Innovations such as combustion engines, electricity and assembly lines have all had a significant role in manufacturing, where the past three industrial revolutions have changed the way manufacturing is performed. The technical progress within the manufacturing industry continues at a high rate and today's progress can be seen as a part of the fourth industrial revolution. The progress can be exemplified by ”Industrie 4.0”; the German government's vision of future manufacturing. Previous studies have been conducted with the aim of investigating the benefits, progress and relevance of Industry 4.0-technologies. Little emphasis in these studies has been put on differences in implementation and relevance of Industry 4.0-technologies across and within industries. This thesis aims to investigate the adoption of Industry 4.0-technologies among and within selected industries and what types of patterns that exists among them. Using a qualitative multiple case study consisting of firms from Aerospace, Heavy equipment, Automation, Electronics and Motor Vehicle Industry, we gain insight into how leading firms are implementing the technologies. In order to identify the factors determining how Industry 4.0-technologies are implemented and what common themes can be found, we introduce the concept production logic, which is built upon the connection between competitive priorities; quality, flexibility, delivery time, cost efficiency and ergonomics. This thesis has two contributions. In our first contribution, we have categorized technologies within Industry 4.0 into two bundles; the Human-Machine-Interface (HMI) and the connectivity bundle. The HMI bundle includes devices for assisting operators in manufacturing activities, such as touchscreens, augmented reality and collaborative robots. The connectivity-bundle includes systems for connecting devices, collecting and analyzing data from the digitalized factory. The result of this master thesis indicates that depending on a firm’s or industry’s logic of production, the adoption of elements from the technology bundles differ. Firms where flexibility is dominant tend to implement elements from the HMI-bundle to a larger degree. In the other end, firms with few product variations where quality and efficiency dominates the production logic tends to implement elements from the connectivity bundle in order to tightly monitor and improve quality in their assembly. Regardless of production logic, firms are implementing elements from both bundles, but with different composition and applications. The second contribution is within the literature of technological transitions. In this contribution, we have studied the rise and development of the HMI-bundle in the light of Geels (2002) Multi-Level Perspective (MLP). It can be concluded that an increased pressure on the landscape-level in the form of changes in the consumer-market and the attitudes within the labor force has created a gradual spread of the HMI-bundle within industries. The bundles have also been studied through Rogers (1995) five attributes of innovation, where the lack of testability and observability prevents increased application of M2M-interfaces. Concerning Big Data and analytics, the high complexity prevents the technology from being further applied. As the HMI-bundle involves a number of technologies with large differences in properties, it is hard draw any conclusion using the attributes of innovation about what limits their application.

The essay aims to show the relation between academic models for performance measurement and legitimisation in non-profit performing arts companies (NPA) and the current evaluation methods used by NPAs in Sweden. The study has been conducted using content analysis with a comparative design and deductive approach. Where the annual reports for The Royal Swedish Opera and The Royal Dramatic Theatre have been compared to their mission statements and each other. These reports were also compared to three chosen academic models to see if they were used and later discussed if the theatres could have use for them. The models selected highlighted different areas for legitimisation. “Third times the charm” highlights the opinions from other professionals. “A new paradigm” highlights the artistic experience for the audience. And “The four dimensions” highlights societal impact and managerial performance. The essay claims that the two institutions evaluate their business differently in their annual reports and would benefit from learning from each other. When it comes to the academic models. They could both use “third times the charm” more since it relates well to their mission, The Opera uses this method already but would benefit from using it more. Both theatres could also account for their societal impact more, which they now only do indirectly. “A new paradigm” is used seldom as a metho for legitimisation. This could be explained by the lack of such an evaluation in the mission for the theatres, the same goes for managerial performance. The essay recommends further research about the discrepancy found in the Kulturdepartementets different goal statements. About change in these institutions after adopting a new leadership structure. Finally, research seeking comments from the NPAs about their potential use of academia. / Uppsatsen ämnar visa relationen mellan akademiska modeller för legitimering och redovisning av konstnärlig verksamhet och den praktik som används idag. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med komparativ design med en deduktiv ansats. Där Kungliga Operan och Kungliga Dramatiska teaterns årsredovisningar dels jämförts mot sina uppdrag och mot varandra. För att sedan jämföras mot tre utvalda akademiska modeller för att se om dessa används eller om institutionerna skulle kunna ha användning av detta. Modellerna lyfter fram olika aspekter att legitimera sig på. ”Tredje generationens redovisning” lyfter professionellas åsikter som en metod att legitimera verksamheten. ”Konstnärlig upplevelse” lyfter den konstnärliga upplevelsen för publiken och ”Fyra dimensioner” lyfter samhällspåverkan (societal impact) och arbete mot inre effektivitet (managerial performance) som legitimeringsmetoder. Uppsatsen påstår att de två institutionerna redovisar sin verksamhet på olika sätt och skulle kunna dra lärdomar av varandra då deras uppdrag från Regeringen är nästintill identiska. När det kommer till de akademiska modellerna skulle Dramaten ha nytta av att använda ”tredje generationens redovisning” mer i sin redovisning för att hävda sin konstnärliga kvalitet i enlighet med uppdraget, Operan använder denna redovisning idag men skulle kunna använda det mer. Operan och Dramaten skulle kunna hävda sin koppling till samhällsnytta och det civila samhället med en ökad redovisning av samhällspåverkan. Båda institutionerna redovisar verksamhet för samhällspåverkan utan att uttrycka det tydligt. ”Konstnärlig upplevelse” används väldigt lite som legitimeringsmetod. Detta kan förklaras av att de uttryck för redovisning som denna metod hävdar inte efterfrågas i deras regleringsbrev. Detsamma gäller för en inre effektivitet. Uppsatsen rekommenderar till vidare forskning om diskrepans upptäckt mellan Kulturdepartementets olika målformuleringar. Om förändring på dessa institutioner efter ny ledningsstruktur. Samt att ta in röster från kulturlivet angående deras användning av akademiska texter.

