Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a forma de planos de fachada vinculados à incidência solar, potencializando a aplicação de sistemas fotovoltaicos. A identificação e parametrização de formas segundo os princípios geométricos de captação fotovoltaica, sugerem a aplicação de uma metodologia de projeto para superfícies de fachadas fotovoltaicas, de modo a otimizar a incidência direta da radiação solar, incorporada a volumetria da edificação. O modelo de otimização de fachadas fotovoltaicas consiste em quatro etapas. Inicialmente define-se a tecnologia fotovoltaica e a localização geográfica (1). Posteriormente, é realizada a modelagem elementar tridimensional (2) através do editor de algoritmos gráficos Grasshopper – integrado à ferramenta de modelagem Rhinoceros3D – estabelecendo assim, as restrições e variáveis da forma. Na terceira etapa, correlacionamse transformações geométricas tridimensionais (twist, taper e shear) e incidência solar (3) por meio dos softwares Ecotect Analysis e Grasshopper. Com isso, os parâmetros dimensionais atribuídos às variáveis – transformações geométricas – são vinculados aos parâmetros de radiação solar, visando à geração de formas. Após a seleção das formas com maior potencial fotovoltaico, identificam-se as zonas com maior incidência de radiação solar e realiza-se a manipulação dos pontos de controle das superfícies NURBS (4). Através das transformações geométricas taper, shear e twist foi possível gerar um conjunto de soluções otimizadas, correlacionando dados energéticos e geométricos, integrando métodos de geração de formas e avaliação performática da radiação solar. O estudo identificou que as possibilidades de articulação entre os planos fotovoltaicos e a eficiência energética têm implicações positivas, correlacionando variabilidade formal e geração de energia elétrica. / This work aims explore the shape of façade planes linked to the solar incidence, in order to optimize the use of photovoltaic systems. The identification and parameterization of forms according to geometric principles of photovoltaic capture suggest the application of a design methodology for optimizing the photovoltaic surface façade in order to optimize direct solar radiation, incorporating the volume of the building. The optimization model of photovoltaic façade consists of four steps. Initially decide on the photovoltaic technology and geographic location (1). Subsequently, three-dimensional elementary modeling is performed (2) through the graphic-algorithm editor, Grasshopper, – integrated with the modeling tool, Rhinoceros 3D, – thus establishing, restrictions and variables in shape. In the third stage, threedimensional geometric transformations are correlated (twist, taper and shear) and solar incidence (3) through the computer interfaces of Ecotect Analysis and Grasshopper software. With this, the dimensional parameters assigned to the variables – geometric transformations – are linked to parameters of solar radiation, in order to generate shapes. After the selection of potential photovoltaic shapes, zones with the greatest incident solar radiation are identified and the control points of NURBS surface are manipulated (4). Using the geometric transformations taper, shear and twist, it was possible to generate a set of optimal solutions, correlating geometric and energetic data, integrating shape generating methods and performatic evaluation of solar exposure. The work identified that possibilities of articulation between photovoltaic planes and energetic efficiency have positive results, correlating shape variability and electricity generation.

The demand for complex structures and the urge to perform more detailed structural analyses in an early stage of the project design phase has increased the use of parametric design in the construction sector, especially among architects and structural engineers. Also, an increasing demand for sustainable structures is creating pressure on engineers and architects to design optimized structures that consume as little resources as possible. Keeping these demands in mind, this thesis tries to uncover the benefits of parametric design and optimization by applying these processes to industrial roof truss structures.The primary objective of the thesis is to investigate the feasibility and reliability of parametric design and optimization processes in real-life designs. For this purpose, a parametric algorithm has been developed in the visual programming software Grasshopper 3D. The workflow performs structural analysis and design verification on a parametric FE-model using the FEA software for parametric engineering, Karamba 3D in combination with Python where standards for design verification were scripted. These procedures were developed to be applied on both steel and timber truss structures. The workflow then performs a constrained cross-sectional and geometrical optimization of the truss structures. For the optimization process, the plug-in Galapagos have been used which uses evolutionary and simulated annealing techniques.After analyses of different cases and on comparison of the results from the model response verification, the resulting models showed that the workflow and analysis procedure was capable of obtaining a solution that is more effective and as reliable as the traditional structural analysis procedures and thus can be used for real case. When used during preliminary design, the parametric design procedure displayed great potential in saving time, thus saving resources and cost which paves a promising path for implementations in this sector.

