Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-09-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvestrini_lhc_me_mar.pdf: 390849 bytes, checksum: 3e56bcae7fb7fbdc04cda1eb30e5f1ea (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em 1999, Grácio introduziu a Lógica do Plausível como uma particularização de uma família de sistemas lógicos, caracterizados pela inclusão de um quantificador generalizado na sintaxe da lógica clássica de predicados, a saber, as Lógicas Moduladas, cuja formalização semântica é dada por um subconjunto do conjunto das partes do universo. Nesta particularização de lógica modulada, é incluído o quantificador do Plausível P, que engendra a formalização de um raciocínio indutivo de maneira que uma 'boa parte' dos indivíduos possui determinada propriedade. O presente trabalho introduz um novo sistema dedutivo para a Lógica do Plausível, denominado TLP, construído seguindo os princípios de tableaux semânticos clássicos. Na elaboração do sistema de tableaux TLP, há uma forma original de localizar pontos nos ramos de um dado tableau. Ademais, por meio do raciocínio indutivo engendrado por esta lógica, discussões sucederam acerca da indução ser considerada um processo genuinamente lógico, tendo por ponto de partida o problema epistemológico da indução. / The Logic of the Plausible was introduced in 1999 by Grácio as a particularization of a family of logical systems characterized by the inclusion of a generalized quantifier in the syntax of the classical logic of predicates, denominated the Modulated Logics, whose semantical interpretation is given by a subset of the power set of the universe. In this particularization of modulated logics, it is included the quantifier of Plausible P that engenders the formalization of a type of inductive reasoning so that a 'good' number of individuals possesses certain property . This work introduces a new deductive system for the Logic of the Plausible, denominated TLP, built according to the principles of the classical semantical tableaux. In the construction of the tableaux system TLP, an original form of locating points in the branches of any tableaux is presented. Besides, through the inductive reasoning engendered by this logic, the work also promotes discussions concerning the consideration of the induction as a genuinely logical process, beginning from the epistemological problem of the induction.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matulovic_m_me_mar.pdf: 351553 bytes, checksum: ce05b2472eda1483cbde0d4d3caf708d (MD5) / Dentre as diversas lógicas não-clássicas, que complementam o cálculo de predicados de primeira ordem, destacamos as lógicas moduladas. As lógicas moduladas são caracterizadas pela inclusão de um novo quantificador, chamado modulado, que tem a incumbência de interpretar aspectos indutivos de quantificadores das linguagens naturais. Como um caso particular de lógica modulada, a lógica do muito formaliza a noção intuitiva de “muitos”. O quantificador do muito é representado por G. Assim, uma sentença do tipo Gxα(x) deve ser entendida como “muitos indivíduos satisfazem a propriedade α”. Semanticamente, a noção de muitos está associada a uma estrutura matemática denominada família fechada superiormente e própria. Seja E um conjunto não vazio. Uma família própria fechada superiormente F em E é tal que: (i) F ⊆ P(E); (ii) E ∈ F; (iii) ∅ ∉ F; (iv) A ∈ F e A ⊆ B ⇒ B ∈ F. Intuitivamente, F caracteriza os conjuntos que possuem ‘muitos’ elementos. E, assim, o universo E possui muitos elementos; o ∅ não possui muitos elementos; e se A possui muitos elementos, então todo conjunto que contém A também possui muitos elementos. Com elementos sintáticos que caracterizam linguisticamente estas propriedades de F, pode-se verificar que a lógica do muito é correta e completa para uma estrutura de primeira ordem estendida por uma família própria fechada superiormente. A lógica do muito foi originalmente introduzida em um sistema dedutivo hilbertiano, baseado apenas em axiomas e regras de dedução. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um outro sistema dedutivo para a lógica do muito, porém num sistema de tablôs. Demonstramos, naturalmente, que esse novo sistema é equivalente ao sistema axiomático original. / Among the several non classical logics that complement the classical first-order logic, we detach the Modulated Logics. This class of logics is characterized by extending the classical logic by the introduction of a new generalized quantifier, called modulated quantifier, that has the attribution of interpreting some inductive aspects of quantifiers in any natural language. As a particular case of Modulated Logic, the Logic of Many formalize the intuitive notion of “many”. The quantifier of many is represented by G. Thus, a sentence of the type Gxα(x) must be understood like “many individuals satisfy the property α”. Semantically, the notion of many is associated with a mathematical structure named proper superiorly closed family. Let E be a non empty set. A proper superiorly closed family F in E is such that: (i) F ⊆ P(E); (ii) E ∈ F; (iii) ∅ ∉ F; (iv) A ∈ F e A ⊆ B ⇒ B ∈ F. Intuitively, F characterizes the sets which have “many” elements. The empty set ∅ does not have many elements. And if A has many elements, then any set which contains A, also has many elements. The logic of many has syntactical elements that caracterize linguisticaly these properties of F. We can verify that the Logic of Many is correct and complete for a first order structure extended by a proper superiorly closed family. The Logic of Many was originally introduced in a Hilbertian deductive system, based only on axioms and rules. In this work, we developed another deductive system for the Logic of Many, but in a tableaux system. We proof that this new system is equivalent to the original one.

