A soja, uma das principais commodities do Brasil, tem o óleo e o farelo como matéria prima para a produção de alimentos e ração animal. Entretanto, são escassas as informações sobre os teores de óleo e proteína de grãos de cultivares nas diferentes épocas de plantio, sob condições de baixa latitude. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência ambiental e a divergência genética de dezessete genótipos de soja, sendo dez cultivares comerciais e sete linhagens oriundas do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da UFT, em ensaios conduzidos no período de safra e entressafra, no ano agrícola 2013/14, em Palmas e Gurupi-TO. O delineamento experimental utilizado em cada ensaio foi de blocos casualizados, com dezessete tratamentos e três repetições. As características estudadas foram: florescimento, maturação, altura de planta, altura da inserção da primeira vagem, número de grãos por vagem, número de vagens por planta, massa de cem sementes, produtividade de grãos, teor de óleo e proteína, eficiência ambiental e divergência genética. A eficiência ambiental foi avaliada através da metodologia adaptada de Fischer (1983) e a divergência genética, por meio de procedimentos multivariados: distância generalizada de Mahalanobis e método de agrupamento e otimização de Tocher. As hibridações 5X6-3 e TMG 1180, 4X5-2 e TMG 1180; 5X6-1 e TMG 1180 são promissoras para obtenção de populações segregantes para produção de grãos. As características número de dias para o florescimento (49,%) e número de vagens por planta (26,6%) foram as que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade genética. Para a característica teor de óleo na safra, a maior eficiência foi alcançada pelo genótipo P98Y70, para entressafra o maior valor foi obtido por CD 2737 RR. Para a característica teor de proteína a maior eficiência no período de safra foi obtida pelo genótipo M 9144 RR, para entressafra foi M 8766RR. / Soy, one of the main commodities in Brazil, has oil and bran as raw material for the production of food and animal feed, respectively. However, information on the oil content and protein cultivars grains are scarce, in different planting dates under conditions of low latitude. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental efficiency and the genetic divergence of seventeen soybean genotypes, ten cultivars and seven lines in trials conducted during the crop season and off season in the agricultural year 2013/14, Palmas and Gurupi -TO. The experimental design used in each trial was a randomized block, with seventeen treatments and three replications. The characteristics studied were flowering, maturity, plant height, pod height, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, weight of hundred seeds, grain yield, oil content, protein, environmental efficiency and the genetic divergence. Environmental efficiency was evaluated using the methodology adapted from Fischer (1983) and the genetic divergence through multivariate procedures: generalized Mahalanobis and grouping method and Tocher. The 5X6-3 hybridizations and TMG 1180, 4X5-2 and TMG 1180; 5X6-1 and TMG 1180 are promising for obtaining segregating populations for grain production. Features number of days to flowering (49%) and number of pods per plant (26.6%) were the ones that contributed most to the genetic dissimilarity. For the characteristic oil content in the harvest, the highest efficiency was achieved by P98Y70 genotype for off season the highest value was obtained by CD 2737 RR. For the characteristic protein content greater efficiency in the harvest period was obtained by the M 9144 RR genotype for off season was M 8766RR.

本論文主要研究臺灣原住民族居住隔離的現象。以縣市為主要分析單位、鄉鎮市區為次級單位，民國100年年底戶籍人口資料為根據，描繪臺灣地區各縣市原住民人口居住隔離的概況。借用Douglas Massey和Nancy Denton提出五個面向中的均勻度及曝光度兩個概念，檢視原住民人口是否均勻地分佈在空間內，以及在區域內有多少的機率會接觸到多數族群，研究中以D指數及P*指數作為量測居住隔離程度的指標。 / This research examines residential segregation between aborigines and non-aborigines in Taiwan. The study surveys the scale of residential segregation of the Aboriginal population in Taiwan by analyzing the county main unit and township sub-unit based on the census data at the end of 2011. Evenness and exposure, two of the five axis proposed by Massey and Denton (1988), are adopted to examine whether aboriginal population are evenly distributed in space and how much possibility is there for them to get access to non-aboriginal groups. The paper evaluates the degree of residential segregation by index of dissimilarity-Delta (D) and Interaction Index (P*).

