This study provides an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of the syllabification of word-initial biconsonantal clusters in the productions of Faifi Arabic and Asiri Arabic speakers. This study aimed at investigating the role of sonority in the syllabification of onset clusters. Two groups, each made up of 15 participants, were employed in this study to produce English nonwords, which had onsets composed of biconsonantal clusters with different sonority levels. The results of the study showed that the two groups had two different ways of treating the clusters. The Faifi group epenthesized a vowel before the onset clusters, forcing the second consonant in the cluster to become the onset of the following syllable. The Asiri group epenthesized a vowel between the consonants of onset clusters when the sonority slope equaled 2. When the sonority slope equaled 3, the cluster was produced intact. All of these differences were shown to be the result of different rankings of several markedness and faithfulness constraints.

Rural Cornish coastal fishing communities express, and have expressed, varying degrees of ability to develop and retain social resilience capacity, or the ability to withstand ‘shock’ over both ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ onset events in social, political, economic and natural domain terms (Wilson, 2012a). Endogenous and exogenous influences may include natural changes in resources and resource dependency resulting in the loss or depletion of community livelihoods associated with a decline in fishing activities (Brookfield, 2005; Marshall, 2007a), issues of tourism driven change and notions of ‘community’. Four capitals are initially conceptually considered, those of natural, political, social and economic capitals driving institutional change and individual-community behaviour within fishing communities. This is considered for fishing activities and cross-community aspirational or extant forms of resilience building with a particular focus on social memory, community-personal identity (Wilson, 2012b; Wilson, 2013; Wilson, 2014) and critically, power (Chaskin, 2001). This research frames community resilience within a resilience framework on local, national and EU scales. The initial capital approach is further developed and articulated into a novel resilience status and process framework, the community resilience and vulnerability index, or the CRVI. The research fieldwork observes social resilience through empirical qualitative methods supported by an anthropological lens, especially in regard to social issues, trust, confidence, power and agency within fishing communities and trajectories that have been guided by internal and external influences and adaptive change to social networks. One of the research challenges was the building of the CRVI using coupled approaches to coping strategies that may have value both across the Cornish case study communities and into wider community usage.

Le diagnostic de maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) chez les patients de moins de 65 ans ou early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) est souvent difficile car la présentation clinique est fréquemment atypique, dominée par des signes non amnésiques. Les études antérieures sur les marqueurs de diagnostic précoce en imagerie se sont intéressées à l'imagerie structurelle et fonctionnelle dans l'EOAD mais aucune à la perfusion en IRM par la technique de marquage de spin ou arterial spin labeling (ASL). En effet, l'analyse de l'ASL demeure complexe, en particulier à l'échelle individuelle, du fait du faible rapport signal sur bruit des cartographies de perfusion et de l'hétérogénéité des zones atteintes à la phase initiale de la maladie. Notre premier objectif était technique et a consisté à optimiser l'interprétation des cartographies d'ASL grâce à la projection des anomalies de perfusion sur la surface du cortex extraite de l'acquisition morphologique T1 réalisée au cours du même examen, permettant d'accéder à une représentation tridimensionnelle interactive des données perfusionnelles. Le traitement des cartographies intégrait plusieurs étapes successives dont une correction des effets de volume partiel, une normalisation d'intensité spécifique et un lissage surfacique. Ce procédé a été appliqué sur les cartographies de 18 patients atteints d'EOAD avec une qualité de segmentation et de représentation des cartographies surfaciques obtenues jugées respectivement optimale et bonne dans 72 % des cas par deux lecteurs. Notre deuxième objectif était clinique et avait pour but de caractériser les altérations perfusionnelles et métaboliques par ASL et 18fluorodésoxuglucose-TEP (18F-FDG-TEP) sur un groupe de 37 patients atteints d'EOAD. Cette étude préliminaire