Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-22T13:12:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CarineAlvesGomes.pdf: 2618912 bytes, checksum: e1861048bbed444a15e3c572e4cecbe6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:12:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CarineAlvesGomes.pdf: 2618912 bytes, checksum: e1861048bbed444a15e3c572e4cecbe6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-11 / The practice of prescribing, dispensing and diluting drugs in the hospital organization involves different professionals. For the nursing team it is the preparation and the administration that requires knowledge, attention and responsibility, mainly to avoid the error. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible contributions of the Drug Dilution Unit from the perspective of health professionals and managers. This is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive exploratory study, carried out from June to October 2016, in a medium-sized hospital, including a description of the process of implementation of the Drug Dilution Unit, the experiences, knowledge and needs for the creation of thistechnology. A sample of thirty professionals, composed of nursing technicians, nurses, pharmacists and managers, answered a self-administered questionnaire, structured with 12 closed questions (Likert-scale response) and 12 open questions about dilution unit technology in relation to quality and attention to the medication administration process, nursing care qualification and cost-effectiveness.The average score obtained in relation to patient safety was 14.8 points, reaching the percentage of 77.8% of the expected. The optimization in the medication assistance obtained 15.5 (81.8%), the qualification in the assistance, 14.7 (81.7%) and the cost-effectiveness, 15.8 (87.8%). In the perception of professionals, the unit promoted patient safety, benefited dilution standardization, adequate conference, asepsis of medications and effectiveness in the control, besides the organization and optimization of the time in the work processes, improvement in the qualification of the assistance of Nursing care in relation to patient care, reducing the number of adverse events and drug waste, resulting in a decrease in spending on drugs and materials. The implementation of the dilution unit had an impact on the hospital service with the disruption of the paradigms in relation to the medication assistance, since the change from routine preparation, dilution, to administration, underwent changes to obtain safety in the process. The new service was satisfactory as it stimulated the ability to rethink and seek innovations to transform work routines by qualifying care, medication and professional resources, providing greater patient safety. In view of the results, it can be concluded that the implementation of the Drug Dilution Unit favored the service for the offered advantages, of a technical, therapeutic, care and economic nature.This study allowed: favorable technical opinion of the Regional Nursing Council of Rio Grande do Sul (COREN-RS) and the 4th Regional Health Coordination of Santa Maria-RS; customization of computerized labels for drug identification; and, writing of dilution manual, standardized for the institution that allows to improve the routines of the unit. / A prática de prescrição, dispensação e diluição de medicamentos na organização hospitalar envolve diferentes profissionais. Para a equipe de enfermagem cabe o preparo e a administração que exige conhecimento, atenção e responsabilidade, principalmente para evitar o erro. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis contribuições da Unidade de Diluição de Medicamentos na perspectiva de profissionais de saúde e gestores. Trata-se de pesquisa quali-quantitativa descritiva exploratória, realizada no período junho aoutubro de 2016, em hospital de médio porte, incluindo adescrição do processo de implementação da Unidade de Diluição de Medicamentos, as experiências, vivências e as necessidades para a criação desta tecnologia. Uma amostra de trinta profissionais, composta por técnicos de enfermagem, enfermeiros, farmacêuticos e gestores, responderam a um questionário autoaplicável, estruturado com 12 questões fechadas (resposta em escala Likert) e 12 abertas, sobre a tecnologiada unidade de diluição em relação à qualidade e à atenção no processo de administração de medicamentos, à qualificação na assistência de enfermagem e ao custo- efetividade. A pontuação média obtida em relação à segurança do paciente foi de 14,8 pontos, atingindo o percentual de 77,8% do esperado. A otimização na assistência medicamentosa obteve 15,5 (81,8%), a qualificação na assistência, 14,7 (81,7%) e o custo-efetividade, 15,8 (87,8%). Na percepção dos profissionais a unidade promoveu a segurança do paciente, beneficiou a padronização da diluição, a