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, la mise en œuvre de stratégies industrielles et éditoriales par les groupes de presse écrite a poussé les marchés du travail journalistique à se conformer à de nouvelles exigences d'adaptation. Face à ces transformations, les positions traditionnelles des acteurs du champ journalistique ont été profondément remises en question, traduisant une reconfiguration en termes de normes et de pratiques socio-discursives, mais aussi de distribution des rôles et des pouvoirs. Notre travail de recherche propose de s'intéresser au cas des journalistes pigistes dont le positionnement dans une « zone grise » du marché du travail en fait des « analyseurs » privilégiés des mutations en cours au sein du secteur de presse. La précarité qui leur est fatalement assignée est ici questionnée comme une catégorie situationnelle et relationnelle nous informant d'une « déstructuration-restructuration » du champ journalistique. La précarité mobilisée dans les discours des acteurs du champ apporte dès lors un éclairage sur les logiques sociales à l'œuvre et permet d'approcher, d'une part, les enjeux qui sous-tendent la stigmatisation des journalistes pigistes en précaires, et, d'autre part, les stratégies qui les portent. Il apparaît que cette représentation à visée différentielle fait singulièrement sens dans un contexte socio-économique de restructuration des industries culturelles. Révélatrice d'une tension entre légitimation et modernisation d'une presse en mutation, la précarité affectée aux journalistes pigistes se met au service des stratégies d'adaptation des acteurs en présence. Elle sert en premier lieu celles des stigmatisés qui, en procédant à un « retournement du stigmate », saisissent l'occasion de faire émerger une identité « para-journalistique » fondée sur une culture qui leur serait propre : le « pigisme ». / Over the past three decades, the industrial and editorial strategies of French press groups pushed the journalistic labour markets to adapt to new requirements. Faced with these changes, the traditional positions of the actors involved in the journalistic field were deeply challenged leading to a reconfiguration in terms of standards and socio-discursive practices, but also in terms of the distribution of roles and powers. Our research focuses on the case of the French “pigistes” journalists who are located in a "grey area" of the labour market and thereby become privileged "analyzers" of the ongoing changes in the French press industry. The precariousness assigned to them is examined as a relational notion, which allows us to approach very closely the "breakdown-restructuring" movement of the modern French journalistic field. The study of the uses of this notion in the discourses of the main actors in this field brings light on the social logics at work. It underlines what is at stake in the stigmatization of “pigistes” journalists in "precarious" professionals on the one hand and which strategies this stigma help to satisfy on the other hand. It appears that this representation implies a differentiation between two types of journalists (the precarious ones and the others), which singularly makes sense in a socio-economic restructuring of cultural industries. Revealing a tension between legitimacy and modernization of a changing press, the precariousness assigned to the “pigistes” journalists supports the adaptation strategies of the actors involved in the field. Above all, this stigmatization serves firstly this stigmatized journalists who by conducting a “reversal of the stigma” seize the opportunity to bring forth a “para-journalistic” identity based on a culture they would own: the “pigisme.”