à montré : (i) un pattern anatomique pathologique commun au niveau des lobules pariétaux inférieurs et des lobes temporaux ; (ii) des discordances entre les 2 techniques avec des lésions plus étendues en 18F-FDG-TEP et la détection en ASL de zones hypoperfusées additionnelles au niveau des lobes frontaux non visibles en 18F-FDGTEP. Ces deux travaux suggèrent que l'ASL pourrait donc devenir une séquence complémentaire clef dans l'arsenal des techniques d'imagerie utiles à un diagnostic précoce de l'EOAD et de la MA. Son utilisation en pratique clinique nécessite cependant une optimisation de sa représentation visuelle, et l'application corticale surfacique utilisée dans ce travail en représente une des voies potentielles. / The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients under the age of 65 years, called early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), remains a challenging issue due to the high incidence of atypical clinical presentations with non-memory symptoms. Although EAOD has been widely explored by structural and functional imaging, no previous study has examined the contribution of ASL in the assessment of cortical perfusion in this disease. Indeed, the analysis of ASL remains complex, especially at the individual level, due to the weak signal-to-noise ratio of the perfusion maps and the heterogeneity of pathological areas in the initial phase of the disease. Our first objective was technical and has consisted in optimizing the visual interpretation of ASL maps by the cortical surface-based projection of the perfusion alterations on the structural T1 sequence acquired during the same imaging protocol, providing a 3D interactive display of the perfusion data. Data processing included several successive steps, such as a partial volume effect correction, a specific intensity normalization and a surface-based smoothing process. It was applied on the perfusion maps of eighteen EOAD patients and the quality of segmentation and of cortical surface-based perfusion maps were scored as optimal in 72% in both cases by two readers. Our second objective was clinical and aimed to characterize the cerebral hypoperfusion and hypometabolism by ASL and 18F-FDG-PET in a group of 37 EOAD patients. Our preliminary study showed: (i) a similar pathological pattern located in the inferior parietal lobules and in the temporal cortex, (ii) discrepancies between the two modalities with the presence of more widespread hypometabolic regions detected by 18F-FDGPET and additionnai areas of alterations in the frontal lobes detected by ASL without apparent hypometabolism. Our studies suggest that ASL may become a useful complementary tool which, in combination with the existing structural and functional techniques, could offer improved efficiency in the difficult early detection of EOAD and AD. Its use in clinical practice, however, requires an optimization of its visual representation, and the cortical surface-based projection applied in this work represents one of the potential ways to this image quality improvement.

abstract: ABSTRACT The absence of the consonant sound /p/ in Libyan Arabic leads Libyan speakers of English to pronounce /p/ as /b/. This study examines how Libyan Arabic speakers distinguish the English /p/ and /b/ in their production of L2 English. The study also examines the effect of the production contexts and the learning environment on two groups of Libyan Arabic speakers' attainment of the English /p/ in the USA and Libya. The study collected voice recordings of word-initial /p/ and /b/ in isolated-words, minimal pairs, and sentences in English from both Libyan Arabic speakers and American English speakers. The study also collected Libyan Arabic stop consonants /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/ from the Libyan participants. The voice recording data were collected using the WhatsApp mobile application from all participants and the Libyan Arabic participants were also asked to fill an online survey. Using voice onset time (VOT) as a measurement tool, this study measured the English and Libyan Arabic data through Praat software. The findings show that most Libyan Arabic participants distinguish between /p/ and /b/, but they did not have as high VOT averages as the American participants' /p/. It also reveals that the production context, especially in minimal pairs and sentence contexts, has an effect on their participants' production. However, the learning environment does not have an effect on the Libyan participants' pronunciation of /p/ in this study. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis English 2014