conferência adequada, a assepsia dos medicamentos e a eficácia no controle, além da organização e otimização do tempo nos processos de trabalho, melhoria na qualificação da assistência de enfermagem em relação ao atendimento dos pacientes, reduzindo o número de eventos adversos e desperdícios de medicamentos, resultando em uma diminuição de gastos com medicamentos e materiais. A implementação da unidade de diluição causou impacto no serviço hospitalar com o rompimento dos paradigmas em relação à assistência medicamentosa, pois a mudança da rotina desde o preparo, diluição, até a administração, sofreram mudanças para obter segurança no processo. O novo serviço foi satisfatório, pois estimulou a capacidade de repensar e buscar inovaçõespara transformar rotinas de trabalho qualificando a assistência, medicamentos e os recursos profissionais, proporcionando maior segurança para o paciente. Frente aos resultados pode-se concluir que a implementação da Unidade de Diluição de Medicamentos favoreceu o serviço pelas vantagens propiciadas, de ordem técnica, terapêutica, assistencial e econômica. Este estudo possibilitou: parecer técnico favorável do Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Rio Grande do Sul (COREN-RS) e da 4a Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde de Santa Maria-RS; customização de etiquetas informatizadas para identificação dos medicamentos; e, redação de manual de diluição,padronizado para a instituição que possibilita aprimorar as rotinas da unidade.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-06-26T13:28:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ludmila Bastos Mochizuki - 2017.pdf: 1061841 bytes, checksum: 3c343f66e614266255515d3323cc044a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com), reason: Devolvido a pedido! on 2017-06-26T20:02:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-06-27T10:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ludmila Bastos Mochizuki - 2017.pdf: 1101690 bytes, checksum: 465af4d308792efac55f8d0fad69f0b2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T14:10:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ludmila Bastos Mochizuki - 2017.pdf: 1101690 bytes, checksum: 465af4d308792efac55f8d0fad69f0b2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:10:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ludmila Bastos Mochizuki - 2017.pdf: 1101690 bytes, checksum: 465af4d308792efac55f8d0fad69f0b2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / INTRODUCTION: Monitoring the quality of care in vaccination rooms is essential to minimize the occurrence of post-vaccination adverse events, such as immunization error, ensuring the maintenance of confidence and adherence to immunization programs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of nursing care in the vaccination process. METHODOLOGY: Crosssectional study in 10 vaccination rooms of a Sanitary District in the city of Goiânia. Data collection took place from July to October of 2016, using observation and interview techniques. 28 nursing professionals participated in the study, performing health care to 450 users with the preparation and administration of 736 doses of vaccines. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goiás. RESULTS: The study made possible the observation of nursing care during the care of 450 users and the preparation and administration of 736 doses of vaccines. The median age of the professionals was 52.5 years. The predominant gender was female (92.8%). The medians of professional training time and performance in the vaccination ward were 24.5 and 8 years, respectively. Regarding vaccination training, 89.3% reported having gone through it in the past year. In the evaluation of the quality of nursing care, the medium score at the screening and registration stage was 54.7%, suggesting tolerable care. At the stage of preparation and administration of vaccines, the medium score was 77.9%, suggesting borderline quality of care. The nursing care provided at the Health Centers presented higher quality scores than at the Centers of Integral Health Care (60.2% versus 49.6%, p <0.001). The most frequent incidents/ immunization errors in the screening and registration stage were: lack of indication of specific vaccines for the age group (44.6%) and lack of registration of the administered vaccine in the Information System (40.3%). Regarding the incidents/ immunization errors in the preparation and administration of vaccines, the absence of hand hygiene before and / or after administration of the vaccine (93.9%), administration of the vaccine in the wrong topography (48,7%) and administration of the vaccine with inadequate needle (45,4%) were identified. In bivariate analysis, procedures with incident had lower quality scores than those without incident (77,3% versus 87,4%, p < 0,001). A total of 318 immunization incidents / errors occurred in the vaccination rooms, 166 in the screening and recording and 152 in the preparation and administration of vaccines. In the screening and registration stages, the most frequent were: absence of registration of the vaccine administered in the Information System (47.6%) and absence of indication of specific vaccines for the age group (44.6%). In the preparation and administration stages of vaccines, administration of the vaccine in the wrong topography 74 (48.7%) and administration of the vaccine with the inadequate needle 69 (45.4%). There was a high frequency of non-adherence to hand hygiene before and / or after administration of vaccines in 691 (93.9%) doses.The vaccines that showed a significant positive correlation between quality of care and administration were Pentavalente, Hepatite A, Pneumo 10, Meningo C, Tetra Viral, dTpa e Hepatite B. There was a significant negative correlation between quality of care and administration of BCG, Yellow Fever and dT. Using bivariate analysis, procedures with incidents/ immunization errors had lower quality scores than those without incidents (77.3% versus 87.4%, p <0.001). The vaccines that showed a significant positive correlation between quality of care and administration were Pentavalent, Hepatitis A, Pneumo 10, Meningo C, Viral Tetra, DTP, dTpa and Hepatitis B. There was a significant negative correlation between quality of care and administration Of BCG, yellow fever and dT. CONCLUSION: This study allowed the identification of vulnerabilities that interfere with the quality and safety of the vaccination process, indicating the need to implement measures aimed at increasing safe practices and improving nursing care in primary health care. / INTRODUÇÃO: O monitoramento da qualidade da assistência de salas de vacinas é essencial para minimizar a ocorrência de evento adverso pós-vacinação, do tipo erro de imunização, garantindo a manutenção da confiança e adesão aos programas de imunização. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem no processo de vacinação. METODOLOGIA: Estudo analítico realizado em 10 salas de vacinação de um Distrito Sanitário do município de Goiânia. A coleta de dados ocorreu de julho a outubro de 2016, com utilização das técnicas de observação e entrevista. Participaram do estudo 28 profissionais de enfermagem, realizando atendimento a 450 usuários no preparo e administração de 736 doses de vacinas. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Goiás. RESULTADOS: O estudo possibilitou a observação da assistência de enfermagem durante o atendimento de 450 usuários e o preparo e administração de 736 doses de vacinas. A mediana de idade dos profissionais foi de 52,5 anos. A predominância em relação ao sexo foi o feminino (92,8%). As medianas de tempo de formação profissional e atuação na sala de vacinas foram de 24,5 e 8 anos. Com respeito ao treinamento de vacinação, 89,3% revelaram ter realizado no último ano. Na avaliação da qualidade da assistência de enfermagem, o escore médio na etapa da triagem e registro de vacinação foi de 54,7%, sugerindo assistência sofrível, e na etapa do preparo e administração de vacinas, o escore médio foi de 77,9%, sugerindo qualidade da assistência limítrofe. A assistência de enfermagem prestada nos Centros de Saúde apresentou escores mais elevados de qualidade que nos CAIS (60,2% versus 49,6%; p < 0,001). Foram identificados 318 incidentes/erros de imunização ocorridos nas salas de vacinação, sendo 166 na triagem e registro e 152 no preparo e administração de vacinas. Nas etapas de triagem e registro os mais frequentes foram: ausência de registro da vacina administrada no Sistema de Informação (47,6%) e ausência de indicação de vacinas específicas para a faixa etária (44,6%). Já nas etapas de preparo e administração de vacinas foram: administração da vacina na topografia errada 74 (48,7%) e administração da vacina com a agulha inadequada 69 (45,4%). Observou-se alta frequência de não adesão à higienização das mãos antes e/ou após administração de vacinas em 691 (93,9%) doses. Em análise bivariada, procedimentos com incidentes/erros de imunização tiveram escores de qualidade menores do que aqueles sem incidente (77,3% versus 87,4%; p < 0,001). As vacinas que apresentaram correlação significativa positiva entre a qualidade da assistência e a sua administração foram a Pentavalente, Hepatite A, Pneumo 10, Meningo C, Tetra Viral, dTpa e Hepatite B. Observou-se correlação significativa negativa entre qualidade de assistência e administração da BCG, febre amarela e dT. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo permitiu identificar pontos vulneráveis que interferem na qualidade e segurança do processo de vacinação, apontando a necessidade de implementação de medidas que visem ao aumento das práticas seguras e melhorias da assistência de enfermagem no âmbito da atenção primária em saúde.

