In today's digital world, information and communication technology accounts for 3% and 2% of the global power consumption and CO2 emissions respectively. This alarming figure is on an upward trend, as future telecommunications systems and handsets will become even more power hungry since new services with higher bandwidth requirements emerge as part of the so called ¿future internet¿ paradigm. In addition, the mobile handset industry is tightly coupled to the consumer need for more sophisticated handsets with greater battery lifetime. If we cannot make any significant step to reducing the energy gap between the power hungry requirements of future handsets, and what battery technology can deliver, then market penetration for 4G handsets can be at risk. Therefore, energy conservation must be a design objective at the forefront of any system design from the network layer, to the physical and the microelectronic counterparts. In fact, the energy distribution of a handset device is dominated by the energy consumption of the RF hardware, and in particular the power amplifier design. Power amplifier design is a traditional topic that addresses the design challenge of how to obtain a trade-off between linearity and efficiency in order to avoid the introduction of signal distortion, whilst making best use of the available power resources for amplification. However, the present work goes beyond this by investigating a new line of amplifiers that address the green initiatives, namely green power amplifiers. This research work explores how to use the Doherty technique to promote efficiency enhancement and thus energy saving. Five different topologies of RF power amplifiers have been designed with custom-made signal splitters. The design core of the Doherty technique is based on the combination of a class B, class AB and a class C power amplifier working in synergy; which includes 90-degree 2-way power splitter at the input, quarter wavelength transformer at the output, and a new output power combiner. The frequency range for the amplifiers was designed to operate in the 3.4 - 3.6 GHz frequency band of Europe mobile WiMAX. The experimental results show that 30dBm output power can be achieved with 67% power added efficiency (PAE) for the user terminal, and 45dBm with 66% power added efficiency (PAE) for base stations which marks a 14% and 11% respective improvement over current stateof- the-art, while meeting the power output requirements for mobile WiMAX applications.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The recent emergence of ubiquitous wireless connectivity and the increasing computational capacity of modern vehicles have triggered immense interest in the possibilities of vehicular connectivity. A plethora of potential applications for vehicular networks have been proposed in the areas of safety, traffic infrastructure management, information, and entertainment. The broad range of applications requires creative utilisation of the available wireless medium, using a combination of existing and novel wireless technologies. In this research the evaluation of one such configuration is performed. Dedicated short range communication for safety applications is assumed, and the use of Wi- Fi and WiMAX for non-safety applications is evaluated. Little is known about the media streaming performance of these wireless technologies in realistic vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) scenarios. Due to the extreme mobility and unpredictable environmental aspects in a real road environment, an empirical evaluation is performed and presented. Evaluation of a multi-vehicle to infrastructure (V2V2I) VANET, using Wi-Fi for the vehicle-to-vehicle communication and WiMAX for the vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication is experimented. It is observed that Wi-Fi is unaffected by the vehicle speed; whenever nodes are within communication range, data gets transferred normally. A detailed characterisation of the network architecture is presented and the results show that a multitude of applications can be supported with this proposed network architecture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toenemende beskikbaarheid en digtheid van koordlose netwerke en die verhoogde verwerkingsvermoëns van moderne voertuie het die afgelope paar jaar aansienlike belangstelling gewek in die moontlikhede wat voertuig-kommunikasie bied. ʼn Magdom moontlike toepassings is voorgestel in ʼn wye verskeidenheid van velde insluitende veiligheid, verkeersinfrastruktuur, informasie en vermaak. Hierdie voorstelle vereis die kreatiewe benutting van die beskikbare en nuwe koordlose tegnologieë. Hierdie tesis evalueer een voorbeeld van so ‘n opstelling. ʼn Toegewyde kortafstand kommunikasie modus vir veiligheidstoepassings word aangeneem, terwyl Wi-Fi en WiMAX vir ander toepassings evalueer word. Daar is min navorsing oor die kapasiteit en seinsterkte van hierdie beskikbare netwerke onder realistiese voertuig netwerk (VANET) scenario‘s. Weens die hoë mobiliteit van voertuie en ook die onvoorspelbaarheid van hierdie omgewing word ʼn empiriese evaluasie beskou as die mees gepaste metode. Die navorsing ondersoek ʼn multi-voertuig-totinfrastruktuur- netwerk wat Wi-Fi gebruik vir voertuig-tot-voertuig (V2V) kommunikasie en WiMAX vir voertuig-tot-infrastruktuur (V2I) kommunikasie. Die navorsing bevind dat Wi-Fi nie beïnvloed word deur die spoed van die voertuig nie: wanneer die nodes binne die bereik is van die netwerk word data normaal oorgedra. ‗n Gedetailleerde karakterisering van dié netwerk word gedoen en die resultate dui aan dat ‗n groot hoeveelheid toepassings ondersteun kan word deur dié opstelling.