In the last decades, the EU’s policy on education has become increasingly geared towards serving the economy. While some have been quick to label these changes as neoliberal, this is not such an obvious analysis considering that European education systems are still well-known for their welfare governance. This research attempts to clarify the relation between the EU educational policy and neoliberalism. Inspired by post-foundational discourse theory, we conducted a discourse analysis of three key European Union educational policy documents. Extending on a frame of 20 years, our analysis identifies an incremental neoliberalization of the policy as well as a number of conclusive similarities with neoliberal rationality. We contribute in showing how the economic dimension of the EU educational policy has not so much replaced the other objectives than it has incorporated them. We also show how contemporary educational policy continues the dynamic of neoliberalization, hinting a further dismantlement of the welfare states system in Europe. Our study stands to reinforce the conceptual link between European education and neoliberalism and as such contributes to the understudied ideational perspectives on the topic, complementing some shortcomings left by the mainstream theories, like neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism.

As an under-researched form of coordination and control, little is known of how collegiality is practiced, especially in for-profit firms. Our thesis has sought to address this research gap by interviewing professionals from two fields which are recognized as collegial, namely lawyers and architects. Our aim was to depict how for-profit firms coordinate and control using collegiality in relation to the traditional modes of governance of bureaucracy and management. We do this by utilizing the concept of institutional logics which focuses on field-level meaning systems and how actors use these systems of values, beliefs and expectations to make sense of their institutional environment. We could observe a clear coexistence of all three modes of governance. Our respondents indicated an awareness of the different logics and demonstrated an understanding of which governance mode was called for in which situation. This interplay was highly contextual and contingent on each situation's institutional demands and expectations. Collegial values were keenly advocated, yet work tasks that were legalized were also bureaucratized. The coexistence of fundamentally contradictory governance modes did not however appear to meet much internal resistance and seemed to rather function peacefully with wide employee acceptance.

Where post-GDP, a socio-ecological substitute of GDP, has become increasingly salient within international relations, its practice at an institutional economic level remains largely marginalised. At a discursive level, however, both GDP and post-GDP appear to be both supplementary and antithetical to one another. This thesis investigates this relationship between GDP and post-GDP discourse, as well as the dependency of economic institutions to exercise such a discourse. Constructivist institutionalism initially frames these economic ideas as both constitutive and antagonistic towards institutional stability. This thesis, however, draws primarily upon institutional poststructuralism, articulating GDP/post-GDP discourse, not the agent, as a mechanism that produces economic knowledge and, by association, the institutions that are shaped by it. A two-part analysis takes place, consisting of an historical genealogy of GDP/post-GDP and a discourse logics analysis between the IMF development committee and the economic departments of India and surrounding countries. The findings show that the formative discourse of GDP and post-GDP had become divorced during the 20th century and that while GDP logics often struggle to reconcile requisite development outcomes, economic institutions exercise the two as a unitary discourse; albeit one that maintains a GDP centre.

