A Organização Mundial de Saúde define o termo adesão como “o grau em que a conduta de um paciente, em relação à sua tomada de medicamentos, seguimento de uma dieta ou modificações nos seus hábitos de vida, correspondem com as recomendações acordadas com os profissionais de saúde”. As estimativas de adesão em doenças crônicas variam de 17% a 80% e a não-adesão pode levar ao aumento de morbidade, mortalidade e custos em saúde. A falta de adesão frente a tratamentos crônicos, com as suas implicações negativas clínicas e econômicas, é considerada um tema prioritário de saúde pública. Diversos estudos tem focado em intervenções para melhorar a adesão a medicamentos em doenças crônicas, porém os métodos atuais são muitas vezes complexos e pouco eficazes, de modo que os benefícios aos tratamentos não sejam realizados. A habilidade de pacientes seguirem o tratamento de maneira correta freqüentemente se vê comprometida por mais de uma barreira, geralmente relacionada a diferentes aspectos do problema, incluindo fatores econômicos e sociais, sistema de saúde, características da doença, fatores relacionados ao regime terapêutico além de fatores relacionados ao próprio paciente. Os métodos disponíveis para mensurar a adesão são classificados em métodos diretos e indiretos, e, nenhum é considerado “padrão ouro”. Além disso, ao medir o comportamento de adesão, não se revela o motivo da não-adesão. Baseado nisto, se propôs a realização deste estudo, objetivandose identificar tanto os fatores relacionados à não-adesão, segundo a visão de pacientes ambulatoriais, assim como as principais barreiras para a não-adesão às recomendações dos profissionais da saúde através de elaboração de um questionário semi-estruturado. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes portadores de doenças crônicas, com no mínimo 18 anos de idade. A amostra é constituída por usuários de medicamentos, estando próximos da terceira idade (58,7 anos), portadores de morbidades crônicas e em tratamento com polifarmácia (54%). Foram entrevistados 405 pacientes nas áreas de acesso ao ambulatórios no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. As perguntas referentes às questões 5 a, 6, 7 a e 8, foram as que permitiram, conforme as respostas dos pacientes, a divisão entre 2 grupos: aqueles que relataram alguma dificuldade, ou queixa em relação a medicamentos ou ainda, maior facilidade de esquecimento no momento de administrar seus medicamentos e aqueles que não relataram nenhum desses fatores. A questão 5, que se refere ao tipo de medicamento que os pacientes mais esquecem de tomar ou acham mais fácil esquecê-lo de tomar, apresentou as variáveis depressão, enxaqueca, osteoartrite e dor abdominal com significância estatística. Na questão 6, que se refere às dificuldades que as pessoas possam ter para seguir um tratamento, não houve significância estatística para as variáveis osteoartrite e idade e, somente estas variáveis apresentaram significância na questão 7, que se refere aos motivos que levam os pacientes a esquecer de tomar um medicamento. As questões 8 e 35, que se referem ao fator que causa incômodo ao usuário e existência de forma farmacêutica apontada no mostruário com alguma dificuldade de adesão, respectivamente, apresentaram as variáveis dor abdominal, na primeira, e idade (+ jovens), na segunda questão com significância estatística (p<0,05). As intervenções dirigidas à adesão terapêutica devem adaptar-se às exigências particulares relacionadas com a enfermidade do paciente. / According to the World Health Organization, the term adherence is characterized as “the extent to which a person’s behavior – taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider”. Estimates of adherence in chronic diseases range from 17% to 80% and non adherence can lead to increased morbidity, mortality and health cost. The lack of adherence to chronic disease with its negative implications for clinical and economic, is considered a priority for public health. Several studies have focused on interventions to improve adherence to medication in chronic diseases, but current methods are often complex and inefficient, so the benefits of the treatments are not made. The ability of patients to follow the treatment properly often is compromised for over a barrier, usually related to different aspects of the problem, including economic and social factors, health care, disease characteristics, factors related to the therapeutic regimen as well as factors related to the patient. The available methods to measure adherence are classified into direct and indirect methods, and none are considered “gold standard”. Furthermore, by measuring the adherence behavior, doesn’t reveal the reason for non-adherence. Based on this, we proposed this study, aiming to identify both the factors related to non-adherence to the vision of outpatients, as well as the major barriers of non-adherence to the recommendations of health professionals through development of a semi-structured questionnaire. The study included patients with chronic diseases, with at least 18 years of age. The samples consists of drug users, with the third coming of age (58,7%) with chronic morbidity and treated with polypharmacy (54%). We interviewed 405 patients in the areas of access to outpatient clinics at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Questions concerning matters within the 5, 6, 7 and 8, were they allowed, as patient’s responses, the division between two groups: those who reported some difficulty, or complaint in relation to drugs or even more easily forgotten at the time of administering their medications and those who reported no such factors. In question 5, the statistically significant variables were depression, migraine, osteoarthritis and abdominal pain. In question 6, no significance statistics for the variables age and osteoarthritis, and only these variables had significance in question 7. The question 5, which refers to the type of medicine that most patients forget to take or find it easier to forget to take it, presented the variables depression, migraine, abdominal pain and osteoarthritis with statiscal significance. In question 6, which refers to the difficulties that people may have to follow a treatment, there was stastical significance variables for osteoarthritis and age, these variables were significant only in question 7, which refers to the reasons that lead patients to forget to take a medicine. Questions 8 and 35, which refers to the factor that causes discomfort to the user and the existence of the dosage form indicated in the showcase, with some difficulty of adherence, respectively, had the variables abdominal pain, at first, and age (youngers), the second concerned with statistical significance (p<0,05). Interventions aimed at treatment adherence must be tailored to the particular requirements related to the illness of the patient.