A great deal of the design of bridges today is carried out using finite element models and analyses. These models are usually generalized versions of the actual bridge, as these kinds of models often is able to produce results similar to reality. In this thesis, a study regarding how the considerations of some of the details of a bridge affect the results using a FE analysis is performed. The analyses are focused on the change of transverse load distribution in the bridge slab. The thesis also addresses the use of a parametric design approach in FE modeling and analyses. The models are created using Python code with the possibility of choosing which properties that will be active or not before each analysis. The study is focused on the modeling of composite bridges with parallel box-girders. The bridge Kollektivtrafikbron, which is a new bridge currently in design as part of the Hisingsbridge project in Gothenburg, is used as a case study. The study has shown that a great deal of simplifications is reasonable to carry out in the modeling of a composite bridge, as long as the designer is aware of how these simplifications affect the results obtained. For the type of bridge investigated, the study has shown that the presence of transverse stiffening beams in the model as well as how the material properties of the edge beams are specified have a large impact on the transverse bending moment. The study has also shown that the use of shell or beam elements in the modeling of the main beams have a large impact on the shear force in the slab. Furthermore, the choice of element types and how constraints are specified have been shown to entail greater differences in the results than the detailing level of the model. These aspects should therefore be thoroughly considered in all modeling work. Additional aspects treated in the study is the impact of radius, the recess in the slab for the track as well as the size of the surface specified when applying traffic loads. The parametric design approach implemented in this study have provided the possibility of carrying out more analyses and investigating more details than what would have been possible if each model had been created manually. The greatest benefit of using a parametric design approach have been the possibility of carrying out analyzes automatically without monitoring or adjusting, which has made it possible to utilize the time provided for the study in a highly effective way. The design approach has been shown to be most effective when using simplified FE models, as these can be generated automatically fairly quickly. Therefore, it could be very beneficial to implement this kind of design approach in the early stages of design. / Idag utförs ofta dimensioneringen av broar med hjälp av finita elementmodeller och analyser. Dessa modeller utgörs i regel av generaliserade versioner av den verkliga bron då en kraftigt förenklad beräkningsmodell antas generera resultat som är väldigt nära verkligheten. I detta examensarbete undersöks hur vissa utvalda detaljer i brons utformning påverkar de resultat en finita elementanalys ger utifrån hur de beaktas vid modellering. Analyserna är inriktade på förändring av lastfördelning i tvärled hos brons farbana. Vidare undersöks möjligheten att använda ett parametriserat arbetssätt vid modellering och analys. Modellerna som analyseras formuleras i kod med möjlighet att välja vilka egenskaper som ska vara aktiva inför varje analys. Arbetet är koncentrerat på modellering av samverkansbroar med parallella lådbalkar som huvudbalkar. Som fallstudie används Kollektivtrafikbron. En ny plankrökt bro med denna utformning under pågående projektering inom projektet med den nya Hisingsbron i Göteborg. Arbetet har visat att det finns många förenklingar som är rimliga att genomföra vid modellering, så länge det finns en medvetenhet kring hur dessa påverkar resultaten. För den undersökta typen av bro har arbetet visat att förekomsten av tvärbalkar i modellen samt hur materialegenskaperna definieras för kantbalkar har stor inverkan på tvärledsmomentet. Utöver detta har arbetet visat att tvärkraften påverkas kraftigt utifrån om huvudbalkarna modelleras med skalelement respektive balkelement. Genomgående resultat är att modellering av huvudbalkarna med balkelement medför mycket högre max värden för tvärkraft. Vidare har arbetet visat att val av elementtyp och definiering av kopplingar kan ge större differenser än detaljrikedom och att dessa delar bör beaktas med stor noggrannhet vid all modellering. Ytterligare aspekter som behandlats är inverkan av radie, rälursparingar i farbanan samt definiering av lastytans storlek vid applicering av trafiklast. Det parametriserade arbetssättet som implementerats i detta arbete har gjort det möjligt att utföra fler analyser och undersöka fler faktorers inverkan än vad som hade varit möjligt om varje modell hade byggts upp manuellt. Den största vinsten med detta arbetssätt har varit att tiden som avsatts för arbetet kunnat utnyttjas mycket effektivt då analyser har kunnat utföras automatiskt utan krav på övervakning eller manuella korrigeringar. Mest effektivt har arbetssättet visats vara med modeller med lägre detaljrikedom då dessa förhållandevis snabbt kan genereras automatiserat. Detta kan framförallt vara väldigt effektivt att implementera i inledande projekteringsskeden.