本研究在減低Wimax mesh mode環境中media access階段會造成的delay現象。我們發現當subscriber station (SS)訊務繁忙時，競爭transmission opportunity (TO)以及3-way handshake的過程容易失敗，造成傳輸效率降低，封包的delay也會增加。同時我們也發現封包的延遲還來自minislot的不良配置。因為原始的Wimax mesh mode對於minislot的配置會造成預約過晚的問題，當預約時間被延長，資料就必須無條件的增加等待時間，因此我們將針對這些問題進行改善，降低在訊務繁忙的狀況下，傳輸效率低落的問題。 我們使用兩種方式來改善上述的問題，其一是由Bayer [4]所提出的動態調整holdoff指數(dynamic holdoff exponent)的方式，藉由調整holdoff指數的大小來縮短holdoff時間，以縮短傳輸延遲；另外，我們也提出一個以節點的臨接區域為配置基準(Neighborhood-Based Minislot Allocation, NBMA) 的方法，透過與其相鄰的節點交換訊息，優化minislot的配置。我們用這兩種方式減少IEEE 802.16中媒體存取階段所造成的傳輸延遲。 實驗結果顯示，在網路負載較輕的情況下，NBMA可以有效的將delay降低為原來的七分之一，改善幅度將近85%，抖動率(jitter)的部分亦有20%的改善，並略為提高傳輸效能8%左右；而當網路負載較重時，delay的改善程度仍有40%左右，jitter部分改善了12%，傳輸效能亦有6%的改善。證明了我們的方法確實可行，並且在改善delay方面有顯著的效果。 / IEEE 802.16 mesh network is a new environment of wireless network. It was designed as a self-organized, distributed scheduling, and multi-hop network. However, it is not robust enough to handle a heavy loading environment for lacking of QoS support. Our research is trying to reduce its media access delay, which comes from both TO (transmission opportunity) competition and improper minislot allocation. TO competition will extend the MSH-DSCH (mesh distributed scheduling) interval and slow down the exchanging speed of control message. Improper minislot allocation comes from the distributed scheduling of minislot. When a subscriber station (SS) allocates too much minislot for low-level traffic, it will defer the allocation of other neighbors’ high-level traffic. We use Bayer’s [4] dynamic exponent to reduce holdoff time of SS, and speed up the exchange of control message. On the other hand, we design an “importance factor” (IM-factor) to score the importance of request. Through the exchange of IM-factor, SS and its neighbors will produce a threshold of IM-factor to filter the unimportant requests, and prevent minislot from being assigned too late. In our experiments, the proposed methods can reduce 85% delay and 20% jitter, and increase bandwidth utility by 7%. It shows that our method in reducing transmission delay is pratical and effective.