<p>Bakgrund: Varje individ rekommenderas att ägna sig åt någon form av fysisk aktivitet minst en halvtimme varje dag. Ett nytt arbetssätt är att skriva ut fysisk aktivitet på recept och en arbetsform för utskrivning kallas ordinerad fysisk aktivitet (OFA). Patientföljsamheten ökar genom personlig kommunikation mellan vårdgivare och patient, vårdpersonalens initiativ att kontakta patienten och patientens möjlighet till att aktivt deltaga i sin sjukdomsbehandling. Individens sjukdom eller skada, sociala intresse, personliga uppfattningar och omgivningens tillgänglighet för träning har betydelse för fysisk aktivitet enligt tidigare forskning.</p><p>Syfte: Studiens syfte var att studera vilka faktorer som möjliggjorde för personer som har fått OFA i Västmanland att följa sin ordination.</p><p>Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie med explorativ design. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för bearbetning av intervjuerna.</p><p>Resultat och slutsats: Personalens betydelse för illtro till egen förmåga att träna framträder som ett centralt tema i informanternas berättelse enligt författarnas tolkning. Temat uttrycks i olika koder, underkategorier och kategorier. Fysiska faktorer som är betydelsefulla är kroppen och hälsan. Psykologiska faktorer är individens organisatoriska förmåga, tankar, känslor och erfarenheter samt personliga förhållningssätt. Närstående, personalen och deras insatser samt den fysiska miljön är betydelsefulla omgivningsfaktorer. Den sociala gemenskapen med familj och träningskamrater beskrivs också som betydelsefulla för att komma igång med OFA.</p> / <p>Background: Every individual are recommended to spend at least thirty minutes per day with some form of physical activity. Writing prescription of physical activity is a new approach and one form of prescription is called prescribed physical activity (OFA). Patient compliance increases through personal communication between health care professionals and patients, initiative from health care professionals and patients’ possibility to take active part in their own treatment. A person’s injury or illness, social interest, personal preferences and exercise possibilities in the environment has importance for physical activity according to previous research.</p><p>Purpose: The aim was to study what factors that made it possible for persons that have been prescribed physical activity (OFA) in Västmanland to follow their prescription.</p><p>Method: The study was a qualitative interview study with explorative design. Qualitative content analysis was used for analysing the interviews.</p><p>Results and Conclusion: Personnel’s importance for confidence in the ability to exercise appears as a central theme in the informants’ statement according to the authors’ interpretation. The theme is expressed in different codes, subcategories and categories. Important physical factors are body and health. Psychological factors are a person’s organizational ability, thoughts, feelings and experiences as well as personal adaptive attitude. Family, personnel and their contribution and the physical surroundings are important environmental factors. The social fellowship with family and exercise partners is also described as important in order to get started with OFA.</p>

The current study aims to determine physical activity levels among people living with HIV treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Kigali, Rwanda. A cross-sectional design using quantitative method was used. The participant’s levels of physical activity participation and their association with anthropometric profiles were measured, using a structured selfadministered questionnaire adapted from the Sub-Saharan Africa Activity Questionnaire. Based on a scientific calculation, 407 clients passing through the clinics were included in the study. A convenient sample of people attending the clinics approached to participate voluntarily in the study. The findings of the current study highlighted the lack of motivation, lack of time and fear of worsening the disease amongst the strong barriers to physical activity participation. The current study recommends education about the benefits of physical activity participation and encouragement of patient treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda to be emphasized on to improve their lives.