Esta tese trata do estatuto silábico das consoantes finais /r, l, s, n/ no Português. Partimos, inicialmente, da proposta de Harris e Gussmann (1998), segundo a qual as consoantes finais não ocupam a coda silábica, mas são onsets de sílabas com núcleos vazios. Essa proposta baseia-se em uma concepção de estrutura silábica independente da estrutura segmental e que obedece às condições próprias (condições de licenciamento), as quais determinam a boa formação silábica. Nesse sentido, a estrutura silábica pode ser bem formada independentemente da estrutura segmental que a preenche. Assim se explica a ideia de Harris e Gussmann (1998) de núcleos vazios, isto é, de sílabas bem-formadas em termos de estrutura silábica, mas com núcleo não preenchido. Para procedermos a esta discussão, o trabalho foi subdividido em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, apresentamos a abordagem de que consoantes finais são onsets, buscando entender as implicações dessa abordagem e seus desdobramentos. Fazemos também uma comparação com abordagens alternativas, como a da extraprosodicidade e das semissílabas. Noções como a de licenciamento e outros detalhes da perspectiva adotada por Harris e Gussmann (1998) são explicitadas no capítulo 2, no qual também buscamos abordar os principais pressupostos da tese. Embasamo-nos na perspectiva de que a gramática é regida por princípios e parâmetros, admitindo marginalmente a existência de condições e regras específicas à língua. Adotamos também a perspectiva da existência de mais de um nível representacional. A abordagem considera tanto níveis derivacionais, como proposto pela Fonologia Lexical, Kiparsky (1982), quanto a de representação abstrata das estruturas fonológicas, com vários níveis (tiers) estruturais independentes, hierarquicamente organizados. Dessa forma, o núcleo vazio é criado no Léxico e pode ser preenchido, ainda nesse nível, por vogais introduzidas pela sufixação e pela flexão. Por outro lado, uma sílaba com núcleo vazio pode prosseguir até o nível pós-lexical sem precisar ser preenchido com conteúdo segmental. No capítulo 3, trazemos algumas línguas para as quais foi defendida na literatura a existência de consoante final como onset de um núcleo vazio, que denominamos línguas NV. Diferentes processos ilustram a existência dessas categorias após uma consoante na posição final. A observação das evidências para os núcleos não preenchidos foneticamente em distintos idiomas reforça a ideia de que eles sejam estruturas representacionais possíveis; além disso, traz informações para a construção da argumentação da análise de núcleos vazios para o Português. No capítulo 4, argumentamos pela análise das consoantes finais /l, r, s/ como onsets de sílabas com núcleos vazios. Para essa argumentação, trazemos inicialmente a análise do estatuto silábico das consoantes finais no Português Europeu, com base em Mateus e D’Andrade (2000). Em seguida, analisamos argumentos baseados na literatura sobre o Português Brasileiro para cada um dos segmentos finais, mostrando que a análise como onset final é compatível com o comportamento observando para essas consoantes. A nasal final, por sua vez, não pode ser considerada onset como as outras, pois se trata do processo de nasalização da vogal, em que não há um segmento consonantal, mas um glide nasal, conforme Battisti (1997). Por fim, propomos a representação de uma estrutura CVC] como constituída silabicamente como CV.CØ]. A análise adota, ainda, a existência do Parâmetro da Consoante Final que estaria ativado no Português Brasileiro. / This thesis focuses on the syllabic status of word-final consonants /r, l, s, n/ in Portuguese. We had as initial proposal the one presented by Harris and Gussmann (1998), according to which word-final consonants do not occupy the syllable coda, but the onset of a syllable containing an empty nucleus. Such proposal is based on a conception of syllable structure independent of the segmental structure and obeys constraints (licensing constraints) that determine the syllable well-formedness. Following this assumption, the syllable structure can be well-formed independently of the segmental structure that fills it. This explains the authors’ idea of empty nuclei, i.e. of well-formed syllables in terms of syllable structure despite an unfilled nucleus. To proceed to this discussion, this work was divided into four chapters. On the first chapter, we present the approach of C] as onsets, as a way of understanding the implications of this approach and their unfolding. We also compare it to alternative approaches, such as the extraprosodicity and the semisyllable ones. The notion of licensing, among other notions, and some other details of the perspective adopted by Harris e Gussmann (1998) are presented on Chapter 2, on which we also try to make the main presuppositions of this thesis explicit. We adopted the perspective of a grammar ruled by principles and parameters, assuming