Analyzing ranking data is an essential component in a wide range of important applications including web-search and recommendation systems. Rankings are difficult to visualize or model due to the computational difficulties associated with the large number of items. On the other hand, partial or incomplete rankings induce more difficulties since approaches that adapt well to typical types of rankings cannot apply generally to all types. While analyzing ranking data has a long history in statistics, construction of an efficient framework to analyze incomplete ranking data (with or without ties) is currently an open problem. This thesis addresses the problem of scalability for visualizing and modeling partial incomplete rankings. In particular, we propose a distance measure for top-k rankings with the following three properties: (1) metric, (2) emphasis on top ranks, and (3) computational efficiency. Given the distance measure, the data can be projected into a low dimensional continuous vector space via multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) for easy visualization. We further propose a non-parametric model for estimating distributions of partial incomplete rankings. For the non-parametric estimator, we use a triangular kernel that is a direct analogue of the Euclidean triangular kernel. The computational difficulties for large n are simplified using combinatorial properties and generating functions associated with symmetric groups. We show that our estimator is computational efficient for rankings of arbitrary incompleteness and tie structure. Moreover, we propose an efficient learning algorithm to construct a preference elicitation system from partial incomplete rankings, which can be used to solve the cold-start problems in ranking recommendations. The proposed approaches are examined in experiments with real search engine and movie recommendation data.

Immigration to Sweden has increased since Second World War. The immigra-tion pattern has also shifted from labor immigration to refugee immigration. The relative labor market performance of immigrants began to worsen at the end of 1970s. The employment rate among foreign born persons is considera-bly lower than it is among Swedish born persons.Integration of foreign born persons in the areas of education, income and em-ployment varies among FA-regions in Sweden. FA-region means functional analysis region, where you can live and work without having time-wasting trips.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between labor market participation of immigrants and segregation on the regional level.Three indices (Dissimilarity, Isolation and Gini) of segregation are used in or-der to investigate the relationship between segregation and employment level among immigrants. The results show that there exists a negative relationship between these variables. In FA-regions of metropolitan regions in spite of high segregation rate the relationship between segregation and employment rate is slightly weaker, than it is among FA-regions of large city regions. The main conclusion of this study is the regional perspective, the necessity of making this kind of analysis on regional level, not country level.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Botany, 2008. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-88).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2217621 bytes, checksum: 73d2ddc4b72290d7ed609d146e107caf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The genetic diversity study is an important tool in the identification of genetically divergent individuals, wich, can increase the effect of heterosis in the progeny when combinaded. A statistical technique usually applied in this type of study is the cluster analysis. However, before applying this technique, it must be obtained a similarity matrix (or distance) between the genotypes. These distances can be calculated in several ways, which different proposals are found in the literature for quantitative variables, binary and multicategoric. The transformation of quantitative variables in multicategoric can be used to facilitate their characterization with preliminary useful information. There are quite a few methods to make such changes, but they need to be better understood so that the loss of information occurred in such changes does not damage significantly the results of the analysis. Therefore the purposes of this study are: to determine which of these variables categorization methods are efficient; to research the influence of the choice of different coefficients of dissimilarity in cluster analysis, made from simulated data by using quantitative variables and multicategoric; and to investigate whether some hierarchical methods group efficiently the simulated data. For that, there were made 50 simulations of ten quantitative variables to twenty genotypes of a species of reference as corn, each one with four replications. These data were converted in multicategoric using the following methods: equitable division of amplitude, equitable percentage, square rule, Sturges rule and normal distribution. A number of classes had to be established for the first two methods, which were used four and five classes for both. Were used to create distance matrices, in the original data and multicategoric, the dissimilarity measures: Euclidean distance, the average Euclidean, squared Euclidean distance, Mahalanobis distance and weighted distance. Subsequently, the grouping was done by the method of nearest neighbor and the average linkage between groups (UPGMA). The efficiency of these was verified by the statistics of efficiency