網路使用率逐漸普及、傳輸技術的進步以及通訊網路蓬勃發展，提供人們許多生活上的便利，無線網路已經成為現代通訊市場上的新寵兒。其中，IEEE於1999年開始制定與修正WiMAX，此協定在無線網路的應用視為解決”最後一哩”接取問題的利器。然而，無線網路仍舊會遇到傳送訊號耗弱、通訊死角或是氣候干擾等種種原因造成傳輸失敗的問題。 MPEG-4編碼上，考慮影音封包具有不同重要性的意義，針對影音封包需制定不同的重傳機制，本研究先行改善WiMAX中ARQ（Auto Repeat Request）的流程，再利用跨層設計使得MAC層可以辨識影音封包資訊，確保GOP-tree中之＂骨幹＂節點穩定的抵達率，再利用Lagrange’s Method of Multiplier方法，針對GOP-tree中非骨幹部分提出合適的trade-off客製化。最後本研究藉由網路模擬器NS-2(Network Simulater ver. 2)與myEvalvid-NT的實驗架構，做不同效能的評比，並以PSNR值評估所提出之方法的有效性。 / The growing of network popularity, progressing of trasmission technology and development of communication network have facilitated our daily life these years. Wireless network has become a new favor at modern communication market. Among of them, IEEE has started to design and modify specification of WiMAX since 1999, which has been thought to be the solution toward “last mile”. But, there still exist problems such as Doppler effect, blind corner of communication and obstruction of weather condition, which cause the failure of communication. MPEG-4 coding would concern the different significances of distinct types of packets, we should define retransmission strategies for different multimedia packets, respectively. Firstly, we improve the process of ARQ(Auto Repeat reQuest). Secondly, we use MAC-centric design to distinguish multimedia packets and guarantee the arrival rate of packets in the “backbone nodes” of a group of pictures tree. Thirdly, Lagrange’s Method of Multiplier is used to customize the trade-off of “non-backbone node”. In the end, we have performance evaluations by NS-2(Network Simulator ver. 2) and myEvalvid-NT, to verify the efficiency of the proposed method using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio.

2007年7月26日，國家通訊傳播委員會（NCC）發放2.5-2.6GHzWiMAX 頻段之六張分區執照，包含北區及南區各三家業者取得。WiMAX技術具備良好的無線傳輸能力及高頻寬特質，因此WiMAX技術的後續應用也備受矚目。因應其發展趨勢，本研究將既有針對WiMAX技術定義的產業價值鏈研究延伸至營運商層次，探究整體WiMAX產業價值鏈的發展雛型。在整體產業價值鏈的情境定義之外，本研究同時透過個案研究，深入了解各別業者在既有產業價值鏈的架構之下，可能擁有的核心資源及競爭優勢，這樣的資源及優勢將影響其後續競爭策略的制定及商營模式的成形。由個案之發展經驗，本研究將進一步歸納台灣整體WiMAX產業的商營化挑戰。在個案選取上，本研究擬以遠傳電信作為研究對象，其選取原因如下： 1. 遠傳電信為既有電信三雄之一，已有電信市場經營基礎； 2. 其資本額最為雄厚； 3. WiMAX技術本身與3G技術形成競爭關係，遠傳同時擁有2G、3G及 WiMAX執照，對WiMAX技術的應用規劃或可做為後續觀察無線寬頻 技術市場競爭的重要指標； 在研究方法上，本研究以文獻分析法及深度訪談法為主，提出如下研究問題： （一）從產業外部層面的產業價值鏈來看 1. 臺灣WiMAX產業的相關價值鏈包含哪些產業行動者？ 2. 臺灣WiMAX產業的產業價值鏈建構面臨的挑戰為何？ （二）從產業內部的個案探究來看 1. 個案在WiMAX產業的發展上有哪些核心資源？ 2. 個案對於其核心資源的應用策略為何？ 3. 既有核心資源建構了個案哪些競爭優勢？ （三）總結：透過遠傳的發展經驗，歸納臺灣之WiMAX產業進入商營化的挑戰 為何？如何進行突破？ 透過研究分析，本研究回應研究問題如下： （一）從產業外部層面的產業價值鏈建構來看 1. WiMAX產業價值鏈共包含核心網路提供者、硬體製造產業、內容加值產業、通路服務產業及消費者等行動者； 2. 各產業價值鏈層級面臨的發展挑戰如下： （1）自身定位層面（核心網路提供者）層面：沉沒成本的壓力及時間 壓力的挑戰； （2）硬體製造產業層面：通路層面拓展； （3）內容加值產業層面：目前尚未被正式納入產業鏈運作； （4）消費者層面：市場需求不足使差異化優勢無法產生； （二）從產業內部層面的個案探究來看 1. 個案所擁有的核心資源如下： （1） 自身定位層面：基礎設備資源、龐大的資金資源、既有發展經驗的 傳承、專業技術的核心資源 （2） 硬體製造產業層面：規模經濟的資源、既有硬體建設的資源、 （3） 內容加值產業層面：既有結盟關係、集團資源的整合、議價能力 的優勢、具備整合能力 （4） 消費者層面：既有客戶的基礎、訂價策略的優勢、多元技術優勢、 養成使用者行為優勢 2. 