marginally the existence of specific conditions and rules to the language. We also adopted the perspective that assumes the existence of more than one representational level. This approach considers both the derivational levels, as proposed by Lexical Phonology, Kiparsky (1982), and the abstract representation of phonological structures, with independent structural tiers, hierarchically organized. Thus the empty nucleus is created on the Lexicon and can be filled, on this same tier, by vowels inserted through suffixation and inflection. On the other hand, an onset of a syllable containing an empty nucleus can proceed up to the pos-lexical level without being necessary to be filled by any segmental content. On chapter 3, we mention some languages to which it was assumed the existence of word-final consonant as the onset of an empty nucleus. These languages are named NV languages. Different processes show the existence of empty nucleus after a word-final consonant. The observation of evidences to empty nuclei in different languages reinforces the idea that these empty nuclei are possible representational structures; besides, it carries information to the argumentation construction of the empty nucleus analysis in Portuguese. On chapter 4, we argue for the word-final consonants /l, r, s/ analysis as onsets of syllables containing empty nuclei. For this argument, we bring up the analysis of the syllabic status of word-final consonants in the European Portuguese, based on Mateus e D’Andrade (2000). Then we analyze arguments based on the literature about Brazilian Portuguese to each word-final segment, showing that the word-final onset analysis is compatible with the behavior observed to these consonants. The word-final nasal, however, cannot be considered syllable onset as the other consonants, because this represents the vowel nasalization process, in which there is no consonantal segment, but a nasal glide instead, according to Battisti (1997). Finally, we propose the representation of a CVC] structure as CV.CØ]. This analysis adopts the existence of Word-final Consonant Parameter that would be active in the Brazilian Portuguese.

A consideração da idade de início de sintomas, como parte do diagnóstico de TDAH, é controversa e tem sido um tema revisitado com o surgimento das novas classificações de Psiquiatria. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar pacientes com sintomas de TDAH de início precoce e tardio em termos de características neuropsicológicas e de personalidade. Pacientes adultos com TDAH (n = 415) foram avaliados no ambulatório de TDAH do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil. O processo de diagnóstico de TDAH e comorbidades foi baseado nos critérios do DSM-IV. A comparação entre os dois grupos de idade de início (antes de 7; n = 209 e de 7 a 12 anos; n = 206) foi realizada com ANOVA, seguido de análises de regressão Stepwise forward para restringir o número de comparações e acessar o possível efeito de confundidores múltiplos. Adultos com TDAH de início precoce apresentam escores mais altos em busca de novidade em ambas as análises (respectivamente p = 0,016 e p = 0,002), mas as características cognitivas e de atenção são similares em comparação com o grupo de início tardio. Estes dados acrescentam evidências anteriores de que apesar de um perfil mais externalizante do TDAH de início precoce, o desempenho geral é semelhante, reforçando a necessidade da conscientização e inclusão deste grupo nos critérios diagnósticos do DSM-V. / The consideration of age of onset of impairment as part of the ADHD diagnosis is controversial and has been a revisited issue with the emergence of the new classifications in Psychiatry. The aim of this study is to compare patients with early and late onset of ADHD impairment in terms of neuropsychological and personality characteristics. Adult patients with ADHD (n=415) were evaluated in the ADHD outpatient program at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. The diagnostic process for ADHD and comorbidities was based on DSM-IV criteria. The comparison between the two age of onset groups (before 7; n=209 or from 7 to 12 years; n=206) was performed with ANOVA, followed by Stepwise forward regression analyses to restrict the number of comparisons and access the possible effect of multiple confounders. Patients with early onset ADHD present higher scores in novelty seeking in both analyses (respectively p = 0.016 and p = 0.002), but similar cognitive and attention features as compared with the late onset group. These data add to previous evidence that despite a more externalizing profile of early onset ADHD, the overall performance is similar reinforcing the need for awareness and inclusion of the late onset group in DSM-V diagnostic criteria.