De senare åren har det gått mode i tal om att sätta individen i centrum inom socialtjänsten. Självbestämmande och delaktighet är hörnstenar i Lag om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (1993:387). Men är brukarens behov styrande i praktiken? I uppsatsen studeras LSS-processen utifrån ett slags organisatoriska ideologier, s.k. professionella logiker, och hur de tar sig uttryck i praktiken. Sedan tidigare är det känt att professionella logiker som domineras av hierarkier respektive av klassisk kompetens konkurrerar med varandra. I det teoretiska ramverket deltar även en brukarmandatslogik.I denna etnografiska kvalitativa fallstudie studeras tre kommuner som i huvudsak har en välskött LSS-verksamhet. Huvudaktörer som studeras är biståndshandläggare på beställarenheter och baspersonal på utförarens boenden men också andra aktörer som filtrerar logikerna studeras. Logikernas principer och praktisk applicering av dessa analyseras utifrån kunskapsbas, kontroll, auktoritet och handlingsutrymme samt dokumentation. I analysen har jag kommit fram till att olika logiker visar sig olika starka i processens olika faser. Ett tydligt exempel på nyinstitutionell särkoppling är den formella uppföljningen handläggare ska göra av hur arbetet faktiskt genomförts i den boendes närmiljö. Här ser vi att den röda tråden som är tänkt att gå från beställare via utförare och tillbaka ibland tar en annan väg eller klipps av någonstans på vägen. Den informella samverkan pekar på större dynamik än den formella i samspelet mellan logikerna. / In the last few years, the idea of person-centered care within social services has grown in popularity, seen from a public discourse driven by the National Board of Health and Welfare. Inclusion and empowerment are cornerstones in the Swedish Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (LSS). But is the individual’s mandate the ruling principle also in practice? In this essay, the municipal LSS process is studied from the viewpoint of professional logics and how they manifest in practice. Previous research has been carried out in the fields of classical professional logic and the competing organizational professional logic. Together with these, I examine a user-mandate professional logic. By using the qualitative methods of ethnography and case study, I study agents from three municipalities with an overall well-managed care for the target group. Principal agents are care managers and care givers’ staff working close to the residents. These functions are organizationally separated into different units where the manager investigate the individuals’ needs, forward investigations, and decisions to care givers and then review the given social services. Also studied are other agents that have a filtering function of the logics. The principles and practical application of the logics are analyzed from knowledge base, control, authority, discretion, and authority. In the analysis, I have concluded that the occurrence of the different logics varies in strength in the different phases of the process. One distinct example of an organizational decoupling is the formal review where the thought order of the process could be viewed as a “red thread”, running from manager to care giver and back. The empirics show that the read thread takes another route or is cut off somewhere along the route. The informal cooperation, rather than the formal, indicates greater dynamics in the interplay between the logics.

The World Wide Web contains large amounts of data and in most cases this data is without any explicit structure. The lack of structure makes it difficult for automated agents to understand and use such data. A step towards a more structured World Wide Web is the idea of the Semantic Web which aims at introducing semantics to data on the World Wide Web. One of the key technologies in this endeavour are ontologies which provide means for modeling a domain of interest. Developing and maintaining ontologies is not an easy task and it is often the case that defects are introduced into ontologies. This can be a problem for semantically-enabled applications such as ontology-based querying. Defects in ontologies directly influence the quality of the results of such applications as correct results can be missed and wrong results can be returned. This thesis considers one type of defects in ontologies, namely the problem of completing the is-a structure in ontologies represented in description logics. We focus on two variants of description logics, the EL family and ALC, which are often used in practice. The contributions of this thesis are as follows. First, we formalize the problem of completing the is-a structure as a generalized TBox abduction problem (GTAP) which is a new type of abduction problem in description logics. Next, we provide algorithms for solving GTAP in the EL family and ALC description logics. Finally, we describe two implemented systems based on the introduced algorithms. The systems were evaluated in two experiments which have shown the usefulness of our approach. For example, in one experiment using ontologies from the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 58 and 94 detected missing is-a relations were repaired by adding 54 and 101 is-a relations, respectively, introducing new knowledge to the ontologies.