Robert Adams' definition of a possible world is paradoxical according to Selmer Bringsjord, Patrick Grim and, more recently, Cristopher Menzel. The proofs given by Bringsjord and Grim relied crucially on the Powerset Axiom; Christoper Menzel showed that, while this continued tobe the case, there was still hope for Adams' definition, but Menzel he undustedan old russellian paradox in order to prove that we could obtain the same paradoxical consequences without appealing to any other set theory than the Axiomof Separation. Nevertheless, Menzel's result only showed that there was no actualworld. In this paper we try to generalize Russell's paradox to arbitrary possible worlds without introducing an irreducible modal component in the discussion. / La definición de un mundo posible” de Robert Adams es paradójica, de acuerdo con Selmer Bringsjord, Patrick Grim y Cristopher Menzel. Las pruebas de Bringsjord y Grim utilizaban el axioma del Conjunto Potencia; Cristopher Menzel objetó que, mientras este fuese el caso, todavía existía esperanza para la definición de Adams, pero Menzel desempolvó una vieja paradoja de Russell para demostrar que podíamos obtener las mismas conclusiones sin apelar a otra teoría de conjuntos que el Axioma de Separación. Sin embargo, el resultado de Menzel mostraba solo que no existía el mundo actual. En este trabajo intentamos generalizar la paradoja de Russell a mundos posibles arbitrarios sin necesidad de introducir conceptos modales en la discusión.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T05:54:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_MarcosHenriqueCamargo_D.pdf: 3099122 bytes, checksum: 1206b82b35ee1ddeb1f096d1be485ed8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este estudo tem por meta aprofundar a pesquisa no campo da comunicação estética. Neste sentido, procede a uma comparação entre a representação lógica, no âmbito das linguagens, e a percepção estética no âmbito dos textos da cultura e dos fenômenos da natureza; assim, localiza nas construções humanas e nas expressões naturais elementos de logicidade e de esteticidade que sempre se encontram presentes, ora mais, ora menos, e que são examinados por meio de um instrumento de observação desenvolvido neste trabalho e denominado 'estética da percepção'. A finalidade deste instrumento de inferência é oferecer ao campo da estética outro viés epistemológico, deixando de considerá-lo apenas como filosofia da arte, para tratá-lo também como 'conhecimento sensível', indispensável à intelecção / Abstract: This study aims at deeper research in the field of aesthetics communication. In order to do so it compares logical representation, within languages, to aesthetical perception within cultural texts and natural phenomena; therefore it localizes, in human constructions and natural expressions, elements of logicity and aestheticism, which were always present, in different levels, and which are examined through an instrument of observation, developed in this work, called "aesthetics of perception". The purpose of this inference instrument is to offer to the field of aesthetics another epistemological approach, which does not consider it only as art philosophy, but also as "sensible knowledge" as a necessary and indispensable part of understanding itself / Doutorado / Artes Visuais / Doutor em Artes

O presente estudo aborda a questão da introdução de um modelo de seguro contra prejuízos causados pelas enchentes em uma micro-bacia hidrográfica localizada em São Carlos, SP, dentro de um contexto de manejo integrado de bacias hidrográficas (MIBH), devido à freqüência com que vêm ocorrendo enchentes em algumas das grandes cidades brasileiras motivou o desenvolvimento deste estudo. É desenvolvido um modelo de seguro associado ao MIBH (manejo integrado de bacias hidrográficas) baseado no modelo de seguro agrícola proposto por Pilar e Mendiondo (2001) nas proximidades do córrego do Gregório. Dentro dessa nova abordagem, é apresentado um estudo de caso onde se avalia o efeito das enchentes e com o intuito de quantificar os acréscimos nas vazões de cheia decorrente dos avanços da urbanização, caracterizada principalmente pelo aumento de áreas impermeáveis, foi escolhida uma área de teste na cidade de São Carlos, a região do micro-centro no córrego do Gregório. São propostos diferentes valores de prêmios. A análise dos resultados das simulações dos prêmios indica que são viáveis do ponto de vista do fundo do seguro conforme seu valor aumenta. / This work treats the introduction of an insurance model against damages caused by the floods in a personal hydrographic basin located in São Carlos, SP, inside of a context of integrated handling of hydrographics basins (MIBH), due to the frequency with that come happening floods in some of the great brazilian cities it motivated the development of this study. An insurance model associated to MIBH is developed (integrated handling of hydrographics basins) based on the model of safe agricultural proposed by Pilar and Mendiondo (2001). Inside of that new approach, a case study is presented where is evaluated the effects of the flood and with the intention of quantifying the increments in the discharge of full due to the progresses of the urbanization, characterized mainly by the increase of impermeable areas, it was chosen a test area in the city of São Carlos, the area of the personal hydrographic basin in Gregório\'s. Different values of prizes are proposed. The analysis of the results of the simulations of the prizes indicates that are viable of the point of view of the fund of the in accordance insurance its value it increases.

