This research seeks to explore the behavior of international and regional organizations within conflict management. Previous research on conflict management primarily examines UN peacekeeping as the primary actor and lumps all non-UN actors into a single category. I disaggregate this category, examining how international and regional organizations interact when deciding to establish a peace mission, coordinate a peace mission with multiple organizations, and finally, how this interaction affects the success of peace missions. I propose a collective action theoretical framework in which organizations would rather another actor undertake the burden and costs of implementing a peace mission. I find the United Nations is motivated to overcome the collective action problem through an increase in the severity of the conflict. Regional organizations are motivated to establish a peace mission as the economic and political salience of the conflict increases, increasing the possibility of the regional organization acquiring club goods for its member states. The presence of a regional hegemon within a regional organization also significantly increases the likelihood of an organization both establishing a peace mission and taking on the primary role when coordinating a joint mission. I argue this is because a regional hegemon allows the organization to more easily overcome the collective action problem between its own member states due to the presence of a privileged actor.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Technology: Public Management (Peacebuilding), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / One of the major issues following the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was what to do with the huge number of people (around 100 000) accused of crimes during the genocide. Western legal approaches dealt with a handful of such cases at huge expense but the vast majority of the accused languished in prison. The government decided to employ a modified version of Gacaca - the traditional way of dealing with disputes and lower level crimes at community level. Using a qualitative research methodology and employing focus groups and individual interviews as data collection tools, this research investigate perceptions about the operation of Gacaca in three Rwandan communities, with particular reference to truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation. The research suggests that in the three communities, Gacaca was seen as bringing the truth out into the open and to provide a measure of justice, although limitations were noted in both of these respects. Given the enormity of the genocide crimes, however, there seemed to be little progress in the areas of forgiveness and reconciliation. / M

Thesis advisor: William A. Gamson / This work presents a longitudinal study of greater than 10 years, of all the major peace-building initiatives with an educational encounter-based approach in Israel and Palestine, during times of relative peace and times of acute violence (1993-2008). Interestingly, my results indicated that when the environment became more tumultuous and hostile, the effectiveness and even survival of these organizations depended to a significant degree on the ability of the organizations to manage the power asymmetry between the two sides and work as equally as possible. Organizations which failed to deal effectively with matters of equality, and the needs and desires of both sides, ended up struggling to maintain commitment, or were doused in conflict that could have been tempered if they strived for more equality. This study, which involved fieldwork, participant observation, and interviews with Palestinian and Israeli peace-builders prior to, during, and post-the 2nd Intifada, is in many ways a natural experiment of peace-building organizations operating in radically different contexts. Involving various fields, this research contributes to the broad fields of conflict resolution, peace studies, and organization studies. It offers critical insight into how organizations adapt in radically changing environments, what is problematic, what are their possibilities, and what allows some to survive while others do not. Practically speaking, this study also has political import as it suggests ways to strengthen and sustain peace-building efforts in different contexts and strengthen peace-building's symbolic, cultural, and political worth and value. In addition, it has significance for building sustainable coalitions across an arena of inequality, asymmetry, and difference. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Orientadora: Suzeley Kalil Mathias / Banca: Héctor Luís Saint-Pierre / Banca: Juliana de Paula Bigatão / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene como objeto de estudio la participación ecuatoriana en la misión establecida en Haití en el periodo 2004-2017. El objetivo es mostrar que las operaciones de paz se traducen para el Ecuador como una forma de inserción internacional, especialmente en el contexto del desdoblamiento de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití (MINUSTAH). Con el intuito de cumplir con el objetivo presentado, se aborda el histórico de la resolución de conflictos desde la conformación de la Liga de las Naciones hasta la conceptualización de las operaciones de paz de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). Seguidamente, se discute la participación de los principales países de América del Sur que aportaron con efectivos en esa misión multinacional, para comprender los principales factores que motivaron dicha contribución. Por último, se analiza la actuación ecuatoriana en el contexto de la MINUSTAH por medio de la Unidad Escuela de Misiones de Paz Ecuador (UEMPE). Como recurso metodológico se emplea un abordaje cualitativo, aplicando como métodos el análisis documental y bibliográfico para fuentes primarias y secundarias respectivamente. Se concluye que la contribución ecuatoriana en la MINUSTAH responde a incentivos generados por los países sudamericanos, apuntando que la región posee autonomía en la gestión de conflictos y crisis locales. / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a participação equatoriana na missão estabelecida no Haiti no período 2004-2017. O objetivo é mostrar que as operações de paz se traduzem para o Equador como uma forma de inserção internacional, especialmente no contexto do desdobramento da Missão de Estabilização das Nações Unidas no Haiti (MINUSTAH). Com o intuito de cumprir com o objetivo apresentado, aborda-se o histórico da resolução de conflitos desde a conformação da Liga das Nações até a conceitualização das operações de paz da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). Em seguida, discute-se a participação dos principais países de América do Sul que aportam com efetivos nessas missões multinacionais. Por último, é analisada a atuação equatoriana no contexto da MINUSTAH por meio da Unidade Escola de Missões de Paz do Equador (UEMPE). Como metodologia, emprega-se uma abordagem qualitativa, aplicando como métodos a análise documental e bibliográfica para fontes primárias e secundárias respectivamente. Conclui-se que a contribuição equatoriana na MINUSTAH responde a incentivos gerados por países sul-americanos, apontando que a região possui autonomia no gerenciamento de conflitos e crises locais. / Abstract: The object of study of the present work is the Ecuadorian participation in the mission established in Haiti in the period 2004-2017. The aim is to show that peace operations are translated for Ecuador as a form of international insertion, especially in the context of the deployment of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). With the intention of achieving the objective presented, it is approached the history of conflict resolution since the formation of the League of Nations until the conceptualization of peace operations by the United Nations (UN). Subsequently, the participation of the main South American countries that contribute with troops in this multinational mission is discussed in order to comprehend the central factors that motivates this presence in the island. Finally, the Ecuadorian action in the context of MINUSTAH is analyzed through the School Unit of Missions of Peace Ecuador (UEMPE). As a methodological resource, a qualitative approach is used, applying the documental and bibliographical analysis methods for primary and secondary sources respectively. It is concluded that the Ecuadorian contribution in MINUSTAH responds to incentives generated by the South American countries, pointing out that the region has autonomy in the management of conflicts and local crises. / Mestre