Interactive packaging is an emerging research area in recent years. It brings people convenient and smart lives, reduces consumption of traditional packaging materials and direct or indirect labor costs as well. Being integrated in interactive packaging, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology becomes one of the most proactive development enablers. In this paper, an interactive and intelligent packaging solution integrating passive RFID system and Controlled Delamination Material (CDM) is given at first. Package opening action is electrically controlled by the RFID system. CDM is primarily used in aerospace applications in the past and the conductor/adhesive joint can be easily opened by applying a little electric power on to the material. Some related works will be shown about the electrochemical characteristics of CDM in order to facilitate the system design. A demonstration system was developed and the test results have proved feasibility of the solution and shown the potential of low cost for mass production. Based on this solution, an interactive medication package for pervasive healthcare is further developed, using EPCglobal Gen2 RFID technology. It will make the medication being accessible for patient only at the prescribed dose and time, and medication taking information will be delivered as well. Such medication package will not only give unprecedented high patient compliance, but also improve the communication between patients and healthcare staffs. / QC 20111202

Bakgrund: Personer som insjuknar i kolorektalcancer är ofta mellan 50-70 år gamla. Colon kan undersökas med bariumundersökning, koloskopi eller datortomografi colon (DT colon). Nyttan med DT colon är att tarmen liksom strukturer utanför tarmens vägg kan avbildas samt att cancern kan stadieindelas. Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelser av DT colon hos patienter som uppvisar symtom på kolorektalcancer. Dessa upplevelser kan vara fysiska och psykiska. Metod: Sökningar utfördes i databasen Pubmed där sökord kombinerades. Efter granskning av abstrakt och studier i sin helhet inkluderades 11 studier som ligger till grund för resultatet. Resultat: Patienter upplevde lite smärta i fem av sju studier. Procentuellt skattades smärta som liten till obefintlig (82-96 %) och som stark (0-3 %) i tre studier. Upplevelse av obehag varierade mellan lite och lite mer än måttligt obehag i sju studier. I en studie skattade 81 % patienter DT colon som inte till lite obehaglig. Obehag under utvidgning av tarmen upplevde majoriteten som inte till lite obehagligt och mindre andel (30,7 % och 17 %) som ganska till mycket obehagligt i två studier. I en kvalitativ studie var utvidgning den mest jobbiga delen av undersökningen. Pinsamhet skattades som låg i två studier och i en kvalitativ studie kände sig patienterna generade. Oro mättes i sju studier där majoriteten var lite eller inte oroliga. Ingen eller lite rädsla upplevdes av patienter i tre studier. I en kvalitativ studie uttryckte några patienter att de varit rädda under DT colon varav en var rädd för att inte kunna hålla andan. Slutsats: Många upplevde lite smärta under DT colon men det fanns de som upplevde större smärta. Upplevelse av obehag varierade i studierna men ett fåtal upplevde mycket obehag. Vissa upplevde mycket och extremt obehag under utvidgning av tarmen. Patienter var lite generade men 1-3 % kände större pinsamhet. Patienterna var lite oroliga. Då få studier tog upp rädsla är det svårt att dra en slutsats.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 11, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-76).

