taken from introduction]. / XL2018

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / Since the latter part of the 20th century to the present, we have seen growing concerns about the potential collapse of socio-ecological systems due to climate change. On the other hand, palaeoenvironmentalists, archaeologists and anthropologists consistently point to evidence of how Homo-sapiens have survived within climate variability underpinned by an embodied/embedded relationship to their environments. Archaeological data shows how indigenous groups such as the Bushman have inhabited landscape features such as caves for longer than 10 000 years and thus survived through periods of climate variability. Another well researched element of Bushman life is their ritual practices. Given the low supply of livelihood resources within the contexts where such communities have survived, this study hypothesised a possible relationship between Bushman ritual practices and their long-term resilience when faced with variability. Using the Holocene habitation of the Wonderwerk Cave as the main case study, this study explored the relationship between people, place and ritual. Furthermore, the study applied phenomenology as the primary data collection method. The resultant first-person experience guided the researcher in engaging with secondary data from archaeology and ethnography. The study found that Bushman ritual practices such as trance constituted a critical adaptation tool in response to perpetually variable environments. Through such practices and their related tools such as art, space and myth, such communities managed to sustain a synchronised dialogue with place thus facilitating for ongoing dissolution of maladaptive behaviour. Another key finding is that our inability to change constitutes a key characteristic of our species today as we have been seduced into the trap of our deep psychic longing for existential continuity. The study argues for an architecture for resilience whose primary role would be to facilitate higher fluidity in our embeddedness to place and allowing for faster and trauma-free transitioning in synchronicity to our changing environments. In conclusion, the study finds that our own contemporary climate change has implications far beyond the techno-scientific understanding which has prevailed so far and is instead calling to be understood as an existential phenomenon to be primarily resolved through relevant/responsive ritual practices to facilitate our own transitioning and continued resilience. / MT2017

Le développement des nouvelles technologies permet la visualisation interactive de mondes virtuels de plus en plus vastes et complexes. La production de paysages plausibles au sein de ces mondes devient un défi majeur, en raison de l'importance des éléments de terrain et des écosystèmes dans la qualité et le réalisme du résultat. S'y rajoute la difficulté d'éditer de tels éléments sur des échelles spatiales et temporelles aussi vastes que peuvent l'être celles des chaînes de montagnes. Cette édition se fait souvent en couplant des méthodes manuelles et de longues simulations numériques dont le calibrage est complexifié par le nombre des paramètres et leur caractère peu intuitif.Cette thèse propose d'explorer de nouvelles méthodes de simulation de paysages à grande échelle, avec pour objectif d'améliorer le contrôle et le réalisme des scènes obtenues. Notre stratégie est de fonder nos méthodes sur des lois éprouvées dans différents domaines scientifiques, ce qui permet de renforcer la plausibilité des résultats, tout en construisant des outils de résolution efficaces et des leviers de contrôles intuitifs.En observant des phénomènes liés aux zones de compression de la croûte terrestre, nous proposons une méthode de contrôle intuitif de la surrection à l'aide d'une métaphore de sculpture des plaques tectoniques. Combinée avec de nouvelles méthodes efficaces d'érosion fluviale et glaciaire, celle-ci permet de sculpter rapidement de vastes chaînes de montagnes. Pour visualiser les paysages obtenus à échelle humaine, nous démontrons le besoin de combiner la simulation de phénomènes variés et de temporalités différentes, et nous proposons une méthode de simulation stochastique pour résoudre cette difficile cohabitation, que nous appliquons à la simulation de processus géologiques tels que l'érosion, jointe à la formation d'écosystèmes. Cette méthode est déclinée sur GPU et appliquée à la formation du manteau neigeux, en combinant des aspects au long cours (précipitations, changements d'état de l'eau) et des aspects dynamiques (avalanches, impact des skieurs).Les différentes méthodes proposées permettent de simuler l'évolution de paysages à grande échelle, tout en accordant une attention particulière au contrôle. Ces aspects sont validés par des études utilisateur et des comparaisons avec des données issues de paysages réels. / The development of new technologies allows the interactive visualization of virtual worlds showing an increasing amount of details and spacial extent. The production of plausible landscapes within these worlds becomes a major challenge, not only because the important part that terrain features and ecosystems play in the quality and realism of 3D sceneries, but also from the editing complexity of large landforms at mountain range scales. Interactive authoring is often achieved by coupling editing techniques with computationally and time demanding numerical simulation, whose calibration is harder as the number of non-intuitive parameters increases.This thesis explores new methods for the simulation of large-scale landscapes. Our goal is to improve both the control and the realism of the synthetic scenes. Our strategy to increase the plausibility consist on building our methods on physically and geomorphologically-inspired laws: we develop new solving schemes, which, combined with intuitive control tools, improve user experience.By observing phenomena triggered by compression areas within the Earth's crust, we propose a method for the intuitive control of the uplift based on a metaphor on the sculpting of the tectonic plates. Combined with new efficient methods for fluvial and glacial erosion, this allows for the fast sculpting of large mountain ranges. In order to visualize the resulting landscapes withing human sight, we demonstrate the need of combining the simulation of various phenomena with different time spans, and we propose a stochastic simulation technique to solve this complex cohabitation. This methodology is applied to the simulation of geological processes such as erosion interleaved with ecosystems formation. This method is then implemented on the GPU, combining long term effects (snow fall, phase changes of water) with highly dynamics ones (avalanches, skiers impact).Our methods allow the simulation of the evolution of large scale, visually plausible landscapes, while accounting for user control. These results were validated by user studies as well as comparisons with data obtained from real landscapes.