個案所擁有的競爭優勢如下： （1）自身定位層面：具備多重且整合的核心技術、具備大量資金、市場 學習經驗曲線的縮短、能以更全方面的角度擬訂競爭策略 （2）硬體製造產業層面：對國內硬體製造業者具備議價力 （3）內容加值產業層面的探究：已有長久合作關係，可快速切入市場、 具備集團資源、議價力強、能主導營運模式的建構 （4）消費者層面的探究：已擁有固定客戶、較為彈性的訂價策略空間、 更精密的區隔消費者族群、對於消費者市場的推動更具主導能力； （三）總結 從營運業者角度來看，由於臺灣的固網普及率已高，WiMAX最大的商機潛力將集中於行動接收的加值服務之上；然因整體消費者需求不明顯，並無法給予行動終端設備業者將WiMAX技術延伸至手持式裝置的動機。由於終端設備業者多為世界大廠，臺灣營運業者在目前僅能以觀望的態度被動的追隨市場發展，不具備市場主導能力，因此相關的產業價值鏈雛形仍未完全發展。未來WiMAX的發展前景，將同時維繫於整體消費習慣的養成以及硬體產製業者的決策上，當行動接收成為普遍的應用形式，WiMAX營運業者才可能主動的推動相關應用服務；在這一段市場滲透的過程之中，滲透時程將影響新技術對於WiMAX技術的挑戰程度，巨大的資金需求也將影響營運業者的發展。

In today's digital world, information and communication technology accounts for 3% and 2% of the global power consumption and CO2 emissions respectively. This alarming figure is on an upward trend, as future telecommunications systems and handsets will become even more power hungry since new services with higher bandwidth requirements emerge as part of the so called 'future internet' paradigm. In addition, the mobile handset industry is tightly coupled to the consumer need for more sophisticated handsets with greater battery lifetime. If we cannot make any significant step to reducing the energy gap between the power hungry requirements of future handsets, and what battery technology can deliver, then market penetration for 4G handsets can be at risk. Therefore, energy conservation must be a design objective at the forefront of any system design from the network layer, to the physical and the microelectronic counterparts. In fact, the energy distribution of a handset device is dominated by the energy consumption of the RF hardware, and in particular the power amplifier design. Power amplifier design is a traditional topic that addresses the design challenge of how to obtain a trade-off between linearity and efficiency in order to avoid the introduction of signal distortion, whilst making best use of the available power resources for amplification. However, the present work goes beyond this by investigating a new line of amplifiers that address the green initiatives, namely green power amplifiers. This research work explores how to use the Doherty technique to promote efficiency enhancement and thus energy saving. Five different topologies of RF power amplifiers have been designed with custom-made signal splitters. The design core of the Doherty technique is based on the combination of a class B, class AB and a class C power amplifier working in synergy; which includes 90-degree 2-way power splitter at the input, quarter wavelength transformer at the output, and a new output power combiner. The frequency range for the amplifiers was designed to operate in the 3.4 - 3.6 GHz frequency band of Europe mobile WiMAX. The experimental results show that 30dBm output power can be achieved with 67% power added efficiency (PAE) for the user terminal, and 45dBm with 66% power added efficiency (PAE) for base stations which marks a 14% and 11% respective improvement over current stateof- the-art, while meeting the power output requirements for mobile WiMAX applications.