Module extraction is the task of computing a (preferably small) fragment <i>M</i> of an ontology <i>O</i> that preserves a class of entailments over a signature of interest ∑. Existing practical approaches ensure that <i>M</i> preserves all second-order entailments of <i>O</i> over ∑, which is a stronger condition than is required in many applications. In the first part of this thesis, we propose a novel approach to module extraction which, based on a reduction to a datalog reasoning problem, makes it possible to compute modules that are tailored to preserve only specific kinds of entailments. This leads to obtaining modules that are often significantly smaller than those produced by other practical approaches, as shown in an empirical evaluation. In the second part of this thesis, we consider the application of module extraction to the optimisation of ontology classification. Classification is a fundamental reasoning task in ontology design, and there is currently a wide range of reasoners that provide this service. Reasoners aimed at so-called lightweight ontology languages are much more efficient than those aimed at more expressive ones, but they do not offer completeness guarantees for ontologies containing axioms outside the relevant language. We propose an original approach to classification based on exploiting module extraction techniques to divide the workload between a general purpose reasoner and a more efficient reasoner for a lightweight language in such a way that the bulk of the workload is assigned to the latter. We show how the proposed approach can be realised using two particular module extraction techniques, including the one presented in the first part of the thesis. Furthermore, we present the results of an empirical evaluation that shows that this approach can lead to a significant performance improvement in many cases.

M.Com. (Information Technology) / ADLOA is an Architecture Description Language (ADL) proposed to describe biologicallyinspired complex adaptive architectures such as ontogenetic architectures. The need for an ontogenetic ADL stems from the lack of support from existing ADLs. This dissertation further investigates the similarities between existing intelligent architectures and ontogenetic architectures. The research conducted on current ADLs, artificial ontogeny and intelligent architectures reveals that there are similarities between ontogenetic architectures and other intelligent architectures. However, the dynamism of artificial ontogeny indicates a lack of support for architecture description. Therefore, the dissertation proposes two core mechanisms to address ontogenetic architecture description. Firstly, the ADLOA process is defined as a systematisation of artificial ontogeny. The process specifies a uniform approach to defining ontogenetic architectures. Secondly, a demonstration of the implemented ADLOA process is used, in conjunction with the ADLOA model, mechanisms and Graphical User Interface (GUI), to present a workable description environment for software architects. The result of the dissertation is a standalone ADL that has the ability to describe ontogenetic architectures and to produce language-dependent code frameworks using the Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Microsoft Visual Studio platform.