abstract: The link between childhood neuropsychological deficits and early-onset offending--the assumed precursor to life-course persistent offending--has been well established, yet the underlying mechanisms facilitating this relationship are less understood. Support is growing for the claim that self-control is a key mechanism that links neuropsychological deficits to early-onset offending. Despite this, findings are mixed with regard to the mediating effect of self-control in the relationship between neuropsychological deficits and antisocial behavior. These studies largely support the notion that self-control exerts a mediating effect on neuropsychological deficits when the offending being studied is less serious. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the present study seeks to build upon the existing literature by examining whether self-control mediates the relationship between neuropsychological deficits and two types of early-onset offending--low and high risk--as a means of testing core tenets of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) and Moffitt's (1993) criminological theories. Findings show that while self-control and neuropsychological deficits independently predict general early-onset offending, these effects vary as a consequence of early-onset offender type. The results point to the need for future research to explore the possibility that the early-onset offender group that leads to persistent offending could be more precisely defined. Examining early-onset offending as a single construct limits our ability to make inferences about those offenders that are the most persistent in their offending patterns and, arguably, more likely to continue offending over the life-course. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Criminology and Criminal Justice 2014

A consideração da idade de início de sintomas, como parte do diagnóstico de TDAH, é controversa e tem sido um tema revisitado com o surgimento das novas classificações de Psiquiatria. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar pacientes com sintomas de TDAH de início precoce e tardio em termos de características neuropsicológicas e de personalidade. Pacientes adultos com TDAH (n = 415) foram avaliados no ambulatório de TDAH do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil. O processo de diagnóstico de TDAH e comorbidades foi baseado nos critérios do DSM-IV. A comparação entre os dois grupos de idade de início (antes de 7; n = 209 e de 7 a 12 anos; n = 206) foi realizada com ANOVA, seguido de análises de regressão Stepwise forward para restringir o número de comparações e acessar o possível efeito de confundidores múltiplos. Adultos com TDAH de início precoce apresentam escores mais altos em busca de novidade em ambas as análises (respectivamente p = 0,016 e p = 0,002), mas as características cognitivas e de atenção são similares em comparação com o grupo de início tardio. Estes dados acrescentam evidências anteriores de que apesar de um perfil mais externalizante do TDAH de início precoce, o desempenho geral é semelhante, reforçando a necessidade da conscientização e inclusão deste grupo nos critérios diagnósticos do DSM-V. / The consideration of age of onset of impairment as part of the ADHD diagnosis is controversial and has been a revisited issue with the emergence of the new classifications in Psychiatry. The aim of this study is to compare patients with early and late onset of ADHD impairment in terms of neuropsychological and personality characteristics. Adult patients with ADHD (n=415) were evaluated in the ADHD outpatient program at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. The diagnostic process for ADHD and comorbidities was based on DSM-IV criteria. The comparison between the two age of onset groups (before 7; n=209 or from 7 to 12 years; n=206) was performed with ANOVA, followed by Stepwise forward regression analyses to restrict the number of comparisons and access the possible effect of multiple confounders. Patients with early onset ADHD present higher scores in novelty seeking in both analyses (respectively p = 0.016 and p = 0.002), but similar cognitive and attention features as compared with the late onset group. These data add to previous evidence that despite a more externalizing profile of early onset ADHD, the overall performance is similar reinforcing the need for awareness and inclusion of the late onset group in DSM-V diagnostic criteria.