Submitted by Samira Prince (prince@ufpa.br) on 2012-09-24T17:03:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PredicaoQualidadeExperiencia.pdf: 2330802 bytes, checksum: 50bcb0f2191549e093e966dc9f3a974e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2012-09-26T14:44:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PredicaoQualidadeExperiencia.pdf: 2330802 bytes, checksum: 50bcb0f2191549e093e966dc9f3a974e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-26T14:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PredicaoQualidadeExperiencia.pdf: 2330802 bytes, checksum: 50bcb0f2191549e093e966dc9f3a974e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A crescente utilização dos serviços de telecomunicações principalmente sem fio tem exigido a adoção de novos padrões de redes que ofereçam altas taxas de transmissão e que alcance um número maior de usuários. Neste sentido o padrão IEEE 802.16, no qual é baseado o WiMAX, surge como uma tecnologia em potencial para o fornecimento de banda larga na próxima geração de redes sem fio, principalmente porque oferece Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) nativamente para fluxos de voz, dados e vídeo. A respeito das aplicações baseadas vídeo, tem ocorrido um grande crescimento nos últimos anos. Em 2011 a previsão é que esse tipo de conteúdo ultrapasse 50% de todo tráfego proveniente de dispositivos móveis. Aplicações do tipo vídeo têm um forte apelo ao usuário final que é quem de fato deve ser o avaliador do nível de qualidade recebida. Diante disso, são necessárias novas formas de avaliação de desempenho que levem em consideração a percepção do usuário, complementando assim as técnicas tradicionais que se baseiam apenas em aspectos de rede (QoS). Nesse sentido, surgiu a avaliação de desempenho baseada Qualidade de Experiência (QoE) onde a avaliação do usuário final em detrimento a aplicação é o principal parâmetro mensurado. Os resultados das investigações em QoE podem ser usados como uma extensão em detrimento aos tradicionais métodos de QoS, e ao mesmo tempo fornecer informações a respeito da entrega de serviços multimídias do ponto de vista do usuário. Exemplos de mecanismos de controle que poderão ser incluídos em redes com suporte a QoE são novas abordagens de roteamento, processo de seleção de estação base e tráfego condicionado. Ambas as metodologias de avaliação são complementares, e se usadas de forma combinada podem gerar uma avaliação mais robusta. Porém, a grande quantidade de informações dificulta essa combinação. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal criar uma metodologia de predição de qualidade de vídeo em redes WiMAX com uso combinado de simulações e técnicas de Inteligência Computacional (IC). A partir de parâmetros de QoS e QoE obtidos através das simulações será realizado a predição do comportamento futuro do vídeo com uso de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA). Se por um lado o uso de simulações permite uma gama de opções como extrapolação de cenários de modo a imitar as mesmas situações do mundo real, as técnicas de IC permitem agilizar a análise dos resultados de modo que sejam feitos previsões de um comportamento futuro, correlações e outros. No caso deste trabalho, optou-se pelo uso de RNAs uma vez que é a técnica mais utilizada para previsão do comportamento, como está sendo proposto nesta dissertação. / The increasing use of telecommunications services mainly wireless has demanded the adoption of new networking standards that offer higher data rates and reach a larger number of users. In this sense the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is based WiMAX emerges as a potential technology for providing broadband in the next generation of wireless networks, mainly because it offers Quality of Service (QoS) for voice streams natively, data and video. Regarding the video-based applications, there has been a steady growth in recent years. In 2011 it is expected that this type of content exceeds 50% of all traffic from mobile devices. Applications like video have a strong appeal to the end user who is who in fact should be the evaluator's level of perceived quality. Given this, we need new forms of performance assessment that take into account the perception of the user, thereby complementing traditional techniques that rely only on network aspects (QoS). In this sense, there was the performance evaluation based on Quality of Experience (QoE) assessment where the end user rather than the application is the main parameter measured. The results of investigations QoE can be used as an extension over the traditional methods of QoS, and at the same time provide information regarding the delivery of multimedia services from the viewpoint of the user. Examples of control mechanisms that may be included in networks that support new approaches are QoE routing process of selecting the base station and traffic conditioning. Both methods of evaluation are complementary, and if used in combination can generate a more robust assessment. However, the large amount of information hinders this combination. In this context, this paper's main objective is to create a methodology to predict video quality WiMAX networks with combined use of simulation techniques and Computational Intelligence (CI). From QoS and QoE parameters obtained from the simulations will be performed to predict the future behavior of the video with the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). On the one hand the use of simulations allows a range of options such as extrapolation of scenarios to mimic the same real-world situations, the IC techniques allow faster analysis of the results so that they are made predictions of future behavior, correlations and others. In the case of this work, we chose to use RNA as it is the most used technique to predict the behavior, as is being proposed in this dissertation.

Cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude des systèmes de communications pour application aux services vidéo fournis par les réseaux radio mobiles. Ce travail met l'accent sur les systèmes point à multipoints et propose plusieurs améliorations : Dans un premier temps, on définit un système qui combine le décodage robuste aux retransmissions ARQ, et ce de telle façon à réduire le nombre de retransmissions tout en gardant le même niveau de qualité. Contrairement aux systèmes actuels (avec ou sans retransmissions), ce systèmes offre également la possibilité de choisir le compromis débit/qualité via un paramètre du système. Par la suite, on considère les sytèmes de transmission d'une vidéo scalable vers plusieurs terminaux. Des extensions des systèmes Go-Back-N (GBN) Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) et Selective Repeat (SR) ARQ sont étudiées et comparées à un nouveau système. On montre que ce dernier limite les besoins de bufferisation au niveau du terminal récepteur tout en ayant des performances optimales (en termes de quantité de données transmises avec succès sur une période donnée). Finalement, on montre que même sous une contrainte débit on peut utiliser les retransmissions dans les communications point à multipoints à condition de ne pas dépasser une certaine limite sur le nombre d'utilisateurs. Si l'utilisation des retransmissions ARQ est introduite dans les sytèmes de Multicast/Broadcast 3GPP et/ou WiMAX, le système pourra garantir une qualité nominale à un certain nombre d'utilisateurs, ce qui n'est pas le cas des systèmes de Multicast/Broadcast actuels.

In this thesis, the study mainly focuses on the current trends in development of compact multi-media mobile phone and provides a wideband monopole antenna design suitable for application in wireless communicating system in the near future. By utilizing the planar monopole antenna structure, the proposed antenna design is easy to be embedded into the mobile phone. Further, by using a shielding metal cover, we create a zone with low surface current distribution. This effect will reduce the electromagnetic coupling between the antenna and the electronic elements and make it possible to integrate more related elements into the mobile phones. Finally, we use the simulation software to analyze the dielectric effect caused by the casing of mobile phone and human body on the proposed antenna.