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2014. / Landscapes are highly organised, with recurring patterns of co-varying and interacting biotic and abiotic ecosystem components. Although there is a rising demand for landscape classifications and maps that describe these patterns, emerging conceptualisations of ecosystems as complex, open and inherently uncertain question the existence of geographically definable ecological regions. It is now well recognised that perceptions of ecological patterns are highly subjective, changing with the scale of observation and the particular combination of environmental attributes that are emphasised. Hence many different valid descriptions (and hence maps) of the same ecosystem are possible, each relating to different perspectives and issues. This thesis aims to develop a conceptualization of the biophysical interactions that fashion the character and behaviour of water-dependent ecosystems in savanna landscapes that can be used to underpin land classifications and maps for transdisciplinary enquiry and the management and allocation of natural resources. Recent analytical approaches in geomorphology, hydrology, soil science and biogeography are synthesised in a heuristic landscape hierarchy that frames hillslopes within the context of a stream network that varies between different geological and climatic settings. Savanna landscapes offer excellent opportunities to develop this new approach, since many hydrological, geomorphic and biotic processes are tightly coupled around the limited availability of water. Thus many biotic and abiotic variables are spatially clustered, forming a biophysical template that constrains the character and behaviour of a wide range of organisms and processes. Maps of these clusters can therefore provide a platform for integrating a similarly wide range of scientific and managerial perspectives. The credibility and relevance of the conceptualisation is assessed through its application to a land classification in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. The approach is iterative and reflective, endeavouring to reconcile the impossibility of using traditional reductionist approaches to describe complex systems with the need for reductionist generalisations to describe and analyse complex systems. Assumptions and decisions form a narrative that expressly acknowledges the inclusion of normative values and subjective judgements in conceptualisations of complex systems. Implementation is based around the use of generalised archetypes to navigate between general principles and particular instances and also between conceptualisations and their representation in a map. Rather than using standardised, pre-determined scales and attributes, archetype development is based on the extensive research that exists for KNP, together with observation and analyses that give the landscape a ‘voice’, using concepts such as hillslope catenas and topographic grain. Analytical lenses are reframed to reveal differences as well as similarities, recognising that not all instances of a class are equally similar to the class archetype, so that some locations may conform more than others to the anticipated class character and behaviour. At regional scales, physiographic zones are characterised by particular geology, patterns of landscape dissection and catchments that contain certain repeating toposequences of catenal elements. Differences in topographic grain have substantial implications for the construction of ecological maps, since the optimum scales of observation for the same level of the landscape hierarchy differ between landscapes. The associated differences in catchment size, hillslope length and stream density also have profound impacts on the nature and scale of many ecological processes, such that differentiation between physiographic zones is vital for good science, modelling and management. Two study sites were mapped at catchment and hillslope scales, serving to contrast landscape structures in the finely dissected granites and the coarsely dissected basalts. At both catchment and hillslope scales, the basalt site conformed well to the a priori archetype that described a vegetation toposequence. However, only about half the area of the granite study corresponded to the archetype. Many of these mismatches did not show any difference in vegetation between midslopes and crests, suggesting they lack the contrasting clay/sandy soils that are typical of catenas in this area. It was therefore concluded that these subcatchments are likely to be generated and sustained by a different suite of processes to those described by the archetype and may therefore warrant the development of new archetypes. These findings illustrate how the explicit mapping of catenal elements allows the variability within an area to be assessed, identifying anomalous areas and hillslopes that are likely to behave differently to the hillslopes that conform more precisely to archetypal conceptual models. Understanding the nature and extent of such variations will improve the performance of broad-scale extrapolations and models based on the behaviour of idealised archetypes. Ultimately, end users will determine whether or not the conceptualisation of savanna landscapes developed in this thesis is capable of rising to the challenges posed by the complexity and heterogeneity of ecological systems in KNP (and elsewhere). Initial indications are positive, given the early uptake of the approach both by the South African Water Research Commission and South African National Parks (SANParks).