[pt] Esta pesquisa apresenta novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de objetos de vestuário a partir da aplicação de tecnologias digitais de produção. Aborda-se a transição do processo de fabricação sob medida para a produção em massa, e as etapas de produção industrial de um objeto de vestir. Explora-se o processo de digitalização corporal 3D, ferramenta que integra um novo modelo de manufatura com base na individualização; a modelagem paramétrica, baseada em algoritmos; e o potencial da manufatura aditiva. Para isso, foram realizadas atividades experimentais, que incluíram o estudo de uma palmilha anatômica, a parametrização de moldes base de saia e de blusa, e ainda a criação de um têxtil impresso a partir do processo FDM, com filamento flexível. / [en] This research presents new perspectives for clothing pieces development by the application of digital production technologies. It addresses the transition from custom-made to mass-production manufacturing, bringing into viewchanges in industrial production line. It explores 3D body scanning, a tool that assists a new manufacturing model based on individualization; parametric modeling, based on algorithms; and the potential of additive manufacturing. Experimental designs were carried out, including the study of an anatomical insole, the parametrization of skirt and blouse pattern, and a textile printed in flexible filament with FDM technology.

Today, 3D modelling and structural analysis of buildings are performed in various software. Collaboration between various software is common today but breaks the flow in the construction design phase. To achieve an uninterrupted flow in the construction design phase, a constellation of modelling and structural analysis is needed in a single software. To enable a constellation, there are today many developed digital methods for this.Parametric design is a digital method that is mostly used to handle complex shapes. In recent years, the parametric design has evolved even more and the algorithmic thinking in parametric design provides opportunities for performing structural analyses. The development includes various plug-in programs that have structural analysis capabilities. However, this degree project emphasizes that this can be achieved without a plug-in program that has structural analysis capabilities. With only one visualization program and a plug-in that handles visual programming, the ability to produce what is to be visualized with a script arises.The structural analysis in this thesis includes robustness analysis that is important in the context of progressive collapse, and only the alternative load path method is considered. Progressive collapse is an important analysis for buildings that arise due to known or unknown accident loads. To increase the redundancy of the bearing structure, the alternative load path method can be used, which is a branch under unknown accident loads.Robustness analysis is a time-consuming process and automation can make this more efficient. With parameter-driven modelling and robustness analysis, the constructor can indicate at an early stage possible structure failure before the building is completed. Early action also leads to a reduction in waste of material resources.The alternative load path method provides the possibility to analyze whether the building receives alternate load path in the event of loss of load-bearing elements. This research report analyses column loss. Automated visualization of alternate load path enables to be able to analyze the load redistribution after the loss of column.Today some buildings are at risk against the progressive collapse, people's lives and health are therefore at risk when all or part of the building collapses. That is why efficiency is needed. The research report showed that the script automated the modelling and robustness analysis of buildings. Two different loss scenarios were analyzed and the authors found different updated loading areas and load redistribution.

This doctoral thesis is situated within the digital design field of architecture, and is a continuation of the licentiate thesis Architectural Prototypes: Modes of Design Development and Architectural Practice, presented at the KTH School of Architecture in 2008. The doctoral thesis investigates the current status of the digital design field of architecture, and identifies a number of related discourses. Within this field, it identifies a period of formation, which in recent years has turned into a process of reformation. It contributes to this ongoing reformation by proposing two alternate areas of future practice and research within the field. A speculative approach is considered to be important for a continued mode of exploration within the field, and is suggested as away to bring new scope to the digital design field. A number of key terms from the field of science fiction studies have been investigated to support the construction of a speculative framework for further development. A strategic approach is regarded as crucial to the way new design potentials that have emerged within the digital design field to be implemented into general architectural practice, and to further inform the field itself. Key concepts have been imported from the field of strategic management in the formulation of a framework for digital design strategies. The notion of the prototype, as explored in the previous licentiate thesis, resurfaces as a prototypical approach, which could be equally employed in the speculative approach and the strategic approach. The doctoral thesis is also situated within the field of research-by-design, in the way architectural design projects have been facilitated as contextualized experiments, selected, documented and aligned in regard to terminology, and analyzed through a series of design project enquiries. / QC 20120528