Στην εν λόγω εργασία, έγινε μια προσπάθεια καταγραφής του τεχνολογικού τοπίου της τηλεπικοινωνιακής αγοράς, με έμφαση την διαλειτουργικότητα μεταξύ των Δικτύων Κινητής Τηλεφωνίας και των Ασύρματων Δικτύων Δεδομένων και των σχετικών αλλαγών που έχει επιφέρει αυτή η διαλειτουργικότητα, τόσο στις παρεχόμενες υπηρεσίες, όσο και στα εφαρμοζόμενα επιχειρηματικά μοντέλα από πλευράς εταιρειών της συγκεκριμένης αγοράς. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της προσπάθειας, χρειάστηκε να πραγματοποιηθεί μια λεπτομερής καταγραφή των τεχνολογικών εξελίξεων, σε επίπεδο τεχνικών προδιαγραφών και προτύπων, στις παραπάνω δύο κατηγορίες δικτύων, ώστε να καταλήξουμε σε εκείνα τα πρότυπα που πλέον μπορούν να οδηγήσουν στην υλοποίηση δικτύων τα οποία θα χαρακτηρίζονται από τα παρακάτω: • θα είναι ενοποιημένα ώστε οι διαφορετικές τεχνολογικές πλατφόρμες των εταιρειών να λειτουργούν απρόσκοπτα, • θα χαρακτηρίζονται από χαμηλό κόστος, • ο τελικός χρήστης θα μπορεί να είναι συνεχώς συνδεδεμένος με κάποιο δίκτυο ασύρματης πρόσβασης και να απολαμβάνει τις υπηρεσίες που επιθυμεί, οποτεδήποτε και οπουδήποτε. Η δομή της διπλωματικής εργασίας ακολουθεί τον προαναφερθέντα τρόπο σκέψης. Στο 1ο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σύντομη παρουσίαση του στόχου σε επίπεδο τεχνολογιών αλλά και υπηρεσιών, δηλαδή των αναμενόμενων αποτελεσμάτων αυτών των δικτύων νέας γενιάς, στα οποία έχουμε συνηθίσει να αναφερόμαστε ως δίκτυα 4G (4th Generation) ή δίκτυα B3G (Beyond 3G) ή τέλος ως All – IP ασύρματα δίκτυα. Στο 2ο Κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μια λεπτομερής παρουσίαση των Δικτύων Κινητής Τηλεφωνίας από τις πρώτες τους εκδοχές (1G) έως τις πλέον σύγχρονες (3.5G) που έχουν εμφανιστεί μέχρι σήμερα. Αναλύονται τόσο οι γενιές των δικτύων όσο και τα χρησιμοποιούμενα πρότυπα, σε επίπεδο αρχιτεκτονικής όσο και σε επίπεδο πρωτοκόλλων. Στη συνέχεια του κεφαλαίου υπάρχει η τεχνική περιγραφή των επικρατέστερων δικτύων κινητής τηλεφωνίας, σήμερα, δηλαδή των GSM, GPRS και UMTS, ενώ στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου υπάρχει μια σύντομη περιγραφή της διαδικασίας intersystem handover μεταξύ των GSM και UMTS. Στο 3ο Κεφάλαιο, περνάμε πλέον στα Ασύρματα Δίκτυα Δεδομένων. Γίνεται μια εκτενής περιγραφή των προτύπων που έχουν καθοριστεί και συγκεκριμένα στα πρότυπα IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) με κυριότερους εκφραστές τα δίκτυα βασιζόμενα σε Bluetooth και IrDA, το πρότυπο IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) με σημαντικότερος εκπροσώπους τα WiFi και HyperLan/2, το πρότυπο IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) ή αλλιώς γνωστότερο ως WiMAX και τέλος το πρότυπο IEEE 802.20 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) ή διαφορετικά Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MWBA) το οποίο είναι υπό διερεύνηση ακόμα και φιλοδοξεί να αποτελέσει το ασύρματο ανάλογο της τεχνολογίας xDSL, καθώς θα προσφέρει ασύρματες ευρυζωνικές υπηρεσίες. Στο 4ο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται μεθοδολογίες υλοποίησης του integration μεταξύ δικτύων των δύο κατηγοριών και συγκεκριμένα παραδείγματα διαλειτουργικότητας, όπως μεταξύ GPRS ή UMTS και WLANs ή μεταξύ UMTS και WiMAX. Γίνεται εκτενής συζήτηση γύρω από τα προβλήματα που θα πρέπει να αντιμετωπιστούν, όπως η εξασφάλιση ανεκτού επιπέδου QoS, οι μηχανισμοί για handover μεταξύ των δικτύων, η διαχείριση της κινητικότητας των χρηστών και των τερματικών και δίνονται παραδείγματα δημιουργίας ενοποιημένων δικτύων, τόσο με τη τεχνική της χαλαρής όσο και με την τεχνική της ισχυρής ζεύξης. Στο τελευταίο τμήμα του Κεφαλαίου, γίνεται μια εκτενής αναφορά στις αρχιτεκτονικές διασύνδεσης ετερογενών δικτύων με IP δίκτυα κορμού, τα γνωστά All – IP networks. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στους μηχανισμούς πραγματοποίησης των handovers βάσει πολιτικών (policy based) και η χρήση τεχνικών για micromobility και macromobility σε σχέση με την κινητικότητα των τερματικών. Το 5ο Κεφάλαιο αφορά τις εφαρμογές και υλοποιήσεις ασυρμάτων δικτύων δεδομένων στον Ελληνικό χώρο, στα πλαίσια του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος «Κοινωνία της Πληροφορίας» και πιο συγκεκριμένα τα «Εξοπλισμός και δικτύωση σε όλες τις βαθμίδες της εκπαίδευσης», «Ασύρματα Ευρυζωνικά Δίκτυα ΟΤΑ»και «Μητροπολιτικά Ευρυζωνικά Δίκτυα Οπτικών Ινών ΟΤΑ» και ουσιαστικά αποτελούν παραδείγματα και υλοποιήσεις διασύνδεσης WiFi, WiMAX και IP backbone δικτύων όπως το ΣΥΖΕΥΞΙΣ με δυνατότητες για παροχή VoIP. / In this thesis, an effort of presenting the technological landscape of the telecommunication market takes place, with focus on the interoperability between the Mobile Telephony Networks and the Wireless Data Networks and the relative changes that have evolved through this interoperability, both regarding the provided services and the applied business models by the enterprises of the specific market. Within the frames of this effort, a detailed recording of technological developments is realised, in terms of technical specifications and standards, in the two aforementioned categories of networks, so as to conclude to those standards that are utilized by the next generation networks (4G) which will be: • Networks that will be unified so as the different technological platforms will function smoothly. • Networks that will be characterized by low cost of deployment. • The end user will be continuously connected with a wireless access network, enjoying the preferred services anywhere and anytime. The master thesis structure follows the aforementioned methodology. The 1st Chapter includes a short presentation of expected results, both in terms of technologies and services for next generation networks, which we usually refer to as 4G networks (4th Generation) or B3G networks (Beyond 3G) or finally as All - IP wireless networks (AIPN). In the 2nd Chapter, a detailed presentation of Mobile Telephony Networks takes place, from their first versions (1G) until the most modern (3.5G) that have been presented up to today. The analysis includes both the various generations of networks and the used standards, in terms of modulation and multiplexing techniques. The rest of the chapter focuses on the technical description of the prevailing networks, GSM, GPRS and UMTS, while the chapter ends with a short description of intersystem handover processes between GSM and UMTS. Τhe 3rd Chapter, includes an extensive description of the Wireless Data Networks standards such as: IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) with main representatives networks based on Bluetooth and IrDA, standard IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) mainly represented by WiFi and HyperLan/2, IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) standard, widely known as WiMax and finally the IEEE 802.20 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) standard, namely Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MWBA) that is still under development and aspires to constitutes the wireless version of the xDSL technology, since it aims to provide wireless broadband services. In the 4th Chapter methodologies for integrating the two types of networks, are presented along with examples of interoperability between GPRS / UMTS and WLANs or between UMTS and WiMAX. Extensive discussion around the problems that should be faced, as the guarantee of bearable QoS level, the mechanisms for handover between the networks and the management of mobility of users and terminals, is held. Moreover, examples of integrated networks with both loose and tight coupling methodologies are presented. The last section of the chapter concerns a detailed description of architectures for interconnecting heterogeneous wireless networks over IP – based backhaul networks, namely All – IP networks, with special focus on policy based handover mechanisms and techniques for managing micromobility and macromobility issues. The 5th Chapter concerns the changes taking place in the telecommunications market deriving from the technological progress in the subject of heterogeneous wireless networks interconnection. New service packets are created, as a result of new business plans that are drawn up by the big telecommunications organizations. Finally, we present the developments in the Greek market and subsidised projects from Information Society AE, via which wireless networks have been materialised, with aim to promote Broadband Services.