Esta tese trata do estatuto silábico das consoantes finais /r, l, s, n/ no Português. Partimos, inicialmente, da proposta de Harris e Gussmann (1998), segundo a qual as consoantes finais não ocupam a coda silábica, mas são onsets de sílabas com núcleos vazios. Essa proposta baseia-se em uma concepção de estrutura silábica independente da estrutura segmental e que obedece às condições próprias (condições de licenciamento), as quais determinam a boa formação silábica. Nesse sentido, a estrutura silábica pode ser bem formada independentemente da estrutura segmental que a preenche. Assim se explica a ideia de Harris e Gussmann (1998) de núcleos vazios, isto é, de sílabas bem-formadas em termos de estrutura silábica, mas com núcleo não preenchido. Para procedermos a esta discussão, o trabalho foi subdividido em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, apresentamos a abordagem de que consoantes finais são onsets, buscando entender as implicações dessa abordagem e seus desdobramentos. Fazemos também uma comparação com abordagens alternativas, como a da extraprosodicidade e das semissílabas. Noções como a de licenciamento e outros detalhes da perspectiva adotada por Harris e Gussmann (1998) são explicitadas no capítulo 2, no qual também buscamos abordar os principais pressupostos da tese. Embasamo-nos na perspectiva de que a gramática é regida por princípios e parâmetros, admitindo marginalmente a existência de condições e regras específicas à língua. Adotamos também a perspectiva da existência de mais de um nível representacional. A abordagem considera tanto níveis derivacionais, como proposto pela Fonologia Lexical, Kiparsky (1982), quanto a de representação abstrata das estruturas fonológicas, com vários níveis (tiers) estruturais independentes, hierarquicamente organizados. Dessa forma, o núcleo vazio é criado no Léxico e pode ser preenchido, ainda nesse nível, por vogais introduzidas pela sufixação e pela flexão. Por outro lado, uma sílaba com núcleo vazio pode prosseguir até o nível pós-lexical sem precisar ser preenchido com conteúdo segmental. No capítulo 3, trazemos algumas línguas para as quais foi defendida na literatura a existência de consoante final como onset de um núcleo vazio, que denominamos línguas NV. Diferentes processos ilustram a existência dessas categorias após uma consoante na posição final. A observação das evidências para os núcleos não preenchidos foneticamente em distintos idiomas reforça a ideia de que eles sejam estruturas representacionais possíveis; além disso, traz informações para a construção da argumentação da análise de núcleos vazios para o Português. No capítulo 4, argumentamos pela análise das consoantes finais /l, r, s/ como onsets de sílabas com núcleos vazios. Para essa argumentação, trazemos inicialmente a análise do estatuto silábico das consoantes finais no Português Europeu, com base em Mateus e D’Andrade (2000). Em seguida, analisamos argumentos baseados na literatura sobre o Português Brasileiro para cada um dos segmentos finais, mostrando que a análise como onset final é compatível com o comportamento observando para essas consoantes. A nasal final, por sua vez, não pode ser considerada onset como as outras, pois se trata do processo de nasalização da vogal, em que não há um segmento consonantal, mas um glide nasal, conforme Battisti (1997). Por fim, propomos a representação de uma estrutura CVC] como constituída silabicamente como CV.CØ]. A análise adota, ainda, a existência do Parâmetro da Consoante Final que estaria ativado no Português Brasileiro. / This thesis focuses on the syllabic status of word-final consonants /r, l, s, n/ in Portuguese. We had as initial proposal the one presented by Harris and Gussmann (1998), according to which word-final consonants do not occupy the syllable coda, but the onset of a syllable containing an empty nucleus. Such proposal is based on a conception of syllable structure independent of the segmental structure and obeys constraints (licensing constraints) that determine the syllable well-formedness. Following this assumption, the syllable structure can be well-formed independently of the segmental structure that fills it. This explains the authors’ idea of empty nuclei, i.e. of well-formed syllables in terms of syllable structure despite an unfilled nucleus. To proceed to this discussion, this work was divided into four chapters. On the first chapter, we present the approach of C] as onsets, as a way of understanding the implications of this approach and their unfolding. We also compare it to alternative approaches, such as the extraprosodicity and the semisyllable ones. The notion of licensing, among other notions, and some other details of the perspective adopted by Harris e Gussmann (1998) are presented on Chapter 2, on which we also try to make the main presuppositions of this thesis explicit. We adopted the perspective of a grammar ruled by principles and parameters, assuming marginally the existence of specific conditions and rules to the language. We also adopted the perspective that assumes the existence of more than one representational level. This approach considers both the derivational levels, as proposed by Lexical Phonology, Kiparsky (1982), and the abstract representation of phonological structures, with independent structural tiers, hierarchically organized. Thus the empty nucleus is created on the Lexicon and can be filled, on this same tier, by vowels inserted through suffixation and inflection. On the other hand, an onset of a syllable containing an empty nucleus can proceed up to the pos-lexical level without being necessary to be filled by any segmental content. On chapter 3, we mention some languages to which it was assumed the existence of word-final consonant as the onset of an empty nucleus. These languages are named NV languages. Different processes show the existence of empty nucleus after a word-final consonant. The observation of evidences to empty nuclei in different languages reinforces the idea that these empty nuclei