cophenetic correlation coefficient, stress and distortion degree between the phenetic and cophenetic matrices. The results showed that the cluster method UPGMA was superior to method of nearest neighbor for all distance measures used. Euclidean distances and average Euclidean showed similar performance in all cluster analysis done. Moreover, these two measures got the best performance in all groups performed. All methods of data categorization achieved a satisfactory performance when grouped by UPGMA, except the method of equal percentage with four and five classes. However, the data which have their classes estimated by the square rule had the most similar dendrogram when compared to the obtained using the original data, and therefore, this is the recommended method to perform the categorization of data. / O estudo da divergência genética é uma ferramenta importante na identificação de indivíduos geneticamente divergentes que, ao serem combinados, possam aumentar o efeito heterótico na progênie. Uma técnica estatística muito aplicada nesse tipo de estudo é a análise de agrupamento. Entretanto, antes dessa técnica ser empregada, deve ser obtida uma matriz de similaridade (ou distância) entre os genótipos. Essas distâncias podem ser calculadas de diversas maneiras, sendo que diferentes propostas são encontradas na literatura para as variáveis quantitativas, binárias e multicategóricas. A transformação de variáveis quantitativas em multicategóricas pode ser utilizada para facilitar sua caracterização com informações preliminares de grande utilidade. Existem vários métodos para se fazer essa transformação, porém estes precisam ser melhor entendidos para que a perda de informações ocorrida na transformação não prejudique significativamente os resultados da análise. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivos: verificar quais desses métodos de categorização de variáveis são eficientes; pesquisar a influência da escolha de diferentes coeficientes de dissimilaridades na análise de agrupamentos, feita a partir de dados simulados utilizando variáveis quantitativas e multicategóricas; e averiguar se alguns métodos hierárquicos agrupam com eficiência os dados simulados. Para isto, foram feitas 50 simulações de dez variáveis quantitativas para vinte genótipos de uma espécie de referência como o milho, cada um com quatro repetições. Estes dados foram transformados em multicategóricos através dos métodos: divisão equitativa da amplitude, percentual equitativo, regra do Quadrado, regra de Sturges e distribuição normal. O número de classes tinha que ser estabelecido para os dois primeiros, no caso, foi utilizado quatro e cinco classes para ambos. Foram utilizadas para construir as matrizes de distâncias, nos dados originais e multicategóricos, as medidas de dissimilaridade: distância euclidiana, euclidiana média, quadrado da distância euclidiana, distância de Mahalanobis e distância ponderada. Posteriormente, o agrupamento foi feito pelo método do vizinho mais próximo e pela ligação média entre grupos (UPGMA). A eficiência destes foi verificada através das estatísticas de eficiência coeficiente de correlação cofenética, estresse e grau de distorção entre as matrizes fenéticas e cofenéticas. Os resultados mostraram que o método de agrupamento UPGMA foi superior ao método do vizinho mais próximo para todas as medidas de distância utilizadas. As distâncias euclidiana e euclidiana média apresentaram a mesma performance em todas as análises de agrupamento feitas. Além disso, essas duas medidas obtiveram os melhores desempenhos em todos os agrupamentos realizados. Todos os métodos de categorização de dados conseguiram um desempenho satisfatório quando agrupados por UPGMA, exceto o método do percentual equitativo com quatro e cinco classes. Contudo, os dados que possuem suas classes estimadas pela regra do Quadrado apresentaram o dendrograma mais semelhante com o obtido pormeio dos dados originais, sendo este, então, o método mais recomendado para se fazer a categorização de dados.

Cette thèse se concentre sur la mesure des dissemblances dans la distribution des attributs économiques, et sur les implications pour l'inégalité des chances. L'égalité des chances a gagné en popularité pour définir l'objectif de la distribution d'une vaste gamme de résultats économiques entre les groupes sociaux. Cette thèse est motivée par le fait que l'évaluation des politiques publiques fondée sur l'égalité des chances s'appuie toujours sur des comparaisons de dissemblance entre des distributions conditionnelles, et nous proposons des critères empiriques pour vérifier ces comparaisons. Dans le premier chapitre, nous caractérisons axiomatiquement le pre-ordre de dissemblance permettant de classer les distributions conditionnelles au groupe d'origine, que sont définies sur des classes de résultats discrètes. Lorsque les classes sont permutables, nous démontrons que la dissemblance est rationalisée par un ordre de majorisation de matrices et mis en œuvre en vérifiant l'inclusion des zonotopes . Lorsque les classes sont ordonnées nous fondons le jugement de dissemblance sur un nombre fini de comparaisons au sein de la majorisation au sens de Lorenz entre les proportions des groupes, vérifiées à des étapes différentes de cumulation de la population agrégée. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on examine la pertinence du pre-ordre de dissemblance pour étudier la ségrégation au niveau individuel. On obtient une caractérisation complète d'une famille bien définie d'indicateurs de ségrégation et nous étudions l'un d'eux, l'indice d'exposition de Gini, en utilisant des données italiennes. Le dernier chapitre présente un critère d'égalisation des chances. L'égalité des chances est atteinte lorsqu'il n'y a pas de consensus, selon une classe de préférences donnée, sur l'identité du groupe défavorisé. Nous utilisons les changements de (manque de) consensus sur l'existence et l'étendue du désavantage pour caractériser le critère d'égalisation des chances. Les restrictions nécessaires, autant que des procédures possibles d'agrégations, sont également discutées. Nous démontrons que ce critère est identifié selon la classe de préférences représentées par les fonctions d'utilité dépendantes du rang et on obtient des résultats innovants d'inférence sur la dominance stochastique inverse qui nous permettent de tester ce critère. Deux applications sur des données françaises illustrent l'impact en termes d'égalisation de chances des politiques éducatives qui ont lieu tôt dans la vie des étudiants. / This thesis focuses on the measurement of dissimilarity in the distribution of relevant economic attributes and inequality of opportunity. Equality of opportunity has gained popularity for defining the relevant equalitarian objective for the distribution of a broad range of social and economic outcomes among social groups. I show that equality of opportunity concerns in policy evaluation always rely on dissimilarity comparisons between conditional distributions, and I provide empirically testable criteria to implement these comparisons. In the first chapter, I characterize axiomatically the dissimilarity partial order for discrete conditional distributions of groups across outcome classes. I prove that, when classes are permutable, dissimilarity is rationalized by matrix majorization and implemented by checking zonotopes inclusion, while when classes are ordered the dissimilarity criterion resorts on a finite number of Lorenz majorization comparisons among groups' proportions, performed at different cumulation stages of the overall population. In the second chapter, I discuss the relevance of the dissimilarity partial order for the study of segregation at individual level. I fully characterize a well defined family of segregation indicators and I study one of them, the Gini exposure index, by using Italian data. The final chapter presents the equalization of opportunity criterion for outcome achievements. The guiding principle is that equality of opportunities is reached if there is no consensus, for a given class of preferences, in determining the disadvantaged group out of pairwise comparisons. I use the changes in (lack of) consensus on the existence and on the extent of the disadvantage to characterize the equalization of opportunity criterion. Meaningful restrictions and possible aggregation procedure are also discussed. I motivate that this criterion is identified within the rank dependent utility model, and I provide innovative inference results for inverse stochastic dominance to test it. Two applications on French data illustrate the equalizing impact of educational policies taking place early in students life.

Esta dissertação é formada dois ensaios com temas vinculados à educação. O primeiro ensaio investiga a evolução das desigualdades de oportunidades educacionais no Brasil sob o prisma das etnias e dos gêneros, com base na concepção de John Roemer (1998) de Igualdade de Oportunidades. Para quantificar a desigualdade são utilizados os índices de dissimilaridade de Yalonetzky (2010) aplicados aos microdados da PNAD de 2011. Para a amostra estudada, os resultados apontaram para a redução da desigualdade de oportunidades educacionais na dimensão étnica e para seu aumento, no âmbito dos gêneros, ao longo dos anos. O segundo ensaio busca avaliar o impacto da universidade pública sobre o seu egresso, medido principalmente sob a forma de rendimentos do trabalho. Através de modelos baseados na Equação de Mincer (1974), buscou-se verificar os principais determinantes da renda do egresso, utilizando-se, para tanto, uma amostra de dados de egressos da UFRGS. A análise apontou para conclusões que levam a crer que o diploma da universidade pública não é suficiente para, em termos de rendimento, compensar discriminações existentes no mercado de trabalho analisado. Outra contribuição do ensaio foi apontar, para algumas áreas do conhecimento, a remuneração média, a incidência de desemprego, a relevância atribuída pelo egresso à formação recebida e seu vínculo à atividade profissional exercida. / This dissertation is composed by two essays whose subjects are linked with education. The first one investigates evolution of the inequalities of opportunities of education in Brazil, through ethnical and genre prism, using the Opportunities Equality framework proposed by Roemer (1998). To quantify inequality, the dissimilarities indexes are used on PNAD 2011 data. The results pointed to a reduction of opportunity inequality in ethnical types, while it detected an increase in inequality for the gender types. The second essay aims to assess the impact of the public university in Brazil on its graduated, understood mainly as his wage. Using econometric specifications based on Mincer (1974), the study tried to find out the main determinants of graduated earnings, using a sample of graduated from UFRGS. The analysis suggested that the public university's diploma is not enough to compensate the discrimination existing in the studied labor market. Another contribution of this essay was to point, for some knowledge areas, the mean earnings, the unemployment rates, the relevance attributed by the graduated to the received education and its links with his professional career.