Under de senaste 10-20 åren har användandet av BIM-modellering i byggbranschen ökat. En BIMmodellbyggs upp med hjälp av BIM-objekt. Dessa BIM-objekt kan skapas av projektören men dekan också skapas av leverantören av den produkt som BIM-objektet representerar. En samling avBIM-objekt med liknande egenskaper eller utseende kallas för en objektfamilj. En objektfamilj kant.ex. vara en dörr eller ett fönster. En fördel med objektfamiljer generellt är att de endast behövermodelleras en gång, men kan sedan användas i många olika projekt.Syftet med denna studie är att underlätta leverantörens arbete med utvecklingen av deras BIMfamiljer.Studien är utförd i Autodesks BIM-plattform Revit.Arbetet inleddes med en litteraturstudie som utgjorde grunden för arbetet. Att undersöka ochutforska befintliga objektfamiljer var även det en stor del av förarbetet. Detta gjorde att vi skaffadeoss goda kunskaper om objektfamiljer som vi sedan utvecklade genom att vi själva modelleradeobjektfamiljer. Modelleringen gjorde att vi fick en bättre förståelse om det vi tidigare endast lästom.Resultatet blev en generell arbetsgång som kan användas vid skapandet av många olika typer avBIM-objekt. Arbetsgången förutsätter att man förstår de olika delarna som en familj är uppbyggdav, vilket beskrivs i rapporten.En slutsats är att modellering av objektfamiljer kan göras på flera olika sätt och att det är viktigt attfortlöpande testa sin modell. Vidare bör inte objektfamiljerna innehålla mer information ännödvändigt, eftersom det kan göra familjerna onödigt komplicerade och mindre användarvänliga.Objektfamiljer med mindre mängd information föredras därför framför stora och detaljrikaobjektfamiljer. Därmed undviks också onödig belastning på den programvara som används.Studien genomfördes i samarbete med Preconal som har för avsikt att ta fram Revitfamiljer försina produkter. Vi använde oss av deras produkter som underlag till modelleringen / Within the last 10-20 years, the usage of BIM-modeling in the construction sector has increased.BIM-modeling is used daily in different stages of the design process in Sweden. During the designprocess BIM-objects is used which is created by either the manufacturers or the planner. Theseobjects are created by a real product and is made to represent that in the program. The increase ofBIM usage has led to more disciplines that didn’t work with BIM has to adapt and start with that.The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding about the creation of object families formanufacturers. Besides the literature study about the subject we also describe the whole modellingprocess in Revit step by step. This because to give an example how it could be made.The result became a general workflow that is usable for most kinds of objects. The workflowrequires the reader to understand the different parts of an object family which we describe in thethesis.A conclusion is that a family could be built in different ways and it’s important to regularly testyour model. Furthermore, it should not contain more information than what is necessary. BIMobjectswith less information is often preferred over heavy and detailed BIM-objects. This will alsoprevent unnecessary load on the software.

This thesis deals with the design and manufacturing of custom-made immobilization orthosis for the upper limb. Emphasis is put on the digitization of the approach and integration of additive manufacturing in the workflow of splint production. The solution proposes automatic model construction based on a 3D scan. Such a model is further parametrized in order to provide splinting practitioners with customization abilities. Particular attention is paid to the changes of limb volume due to swell, where the use of auxetic structures is suggested.

The History of Architecture has been all about religious buildings. With distribution of sources of power and wealth, new paradigms have emerged. Architecture today is about villas, skyscrapers, stadiums, etc. as well as churches. The financial support of the church is not in the same way as in middle ages; neither the way in which they are used. The question of this thesis project is this transformation of an architectural tradition and how it should be adjusted to our time’s conditions.