Motivées par de nombreuses applications allant du traitement XML à lavérification d'exécution de programmes, de nombreuses logiques sur les arbresde données et les flux de données ont été développées dans la littérature.Celles-ci offrent divers compromis entre expressivité et complexitéalgorithmique ; leur problème de satisfiabilité a souvent une complexité nonélémentaire ou peut même être indécidable.De plus, leur étude à travers des approches de théories des modèles ou dethéorie des automates peuvent être algorithmiquement impraticables ou manquerde modularité.Dans une première partie, nous étudions l'utilisation de systèmes de preuvecomme un moyen modulaire de résoudre le problème de satisfiabilité des données logiques sur des structures linéaires.Pour chaque logique considérée, nous développons un calcul d'hyperséquentscorrect et complet et décrivons une stratégie de recherche de preuve optimaledonnant une procédure de décision NP.En particulier, nous présentons un fragment NP-complet de la logique temporelle sur les ordinaux avec données, la logique complète étant indécidable, qui est exactement aussi expressif que le fragment à deux variables de la logique du premier ordre sur les ordinaux avec données.Dans une deuxième partie, nous menons une étude empirique des principaleslogiques à la XPath décidables proposées dans la littérature.Nous présentons un jeu de tests que nous avons développé à cette fin etexaminons comment ces logiques pourraient être étendues pour capturer davantage de requêtes du monde réel sans affecter la complexité de leur problème de satisfiabilité.Enfin, nous analysons les résultats que nous avons recueillis à partir de notre jeu de tests et identifions les nouvelles fonctionnalités à prendre en charge afin d’accroître la couverture pratique de ces logiques. / Motivated by applications ranging from XML processing to runtime verificationof programs, many logics on data trees and data streams have been developed in the literature.These offer different trade-offs between expressiveness and computationalcomplexity; their satisfiability problem has often non-elementary complexity or is even undecidable.Moreover, their study through model-theoretic or automata-theoretic approaches can be computationally impractical or lacking modularity.In a first part, we investigate the use of proof systems as a modular way tosolve the satisfiability problem of data logics on linear structures.For each logic we consider, we develop a sound and complete hypersequentcalculus and describe an optimal proof search strategy yielding an NPdecision procedure.In particular, we exhibit an NP-complete fragment of the tense logic over data ordinals---the full logic being undecidable---, which is exactly as expressive as the two-variable fragment of the first-order logic on data ordinals.In a second part, we run an empirical study of the main decidable XPath-likelogics proposed in the literature.We present a benchmark we developed to that end, and examine how these logicscould be extended to capture more real-world queries without impacting thecomplexity of their satisfiability problem.Finally, we discuss the results we gathered from our benchmark, and identifywhich new features should be supported in order to increase the practicalcoverage of these logics.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study investigated how civil society organizations (CSOs) adapted to shifts in their external environment that threatened their survival. Specifically, the study considered how CSOs in Turkey were responding to growing authoritarianism and citizens’ demands for a voice and openness. Moreover, the study sought to explain why organizational responses varied across organizations operating in the same field and the challenges CSO leaders confronted as they implemented changes in response to this environment. These pressures, both authoritarian regimes and citizens’ demands for a voice in these organizations, reflect the democratic crisis in many countries and the overall distrust in institutions. In this respect, considering the consequences of both of these pressures for the legitimacy of CSOs simultaneously is both timely and necessary. This study blended theoretical insights from neo-institutional theory and resource dependency theory as well as strategic management literature and civil society literature to fill this theoretical gap. I argue that competing external pressures created conflicting logics by providing different stipulations about how CSOs had to be managed and that CSOs developed differentiated strategies by adopting some features of each logic. I grouped these responses into two main categories: survival and mission-related responses. I demonstrated that competing institutional logics pass through the organizational field and then they are filtered by the following organizational attributes: organizational form, stance toward government, risk tolerance and organizational capacity. Tensions and paradoxical situations resulting from selected practices created various management challenges for CSO leaders. These findings offer new perspectives to the literature on civil society under authoritarian regimes by pointing out the link between outside threats confronting CSOs and significant organizational management issues, thus illustrating how political regimes constrain CSOs’ capacity to contribute to democratic processes and perform internal democracy through soft and hard repression tools. / 2022-12-01

In a modern world software systems are literally everywhere. These should cope with very complex scenarios including the ability of context-awareness and self-adaptability. The concept of roles provide the means to model such complex, context-dependent systems. In role-based systems, the relational and context-dependent properties of objects are transferred into the roles that the object plays in a certain context. However, even if the domain can be expressed in a well-structured and modular way, role-based models can still be hard to comprehend due to the sophisticated semantics of roles, contexts and different constraints. Hence, unintended implications or inconsistencies may be overlooked. A feasible logical formalism is required here. In this setting Description Logics (DLs) fit very well as a starting point for further considerations since as a decidable fragment of first-order logic they have both an underlying formal semantics and decidable reasoning problems. DLs are a well-understood family of knowledge representation formalisms which allow to represent application domains in a well-structured way by DL-concepts, i.e. unary predicates, and DL-roles, i.e. binary predicates. However, classical DLs lack expressive power to formalise contextual knowledge which is crucial for formalising role-based systems. We investigate a novel family of contextualised description logics that is capable of expressing contextual knowledge and preserves decidability even in the presence of rigid DL-roles, i.e. relational structures that are context-independent. For these contextualised description logics we thoroughly analyse the complexity of the consistency problem. Furthermore, we present a mapping algorithm that allows for an automated translation from a formal role-based model, namely a Compartment Role Object Model (CROM), into a contextualised DL ontology. We prove the semantical correctness and provide ideas how features extending CROM can be expressed in our contextualised DLs. As final step for a completely automated analysis of role-based models, we investigate a practical reasoning algorithm and implement the first reasoner that can process contextual ontologies.