Ontology-based data access (OBDA) augments classical query answering in databases by including domain knowledge provided by an ontology. An ontology captures the terminology of an application domain and describes domain knowledge in a machine-processable way. Formal ontology languages additionally provide semantics to these specifications. Systems for OBDA thus may apply logical reasoning to answer queries; they use the ontological knowledge to infer new information, which is only implicitly given in the data. Moreover, they usually employ the open-world assumption, which means that knowledge not stated explicitly in the data or inferred is neither assumed to be true nor false. Classical OBDA regards the knowledge however only w.r.t. a single moment, which means that information about time is not used for reasoning and hence lost; in particular, the queries generally cannot express temporal aspects. We investigate temporal query languages that allow to access temporal data through classical ontologies. In particular, we study the computational complexity of temporal query answering regarding ontologies written in lightweight description logics, which are known to allow for efficient reasoning in the atemporal setting and are successfully applied in practice. Furthermore, we present a so-called rewritability result for ontology-based temporal query answering, which suggests ways for implementation. Our results may thus guide the choice of a query language for temporal OBDA in data-intensive applications that require fast processing, such as context recognition.

La multiplication de sources textuelles sur le Web offre un champ pour l'extraction de connaissances depuis des textes et à la création de bases de connaissances. Dernièrement, de nombreux travaux dans ce domaine sont apparus ou se sont intensifiés. De ce fait, il est nécessaire de faire collaborer des approches linguistiques, pour extraire certains concepts relatifs aux entités nommées, aspects temporels et spatiaux, à des méthodes issues des traitements sémantiques afin de faire ressortir la pertinence et la précision de l'information véhiculée. Cependant, les imperfections liées au langage naturel doivent être gérées de manière efficace. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une méthode pour qualifier et quantifier l'incertitude des différentes portions des textes analysés. Enfin, pour présenter un intérêt à l'échelle du Web, les traitements linguistiques doivent être multisources et interlingue. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la globalité de cette problématique, c'est-à-dire que nos contributions couvrent aussi bien les aspects extraction et représentation de connaissances incertaines que la visualisation des graphes générés et leur interrogation. Les travaux de recherche se sont déroulés dans le cadre d'une bourse CIFRE impliquant le Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard Monge (LIGM) de l'Université Paris-Est Marne la Vallée et la société GEOLSemantics. Nous nous appuyons sur une expérience cumulée de plusieurs années dans le monde de la linguistique (GEOLSemantics) et de la sémantique (LIGM).Dans ce contexte, nos contributions sont les suivantes :- participation au développement du système d'extraction de connaissances de GEOLSemantics, en particulier : (1) le développement d'une ontologie expressive pour la représentation des connaissances, (2) le développement d'un module de mise en cohérence, (3) le développement d'un outil visualisation graphique.- l'intégration de la qualification de différentes formes d'incertitude, au sein du processus d'extraction de connaissances à partir d'un texte,- la quantification des différentes formes d'incertitude identifiées ;- une représentation, à l'aide de graphes RDF, des connaissances et des incertitudes associées ;- une méthode d'interrogation SPARQL intégrant les différentes formes d'incertitude ;- une évaluation et une analyse des résultats obtenus avec notre approche / The increase of textual sources over the Web offers an opportunity for knowledge extraction and knowledge base creation. Recently, several research works on this topic have appeared or intensified. They generally highlight that to extract relevant and precise information from text, it is necessary to define a collaboration between linguistic approaches, e.g., to extract certain concepts regarding named entities, temporal and spatial aspects, and methods originating from the field of semantics' processing. Moreover, successful approaches also need to qualify and quantify the uncertainty present in the text. Finally, in order to be relevant in the context of the Web, the linguistic processing need to be consider several sources in different languages. This PhD thesis tackles this problematic in its entirety since our contributions cover the extraction, representation of uncertain knowledge as well as the visualization of generated graphs and their querying. This research work has been conducted within a CIFRE funding involving the Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard Monge (LIGM) of the Université Paris-Est Marne la Vallée and the GEOLSemantics start-up. It was leveraging from years of accumulated experience in natural language processing (GeolSemantics) and semantics processing (LIGM).In this context, our contributions are the following:- the integration of a qualifation of different forms of uncertainty, based on ontology processing, within the knowledge extraction processing,- the quantification of uncertainties based on a set of heuristics,- a representation, using RDF graphs, of the extracted knowledge and their uncertainties,- an evaluation and an analysis of the results obtained using our approach