abstract: The relations among internalization of the U.S. sociocultural standard of the ideal male body image, male body dissatisfaction, and behavioral and psychological outcomes of male body dissatisfaction were examined in a sample of 215 ethnically diverse male college students. Concerns regarding accurate assessment of male body dissatisfaction were addressed. Structural equation modeling was utilized to identify the relations among the internalization of the sociocultural ideal male body image, male body dissatisfaction (as measured by the Male Body Attitudes Scale, MBAS; Tylka, Bergeron, & Schwartz, 2005), and behavioral and psychological outcomes. Results demonstrated that internalization of specific aspects of the ideal male body (lean and muscular) predicted corresponding components of male body dissatisfaction (lean and muscular). Further, each component of male body dissatisfaction was related to distinct behavioral and psychological outcomes. Implications for clinical practice and research were discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Counseling Psychology 2013

O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é um estudo dos invariantes necessários para determinar condições de Whitney equisingularidade ou trivialidade topollógica para germes de aplicações f : (\'C POT.n+3\' ,0) \'SETA\' (\'C POT.3\',0). São obtidas relações entre os invariantes sem considerar a hipótese de que o germe tenha co-posto 1 e o desdobramento ser excelente, generalizando os resultados obtidos por Jorge Pèrez para germes f : (\'C POT.3\' ,0) \' SETA\' !(\'C POT.3\' ,0) de co-posto 1. Outro problema interessante em teoria de singularidades é encontrar fórmulas para calcular invariantes 0-estáveis que podem surgir no discriminante de uma deformaçãao estável de um germe finitamente determinado. Neste contexto são desenvolvidos métodos de contagem dos invariantes 0-estáveis a partir dos ideais de Fitting associados ao conjunto discriminante de f . Por último, implementamos um algoritmo no software Maple, para determinar a matriz de uma apresentação do \'O IND.m\' módulo finitamente gerado \'O IND.SIGMA( f ). Desta matriz, podemos obter os ideais de definição de todos os conjuntos de pontos múltiplos de f . Além disto apresentamos uma aplicação deste algoritmo no cálculo do número de pontos múltiplos em germes finitamente determinados de \'C POT.2\' em \'C POT.2\' / In the first of this work we study the necessary invariants to give conditions for the Whitney equissingularity or the topological triviality in families of map germs f : (\'C POT. n+3\', 0) \'ARROW\' (\'C POT.3\' ,0). We obtain relations between these invariants without the hypothesis of the germ to be of co-rank 1 and the unfolding to be excelent. We generalize the results given by Jorge Perez in the case co-rank one map germs f : (\'C POIT.3\', 0)!(\'C POT.3\' ,0). Other interesting problem in Singularity Theory is to find formulae which allow us to count the 0-stable singularities which appear in the discriminant of a stable deformation of a finitely determibed germ. In this context are developed methods of calculation of invariant 0-stable from the ideals of fitting associated with the discriminant set of f . Last, but not least we implement an algorithm using Maple to obtain the representation matrix of the finitely generated \'O IND.m\' module \'O IND. SIGMA\'( f ). From this matrix we obtain all Fitting ideals related with the multiple points. Moreover we show how to apply this algorithm to obtain the multiple points of finitely determined map germs f : (\'C POT.2\' ,0) \'ARROW\' (\'C POT.2\', 0)

The dissertation examines the influence the media have on shaping the values and value systems that teenagers hold. The first part of the dissertation includes related theoretical concepts, it defines values, and how the values are established and cathegorized. The dissertation also covers developmental specifics of adolescence, described from the perspective of the developmental psychology. The theoretical part also contains a chapter covering media including the description of the media issues, media typology, the impact of media and the influence which media have on value systems of not only teenagers but also adults. The second part of the dissertation is the description and evaluation of the research carried out on high school students. The objective of the research was to find out what types of media predominate in the lives of selected respondents. The aim of the research was also to find out how the teenagers are influenced by the content of the used media and how the media influence their value systems. .

This thesis investigates some of the properties of R-modules. The material is presented in three chapters. Definitions and theorems which are assumed are stated in Chapter I. Proofs of these theorems may be found in Zariski and Samuel, Commutative Algebra, Vol. I, 1958. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the basic properties of commutative rings and ideals in rings. Properties of R-modules are developed in Chapter II. The most important results presented in this chapter include existence theorems for R-modules and properties of submodules in R-modules. The third and final chapter presents an example which illustrates how a ring R, may be regarded as an R-module and speaks of the direct sum of ideals of a ring as a direct sum of submodules.