A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) foi criada com o objetivo precípuo de assegurar e promover a paz mundial. Em mais de 60 anos de existência, a Organização ainda não logrou implementar a força militar permanente (ver artigo 47, parágrafo 3º da Carta da ONU) que seria a principal encarregada pela consecução desse objetivo por intermédio da coordenação da Comissão de Estado Maior. O fato de não ter constituído a referida força não significou a paralisação da ONU nos assuntos concernentes à paz. Demonstrando grande poder de adaptação, a Organização implementou as Missões de Paz, embora estas não existam oficialmente em seu estatutos. As missões de paz da ONU são a face mais visível do trabalho da Organização na promoção da paz mundial. Em 58 anos de existência, essas missões têm evoluído em quantidade e complexidade, exigindo, cada vez mais, recursos materiais e humanos. Em 1999, o estabelecimento da Missão de Paz no Timor Leste chamou a atenção da comunidade internacional por diversos motivos. Àquela época, a Instituição passava por uma crise de credibilidade provocada pela sua inação nos episódios inicias do Kosovo naquele mesmo ano. Não obstante, logrou desenvolver no Timor Leste a mais bem sucedida missão de paz jamais estabelecida em qualquer outra época de sua história. No Timor, a ONU assumiu todas as funções de governo a fim de ali desenvolver as bases necessárias ao nascimento de um Estado. Este estudo tem por finalidade fazer uma análise de todo esse processo, ressaltando a importância e o significado que essa missão teve no contexto das operações de paz das Nações Unidas. / The United Nations (UN) was created with the primary purpose of ensuring and promoting world peace. In over 60 years of existence, the Organization has not yet succeeded in implementing a permanent military force (see article 47, paragraph 3 of the UN Charter) that would be the main responsible for the attainment of this goal, acting under the coordination of the Military Staff Committee. The fact that the UN failed to constitute the aforesaid force does not mean it is inert when it comes to subjects concerning peace. Demonstrating a great power of adaptation, the Organization implemented the Peacekeeping Missions, although these do not officially exist in its statutes. The UN Peacekeeping Missions are the most visible face of the Organization’s work towards the promotion of world peace. In 58 years of existence, these missions have been evolving in quantity and complexity, increasingly demanding material and human resources. In 1999, the establishment of the Peacekeeping Mission in East Timor called the attention of the international community for a range of reasons. By that time, the Institution was undergoing a crisis of confidence due to its inaction in the early episodes of Kosovo that very year. Still, it managed to develop in East Timor the most successful peacekeeping mission ever established in its history. In Timor, the UN also took over all the government functions in order to develop there the necessary bases for the birth of a State. This study aims at analyzing this whole process, stressing the importance and meaning that this mission had within the context of the UN peacekeeping operations.