Cette thèse porte sur l’appariement des formes, et la recherche par forme clef. Elle décrit quatrecontributions à ce domaine. La première contribution est une amélioration de la méthode des nuéesdynamiques pour partitionner au mieux les voxels à l’intérieur d’une forme donnée ; les partitionsobtenues permettent d’apparier les objets par un couplage optimal dans un graphe biparti. Laseconde contribution est la fusion de deux descripteurs, l’un local, l’autre global, par la règle duproduit. La troisième contribution considère le graphe complet, dont les sommets sont les formes dela base ou la requête, et les arêtes sont étiquetées par plusieurs distances, une par descripteur ;ensuite cette méthode calcule par programmation linéaire la combinaison convexe des distancesqui maximise soit la somme des longueurs des plus courts chemins entre la requête et les objetsde la base de données, soit la longueur du plus court chemin entre la requête et l’objet comparé àla requête. La quatrième contribution consiste à perturber la requête avec un algorithme génétiquepour la rapprocher des formes de la base de données, pour un ou des descripteur(s) donné(s) ; cetteméthode est massivement parallèle, et une architecture multi-agent est proposée. Ces méthodes sontcomparées aux méthodes classiques, et ont de meilleures performances, en terme de précision. / This thesis concerns shape matching and shape retrieval. It describes four contributions to thisdomain. The first is an improvement of the k-means method, in order to find the best partition ofvoxels inside a given shape ; these best partitions permit to match shapes using an optimal matchingin a bipartite graph. The second contribution is the fusion of two descriptors, one local, the otherglobal, with the product rule. The third contribution considers the complete graph, the vertices ofwhich are the shapes in the database and the query. Edges are labelled with several distances,one per descriptor. Then the method computes, with linear programming, the convex combinationof distances which maximizes either the sum of the lengths of all shortest paths from the query toall shapes of the database, or the length of the shortest path in the graph from query to the currentshape compared to query. The fourth contribution consists in perturbing the shape query, to make itcloser to shapes in the database, for any given descriptors. This method is massively parallel and amulti-agent architecture is proposed. These methods are compared to classical methods in the field,they achieve better retrieval performances.

Esta dissertação é formada dois ensaios com temas vinculados à educação. O primeiro ensaio investiga a evolução das desigualdades de oportunidades educacionais no Brasil sob o prisma das etnias e dos gêneros, com base na concepção de John Roemer (1998) de Igualdade de Oportunidades. Para quantificar a desigualdade são utilizados os índices de dissimilaridade de Yalonetzky (2010) aplicados aos microdados da PNAD de 2011. Para a amostra estudada, os resultados apontaram para a redução da desigualdade de oportunidades educacionais na dimensão étnica e para seu aumento, no âmbito dos gêneros, ao longo dos anos. O segundo ensaio busca avaliar o impacto da universidade pública sobre o seu egresso, medido principalmente sob a forma de rendimentos do trabalho. Através de modelos baseados na Equação de Mincer (1974), buscou-se verificar os principais determinantes da renda do egresso, utilizando-se, para tanto, uma amostra de dados de egressos da UFRGS. A análise apontou para conclusões que levam a crer que o diploma da universidade pública não é suficiente para, em termos de rendimento, compensar discriminações existentes no mercado de trabalho analisado. Outra contribuição do ensaio foi apontar, para algumas áreas do conhecimento, a remuneração média, a incidência de desemprego, a relevância atribuída pelo egresso à formação recebida e seu vínculo à atividade profissional exercida. / This dissertation is composed by two essays whose subjects are linked with education. The first one investigates evolution of the inequalities of opportunities of education in Brazil, through ethnical and genre prism, using the Opportunities Equality framework proposed by Roemer (1998). To quantify inequality, the dissimilarities indexes are used on PNAD 2011 data. The results pointed to a reduction of opportunity inequality in ethnical types, while it detected an increase in inequality for the gender types. The second essay aims to assess the impact of the public university in Brazil on its graduated, understood mainly as his wage. Using econometric specifications based on Mincer (1974), the study tried to find out the main determinants of graduated earnings, using a sample of graduated from UFRGS. The analysis suggested that the public university's diploma is not enough to compensate the discrimination existing in the studied labor market. Another contribution of this essay was to point, for some knowledge areas, the mean earnings, the unemployment rates, the relevance attributed by the graduated to the received education and its links with his professional career.