En stor del av projekteringsskedet är framtagandet av bygghandlingar, främst ritningar i 2D. En modernare metod är istället att samla all information om ett byggnadsprojekt i en samordnad 3D-modell, så kallad BIM-modell. Building Information Modeling (BIM) är en välkänd projekteringsmetod som bygger på att digitala 3D-modeller innehåller tillräcklig information för att beställas och produceras i fysisk form. Modellen består av parametrar som representerar olika egenskaper och när en parameter ändras uppdateras modellen automatiskt. Parametrarna kan nås och modifieras av insticksprogram, så kallade plug-ins som utökar den ursprungliga programvarans funktionalitet med hjälp av programkod. Grafisk programmering är en modern programmeringsmetod med ett visuellt gränssnitt som underlättar för oerfarna användare. Med hjälp av grafisk programmering kan parameterstyrning av 3D-modeller effektiviseras och värdefull tid sparas. Av denna anledning har Dynamo, ett plug-in utvecklat av företaget Autodesk för Revit, studerats för att ta fram ett så kallat skript som automatiserar 3D-modelleringsprocesser i Revit kopplat till placering av armering i pålfundament. Dessutom har möjligheter till standardisering undersökts, samt för- och nackdelar med metoden. I detta examensarbete redogörs för potentialen med Dynamo och de skript som skapats genom en empirisk studie. En enklare fallstudie utfördes för att kunna åskådliggöra graden av tidsbesparing gentemot motsvarande arbete manuellt i Revit. För att komplettera armeringsskripten togs beräkningsmallar fram som, enligt fackverksmetoden och Eurokod 2, försåg skripten med korrekt indata. Resultatet av projektet visar på att Dynamo och grafisk programmering kan effektivisera armeringsplacering i pålfundament. Graden av effektivisering beror på varje enskilt fall, men fallstudien visade på ca 85–90% sparad tid. En generell slutsats pekar mot att ju mer komplicerad utformning av armering desto mer tid finns att spara. Då grafisk programmering bygger på automatisering av arbetsprocesser av upprepande karaktär finns stor potential för att standardisera projektering med hjälp av dynamoskript. Företag kan då skapa rutiner som ökar kontinuitet och kvalitet i sina projekt. Automatiseringen leder även till färre mänskliga fel och utförandet blir effektivare. Uppdragsgivaren uppmanas att vidareutveckla metoden genom att implementera tydliga rutiner vad gäller 3D-modellering med grafisk programmering, samt undersöka möjligheten med automatiserad armering i andra bärande konstruktioner. / Most of the time spent on project planning is dedicated to the development of construction documents, mainly 2D-drawings. A more modern method is to gather all information about a building project in a coordinated 3D-model, so called BIM-model. Building information modelling (BIM) is a well-known design method based on a digital 3D model having enough information to enable procurement work and actual production. The model consists of parameters that represent different properties and when a parameter is changed, the model is updated automatically. These parameters can be accessed and modified through external programs, so called plug-ins that extend the original software’s functionality using program code. Visual programming is a modern programming method which utilizes a visual interface that favours users with little or no experience. Using visual programming, parameter control can be made more efficient and save valuable time. For this reason, Dynamo (a plugin developed by the company Autodesk for Revit), has been studied to create a so-called script that automates 3D modelling processes in Revit linked to placement of reinforcement in pile caps. In addition, possibilities for standardization have been investigated, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the method. With this project, the potential of Dynamo and the scripts created through an empirical study is described, where a relatively simple case study is carried out in order to illustrate the amount of time saved through visual programming compared to corresponding work manually done in Revit. Furthermore, calculation templates were created, according to the strut and tie model and Eurocode 2, to provide the script in Dynamo with the correct inputs. The result shows that Dynamo and visual programming can make placement of reinforcement in pile caps more efficient. While the degree of efficiency is case dependent, the case study showed an overall 85-90% time saving. A general conclusion suggests that the more complicated rebar designs, the more time there is to be saved. Since visual programming is based on the automation of repetitive processes, there is great potential to standardize structural design with the help of Dynamo scripts. Companies can thus create routines that increase continuity and quality in their projects. The automation also leads to fewer human errors and a more efficient execution. The client is advised to further develop this method by implementing explicit routines regarding 3D modelling with visual programming and investigate the possibilities of automation of reinforcement design in other load-bearing structures.