The ultimate objective of this study was to establish whether female celebrities portray the beauty ideal and have influence over young females today. The literature review presents an analysis of feminism, beauty ideals, self-­‐ objectification, and the influence of media and celebrities, in an attempt to establish whether celebrity images are of a ‘self-­‐made’ hypersexual nature and whether these images influence young females’ self-­‐concept and role in society. The literature was further triangulated with a combination of primary and secondary data. Images of females within the famous Kardashian/Jenner family were studied in an attempt to understand how female celebrities portray themselves today. Furthermore, a focus group was conducted in an attempt to understand whether female youths are to some extent influenced by female celebrities. Through the research conducted it was evident that female role stereotypes still prevail in contemporary media. Furthermore, two themes prevailed throughout the study, which was that women can use their bodies for profit and as a means of power, and the conflicting nature of femininity versus feminism today. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / zkgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

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The United States system of education is guided by broad underlying educational aims, whether or not those aims are critically examined or recognized. Contemporary educational discourse, however, has primarily focused on the level of implementation of policies and practices. This is a problem, because the broad underlying educational aims that guide the system of education have profound effects on humans' lives and the larger social structure. The question of what aims ought to guide education is a moral question that requires moral justification. In this dissertation I develop the concept of Generative Community as a regulative ideal and use it to assess the moral value of six educational aims and six educational policies and practices. In conceptualizing Generative Community, I draw on the insights of Deweyan pragmatism. I draw on Dewey's work because of the clarity Dewey brings to the concept of education, the notion of an "ideal", and because of the clarity Dewey brings to the concept of moral value. There are two parts to this dissertation. Part I is titled "Developing a Regulative Ideal for Educational Aims, Policies, and Practices". In Part I, Chapter 1, I first explicate the concept of education that I employ. Second, I examine the scholarly literature in the field of educational philosophy on the subject of educational aims. Third, I set out the ethical theory of Dewey's reflective morality and critically assess its merits. I conclude that Deweyan reflective morality is a well warranted moral theory and can serve as the means to reach morally justifiable decisions. In Part I, Chapter 2, I first discuss the multidimensional notion of the "Good Life" as an ultimate aim of education. I draw on Dewey's notion of "moral happiness" to give definition to the concept of the Good Life, and argue that society is best enabled to approach the Good Life if its decision making processes conform to a Deweyan form of reflective moral reasoning. Given this, a morally good education must provide conditions that are conducive to a) the occurrence of reflective morality and b) the realization of moral happiness and the Good Life. I then develop a conception of a state of affairs that would constitute an ideal, in the Deweyan sense, such an ideal being necessary for the Deweyan process of reflective morality. This is the concept of generative community. This concept is intended to serve as a regulative ideal. Part II of the dissertation is titled "Using Generative Community as a Regulative Ideal to Assess the Moral Value of Educational Aims, Policies, and Practices. In Part II, Chapter III, I select and explicate six educational aims that have figured prominently in the U.S. system of education. I then assess each by reference to generative community as a regulative ideal. These aims are: 1) to disseminate knowledge; 2) to increase economic efficiency; 3) to achieve individual self-realization; 4) to promote cultural assimilation; 5) to promote the growth of democracy; and, 6) to advance social justice. In Part II, Chapter IV, I select and explicate six prominent and politically important cases of educational policy and practice in the United States. The first three cases of educational policy and practice exemplify features within the current system of education that conflict with generative community. The second three cases exemplify features within the current system of education that align well with generative community. Finally, in the Conclusion, I provide a summary account of the work that has been accomplished.

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This thesis addresses the persisting gendered division of parental leave in Sweden, where despite policies promoting equal sharing, women still take 70 % of the leave. Aiming to analyze what hinders and what enables equal division of parental leave, I conduct in-depth interviews with eight parents who equally share leave and six parents who do not. Thematic analysis is initially used to explore motivations for parental leave division. Subsequently, I use a theoretical framework focused on motherhood, fatherhood, and care ideals aiming to scrutinize how these ideals influence the division of parental leave. The equally sharing respondents constitute a unique group and by comparing their motivations to respondents who do not share equally, the study does not only generate knowledge about what hinders equal sharing of parental leave, but also highlights what enables it. This is important for gender equality in general and a clear political goal for Swedish family politics. The results indicate that the equally sharing group are guided by ideals of shared parenting, gender equality, and active involvement in both work and caregiving, emphasizing early bonding with both parents. In contrast, the non-equally sharing group, while expressing some desire for gender equality, leans towards more traditional motherhood ideals, legitimizing mothers' preferences for extended leave. Both groups share a commitment to involved fatherhood, but fathers in the non-equally sharing group encounter additional constraints tied to financial considerations and tend to perceive paternity leave as optional rather than obligatory.

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