An unprecedented 65.6 million persons are forcibly displaced (e.g., refugees, asylum-seekers, IDPs). Half are youth. Hope is often the feeling that sustains youth through intolerable conditions. Basic education in protracted areas is seen as a protective factor that nurtures hope and psychosocial wellbeing in the lives of children and youth. This research sought to extend this concept to the higher education in protracted refugee context, where refugees (ages 18-35) were able to co-create spaces of hope that recognized their own agency and their ability to question the status quo while developing critical thinking skills. Based on a theoretical framework of the philosophy of hope, psychology of hope, pedagogy of hope, and critical hope, I explored with refugees their perceptions of hope before, during, and after their participation of my psychosocial peace-building education course over a period of six months. Using a pragmatic mixed-methods community-based action approach, I collected: 31 Hope Index of Staats surveys (pre, post, and a follow-up six months later), eight semi-structured interviews (two interviews and then a follow up six months later for each participant), student reflection journals, and researcher field notes. A thematic analysis revealed four themes: Reflecting on critical hope and critical despair; reconciling identities; resurfacing narratives and creating new narratives of hope; and restoring hope and agency in higher education. By nurturing hopeful views and co-creating opportunities for critical thinking skills, refugees seem to be able to continue to play a pivotal role in rebuilding a stronger, just, and peaceful civil society.

Kalla krigets avslut markerade en skiljelinje i antalet FN fredsoperationer i världen. Då denbipolära världen upphörde 1989-91 utlöste den i sin tur en rad av inomstatliga konflikter på mångahåll i världen, men inte minst i Afrika Uppsatsen avser att behandla FN och dess förmåga attkunna ingripa med militära medel i afrikanska konflikter. Den observation som ligger till grundför ämnesvalet är att det verkar vara svårt att mobilisera vilja och handling att ingripa i afrikanskakonflikter. Även när man beslutat om FN-insats tar det oftast lång tid och det är svårt att fåkvalificerade förband att ställa upp, såvida det inte finns koloniala band som gör att enskildanationer snabbt ingriper. Vad beror denna svårighet på? FN har försökt analysera och bestämmavad som krävs för att organisationen ska bli en trovärdig och kraftfull aktör för att hanterainomstatliga och mellanstatliga konflikter i världen. Brahimirapporten utgavs 2000 av enexpertgrupp för FN:s fredsoperationer. Denna rapport ligger fortfarande till grund för hur FN börutveckla sin förmåga till effektiv konfliktlösning och genomförande av fredsfrämjandeoperationer. Uppsatsens problem utgörs därmed av frågan; hur kan fredsfrämjande operationer iinomstatliga konflikter bli framgångsrika?Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida FN-operationen i Liberia (UNMIL) kan sägasutgöra en ideal fredsfrämjande operation med utgångspunkt i Brahimirapportens centralarekommendationer, samt om operationen därmed kan sägas vara framgångsrik. / The end of the cold war marked a clear change in the number of Peace SupportOperations around the world. When the bipolar world of the East and the Westended between 1989 and 1991 it triggered a chain of intra-state conflicts in manyareas in the world, not least in Africa. This study is trying to deal with the UnitedNations (UN) and its capability to intervene with military means in Africanconflicts. The observation that caught the interest of this subject is the notion thatthe UN has serious difficulties to mobilise political will and action to be able toengage in African conflicts. Even when the UN has decided on establishment ofPeace Support Operations, it normally takes a long time to deploy and it is hard toreceive qualified military units, unless colonial ties justifies the quick response ofindividual nations. What explains this difficulty? The UN has tried to analyse anddetermine what is required of them in order to become a credible and forcefulactor in the management of inter- and intra-state conflicts around the world. TheBrahimi Report was released in 2000 by an expert panel for UN Peace Operations.This report still forms the foundation for how the UN should adjust and developits capability for effective conflict prevention, conflict management and executionof Peace Support Operations. The scientific question is therefore; how can PeaceSupport Operations in intra-state conflicts become successful?The purpose of this study is to examine whether the UN-led Peace SupportOperation in Liberia (UNMIL) was an ideal operation when compared withselected recommendations of the Brahimi report, and if the operation therebycould be classified as successful. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 04-06

”Sustainable reconciliation”, a form of international aid relief program, has been developed and constructed to help populations overcome war trauma, using different activities within art, entertainment and sports.  Theorists claim that if conducted properly, activities such as these, should lead to good social capital, causing higher levels of culture tolerance, gender equality and creativity, as well as better health and life satisfaction. This study has examined how the non-governmental organization, the Cross Cultural Project Association’s relief program, the Open Fun Football Schools has affected its participants in Belgrade, Serbia. A quantitative analysis has been conducted through the means of a multi question survey, to see if certain variables are correlated with the projects influence, “OFFS social capital”. According to the results, the activities did have positive effects on education, culture tolerance, gender equality, creativity, heath and life satisfaction. In addition the social capital influenced by the activities was found to be dependent on participants’ level of culture tolerance, and vice versa. The project is found to set the foundation for good social networking possibilities and create good social capital, all great aspects for the purpose of peace building.

Thesis (M.A.)--Western Washington University, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-124).

Masteropgave. / Format: PDF. Bibl.