Background Non-adherence to evidence based secondary prevention medicines (SPM) by coronary heart disease (CHD) patients limits their expected benefits and may result in a lack of improvement or significant deterioration in health. This study explored self-reported non-adherence to SPM, barriers to adherence, and the perception that patients in West Yorkshire have about their medicines in order to inform practice and improve adherence. Methods In this cross-sectional study a specially designed postal survey (The Heart Medicines Survey) assessed medicines-taking behaviour using the Morisky Medicines Adherence 8 items Scale (MMAS-8), a modified version of the Single Question Scale (SQ), the Adherence Estimator (AE), Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire(BMQ) and additional questions to explore practical barriers to adherence. Patients were also asked to make any additional comments about their medicines-taking experience. A purposive sample of 696 patients with long established CHD and who were on SPM for at least 3 months was surveyed. Ethical approval was granted by the local ethics committee. Results 503 (72%) patients participated in the survey. 52%, 34% and 11% of patients were prescribed at least four, three and two SPMs respectively. The level of non-adherence to collective SPM was 44%. The AE predicted that 39% of those had an element of intentional non-adherence. The contribution of aspirin, statins, clopidogrel, beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to overall non-adherence as identified by the SQ scale was 62%, 67%, 7%, 30%, 22% and 5%, respectively. A logistic regression model for overall non-adherence revealed that older age and female gender were associated with less non-adherence (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94, 0.98; OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.93; respectively). Specific concern about SPM, having issues with repeat prescriptions and aspirin were associated with more non-adherence (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.18; OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.90, OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.18, 4.17). Other variables were associated with intentional and non-intentional non-adherence. 221 (44%) patients elaborated on their medicines-taking behaviour by providing additional comments about the need for patient tailored information and better structured medicines reviews. Conclusions The Medicines Heart Survey was successful in revealing the prevalence of self-reported non-adherence and barriers to adherence in our population. Healthcare professionals should examine specific modifiable barriers to adherence in their population before developing interventions to improve adherence. Conducting frequent structured medicines-reviews, which explore and address patients' concerns about their medicines and healthcare services, and enable them to make suggestions, will better inform practice and may improve adherence.

Bakgrund: Varje individ rekommenderas att ägna sig åt någon form av fysisk aktivitet minst en halvtimme varje dag. Ett nytt arbetssätt är att skriva ut fysisk aktivitet på recept och en arbetsform för utskrivning kallas ordinerad fysisk aktivitet (OFA). Patientföljsamheten ökar genom personlig kommunikation mellan vårdgivare och patient, vårdpersonalens initiativ att kontakta patienten och patientens möjlighet till att aktivt deltaga i sin sjukdomsbehandling. Individens sjukdom eller skada, sociala intresse, personliga uppfattningar och omgivningens tillgänglighet för träning har betydelse för fysisk aktivitet enligt tidigare forskning. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att studera vilka faktorer som möjliggjorde för personer som har fått OFA i Västmanland att följa sin ordination. Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie med explorativ design. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för bearbetning av intervjuerna. Resultat och slutsats: Personalens betydelse för illtro till egen förmåga att träna framträder som ett centralt tema i informanternas berättelse enligt författarnas tolkning. Temat uttrycks i olika koder, underkategorier och kategorier. Fysiska faktorer som är betydelsefulla är kroppen och hälsan. Psykologiska faktorer är individens organisatoriska förmåga, tankar, känslor och erfarenheter samt personliga förhållningssätt. Närstående, personalen och deras insatser samt den fysiska miljön är betydelsefulla omgivningsfaktorer. Den sociala gemenskapen med familj och träningskamrater beskrivs också som betydelsefulla för att komma igång med OFA. / Background: Every individual are recommended to spend at least thirty minutes per day with some form of physical activity. Writing prescription of physical activity is a new approach and one form of prescription is called prescribed physical activity (OFA). Patient compliance increases through personal communication between health care professionals and patients, initiative from health care professionals and patients’ possibility to take active part in their own treatment. A person’s injury or illness, social interest, personal preferences and exercise possibilities in the environment has importance for physical activity according to previous research. Purpose: The aim was to study what factors that made it possible for persons that have been prescribed physical activity (OFA) in Västmanland to follow their prescription. Method: The study was a qualitative interview study with explorative design. Qualitative content analysis was used for analysing the interviews. Results and Conclusion: Personnel’s importance for confidence in the ability to exercise appears as a central theme in the informants’ statement according to the authors’ interpretation. The theme is expressed in different codes, subcategories and categories. Important physical factors are body and health. Psychological factors are a person’s organizational ability, thoughts, feelings and experiences as well as personal adaptive attitude. Family, personnel and their contribution and the physical surroundings are important environmental factors. The social fellowship with family and exercise partners is also described as important in order to get started with OFA.

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