are possible representational structures; besides, it carries information to the argumentation construction of the empty nucleus analysis in Portuguese. On chapter 4, we argue for the word-final consonants /l, r, s/ analysis as onsets of syllables containing empty nuclei. For this argument, we bring up the analysis of the syllabic status of word-final consonants in the European Portuguese, based on Mateus e D’Andrade (2000). Then we analyze arguments based on the literature about Brazilian Portuguese to each word-final segment, showing that the word-final onset analysis is compatible with the behavior observed to these consonants. The word-final nasal, however, cannot be considered syllable onset as the other consonants, because this represents the vowel nasalization process, in which there is no consonantal segment, but a nasal glide instead, according to Battisti (1997). Finally, we propose the representation of a CVC] structure as CV.CØ]. This analysis adopts the existence of Word-final Consonant Parameter that would be active in the Brazilian Portuguese.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work is to analyze the application of therapeutic models of phonetic and phonological base in order to overcome the consonant clusters simplification (CC) in children who perform compensatory lengthening in the CCV structure. The thesis of this study is that there is underlying phonological knowledge on the syllabic structure CCV in children who perform compensatory lengthening when this structure is not filled in a proper way. For this reason, the best therapeutic approach is the one that can help in the phonetic implementation rather than the phonological organization. Thus, the present research aims to verify the effects of different therapeutic approaches in relation to the production and stabilization of CC in the speech of children who perform the compensatory lengthening and simplify the CC. Besides, it aimed to verify the variants of the therapeutic process in the acquisition of the CCV structure. In order to perform this investigation, four children aged between 5:4 and 7:7 with phonological disorder, CC simplification, lateral and non lateral liquid and who performed the compensatory lengthening strategy were used. Two subjects were under phonetic/articulatory therapy while the others were under phonological therapy. The results showed that the children exposed to phonetic/articulatory therapy need less sessions to the acquisition of CC than the ones exposed to phonological therapy. It was observed that the smaller the degree of phonological disorder is, the bigger the chances of appropriate production of CC. Taking into consideration the obtained results, the thesis of this research may be confirmed since the phonetic/articulatory therapy propitiated quicker progress in relation to the CC stabilization when compared to the phonological therapy and benefit the production of the correct structure. / O tema do presente trabalho é a aplicação de modelos terapêuticos de base fonética e fonológica utilizados na superação da simplificação do onset complexo (OC) em crianças que realizam alongamento compensatório na estrutura CCV. A hipótese norteadora deste estudo é que há conhecimento fonológico subjacente a respeito da estrutura silábica CCV nas crianças que realizam o alongamento compensatório quando a estrutura ainda não é preenchida de forma adequada. Com isso, a abordagem terapêutica que mais favoreceria às crianças que utilizam a referida estratégia seria aquela que auxiliasse na implementação fonética e não na organização fonológica. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos de diferentes abordagens terapêuticas em relação à produção e estabilização do OC na fala de crianças que utilizam a estratégia de alongamento compensatório e simplificam o OC. Além disso, objetivou-se verificar as variáveis intervenientes no processo terapêutico na aquisição da estrutura CCV. Para tal investigação, foram selecionadas quatro crianças, com idade entre 5:4 e 7:7, com diagnóstico de desvio fonológico, que apresentavam simplificação do OC, possuíam a líquida lateral e nãolateral no seu inventário fonético e aplicavam estratégia de alongamento compensatório (verificada através da análise acústica). Dois sujeitos receberam terapia com enfoque fonético/articulatório e dois receberam terapia fonológica. Os resultados demonstraram que as crianças expostas à terapia fonética/articulatória precisam de menos sessões para a aquisição do OC do que aquelas expostas à terapia fonológica. Além disso, a abordagem fonética se mostrou favorecedora na realização correta da estrutura CCV. Dentre as variáveis relevantes durante o processo terapêutico para aquisição do OC, observou-se que quanto menor o grau do desvio fonológico, maiores as chances de produção correta do OC. As palavras polissilábicas com OC formado por oclusiva velar vozeada e sílaba pré-pré-tônica também favorecem o processo de aquisição. Com os resultados, a hipótese norteadora da pesquisa parece ser confirmada, visto que a terapia fonética/articulatória proporcionou progressos mais rápidos quanto à estabilização do OC quando comparada à terapia fonológica, além de beneficiar a produção correta da estrutura.