Atualmente a maioria das instituições vem buscando a qualidade da assistência, a segurança dos pacientes e o gerenciamento de riscos nos serviços de saúde, a fim de proporcionarem uma assistência livre de riscos e danos, o que pressupõe que incidentes sejam analisados para prevenir sua ocorrência. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo exploratório, cujo objetivo foi analisar dois tipos de incidentes relacionados à segurança do paciente, na assistência de enfermagem, que foram notificados em um hospital geral e privado, do interior do Estado de São Paulo, no período de janeiro a março de 2012, por meio da metodologia da Análise de Causa Raiz. Dessa forma, o universo em estudo foi constituído por 62 incidentes relacionados à segurança do paciente, sendo 11 quedas e 51 erros de medicação notificados. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas fases, sendo que, na primeira fase, os dados dos formulários de notificação e dos prontuários dos pacientes foram transcritos para o instrumento de coleta de dados. Na segunda fase, incidentes relacionados à segurança dos pacientes e que causaram danos, em relação às quedas, ou que tinham potenciais, no caso dos erros de medicação, foram submetidos a essa análise. Assim, 82,3% dos incidentes notificados foram erros de medicação, e 17,7% foram quedas. A maioria dos incidentes ocorreu nas alas de internação, e a equipe de enfermagem se envolveu em 78,5% dos incidentes. Os erros de omissão (31,5%), de horário (22,2%), de técnica de administração (14,8%) e de dose (14,8%) foram os principais tipos de erros de medicação ocorridos. O custo das quedas foi R$ 91,88 e dos erros de medicação foi R$ 1.188,43. Os eletrólitos, antimicrobianos e analgésicos foram os principais medicamentos envolvidos nos erros de medicação. Com relação aos fatores causais das quedas analisadas, 25,7% foram relacionadas à categoria paciente, 22,9%, à equipe, 17,1%, ao ambiente, 14,3%, à tarefa, 11,4%, ao indivíduo e 8,6%, à gestão. Um total de 83 causas contribuiu com a ocorrência dos erros de medicação, sendo que a categoria gestão contribuiu com 32,6% dos erros, indivíduo com 21,7%, equipe com 19,3%, ambiente com 12,0%, tarefa com 9,6% e paciente com 4,8%. Posteriormente, recomendações para evitar a ocorrência desses incidentes na instituição, focando as melhores práticas, foram propostas. / Presently, most institutions have sought care-provision quality, patient safety and risk management in health care services so as to provide risk- and damage-free caregiving, which presupposes that incidents should be analyzed in order to prevent their occurrence. This is an exploratory study the objective of which was to analyze two types of patient-safety-related incidents occurring during nursing care at a general private hospital in São Paulo state from January to March 2012 by means of the Root Cause Analysis Methodology. Hence, the universe under study consisted of 62 patient-safety-related incidents, of which 11 were falls and 51 were reported medication errors. The study was conducted in two phases, and in the first phase, the data on report forms and on patients\' medical records were transcribed to the data collection instrument. In the second phase, the patient-safety-related incidents that caused harm in relation to falls or those that were potentially harmful in the case of medication errors were analyzed. Hence, 82.3% of the reported incidents were medication errors, and 17.7% were falls. Most of the incidents occurred in the hospitalization wards, and the nursing staff was involved in 78.5% of the incidents. Omission (31.5%), time (22.2%) administration-technique (14.8%) and dose (14.8%) errors were the major medication-error types that occurred. The cost of falls was R$ 91,88 (USD 44.15), and that of medication errors was R$ 1.188,43 (USD 571.06). Antimicrobial electrolytes and analgesics were the main medicines involved in medication errors. As regards the causal factors of the analyzed falls, 25.7% were related to the patient category, 22.9% to the team, 17.1% to the environment, 14.3% to the task, 11.4% to the individual and 8.6% to management. A total of 83 causes contributed to medication-error occurrence, and the management category contributed with 32.6% of the errors. The individual category contributed with 21.7%, the team with 19.3%, the environment with 12.0%, task with 9.6% and patient with 4.8%. Later, recommendations to prevent the occurrence of these incidents in the institution were proposed with a focus on best practices.

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-09-19T20:01:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos farias.PDF: 2095249 bytes, checksum: b0d43b192d27b28e2bd9d3004844361e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T20:01:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos farias.PDF: 2095249 bytes, checksum: b0d43b192d27b28e2bd9d3004844361e (MD5) / Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, FMC, Brasil / Estudos relativos à prevenção dos erros de medicação são fundamentais para contribuir com a segurança dos pacientes no ambiente hospitalar. Uma importante ferramenta para se evitar possíveis erros de medicação e que danos acometam o paciente é o serviço de conciliação medicamentosa. Trata-se de um serviço que permite comparar os medicamentos usados pelos pacientes previamente à internação com os medicamentos prescritos no âmbito hospitalar. Objetivo: Descrever e analisar as melhorias na racionalização da farmacoterapia de pacientes da clínica médica através da implantação da conciliação medicamentosa na prevenção de possíveis erros de medicação. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal prospectivo envolvendo os pacientes em tratamento atendidos no setor de Clínica Médica em um Hospital de alta complexidade situado no município de Campos dos Goytacazes (Rio de Janeiro). A coleta de dados foi realizada por 90 (noventa) dias entre os meses de Março a Junho de 2015. Foram acompanhados 189 pacientes, 93 (49,20%) eram do sexo masculino e 96 (50,8%) do sexo feminino com média de idade de 62,1 anos e tempo médio de internação de 11,33 dias. Foram realizadas 879 visitas e identificados 206 erros de medicação. Dos erros de medicação identificados (175: 84,95%), estava relacionada à omissão de medicamentos, (5: 2,43%) à dose incorreta prescrita e (26: 12,62%) relacionados a erros na admissão. Quanto à aceitação pela equipe clínica, em 93,75% dos casos a intervenção foi aceita. É relevante a conciliação medicamentosa na prevenção de erros de medicação e eventos adversos, pois a maioria das discrepâncias encontradas, e as intervenções, estão relacionadas à omissão de medicamentos. A entrevista realizada pelo farmacêutico consegue resgatar importantes informações quanto ao uso de medicamentos, principalmente dentro das primeiras 24h após admissão, para que os erros possam ser reduzidos ou corrigidos previamente aos danos ao paciente. / Studies concerning the prevention of medication errors are fundamental to contribute to patient safety in the hospital environment. An important tool to avoid potential medication errors and damage affects the patient is the drug of conciliation service. It is a service that allows you to compare the drugs used by patients prior to hospital with prescription drugs in hospitals. Objective: To describe and analyze the improvements in streamlining the medical clinic patients pharmacotherapy through the implementation of medication reconciliation to prevent possible medication errors. Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study involving patients in treatment treated at the Medical Clinic industry in a high complexity hospital located in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes (Rio de Janeiro). Data collection was performed by ninety (90) days between the months of March to June 2015 were followed up 189 patients, 93 (49.20%) were male and 96 (50.8%) were female with mean age of 62.1 years and average length of stay of 11.33 days. 879 visits and identified 206 medication errors were made. The identified medication errors (175: 84.95%) was related to the omission of medications (5: 2.43%) at the prescribed dose and incorrect (26: 12.62%) related to errors in the admission. As the acceptance by the clinical team, in 93.75% of cases the intervention was accepted. It is relevant to medication reconciliation to prevent medication errors and adverse events, as most of the discrepancies found, and the interventions are related to the omission of drugs. The interview conducted by the pharmacist can retrieve important information about the use of drugs, especially within the first 24 hours after admission, so that errors can be reduced or corrected prior to the damage to the patient.

Les événements indésirables médicamenteux (EIM) regroupent à la fois les effets indésirables des médicaments (ADR : Adverse Drug Reactions), considérés comme non évitables et les erreurs médicamenteuses (EM), considérées comme évitables. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les EIM conduisant à une admission en réanimation.Dans un premier temps, nous avons effectué une revue systématique de la littérature portant sur l’incidence des hospitalisations en réanimation pour EIM. Au total, 11 études ont été intégrées. L’incidence des EIM nécessitant une admission en réanimation variait de 0,37 à 27,4 %. Au total, 17,5 à 85,7 % de ces EIM étaient jugés évitables. Nous avons mené dans un second temps une étude observationnelle d’une durée d’un an dans un service de réanimation médicale d’un hôpital universitaire. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’incidence, l’évitabilité, la sévérité, le coût des EIM responsables d’admissions en réanimation et d’identifier les causes amorces à l’origine des EM.Au total, 743 séjours ont été inclus dont 102 (13,7 %) étaient liés à une EM et 71 (9,6 %) à un ADR. Le taux d’événements évitables était ainsi de 0,59. La non-observance des patients à leur traitement médicamenteux était la principale cause amorce des EM (n = 31/102). Les 102 séjours évitables liés à une EM représentaient un total de 528 journées d’hospitalisation en réanimation, occupant ainsi en moyenne 1,4 lit par jour sur une période d’un an pour un coût total de 747 651 €.Ce travail conclue sur la nécessité d’effectuer des études complémentaires afin d’évaluer les moyens à mettre en œuvre pour réduire l’incidence des EIM responsables d’admissions en réanimation. / Adverse drug events (ADE) include adverse drug reactions (ADR), considered as not preventable and medication errors (ME), considered as preventable. The aim of this thesis is to describe ADE responsible for ICU admissions. First, we conducted a systematic review dealing with the incidence of ADE requiring ICU admission in adult patients. A total of 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The reported incidences of ADE requiring ICU admission ranged from 0.37 to 27.4%. Preventable events accounted for 17.5 to 85.7% of the events.To get more insight into this topic and to complete the published data, we performed a one-year observational study in a medical ICU of a teaching parisian hospital. The objectives of the study were to estimate the incidence of ICU admissions due to ADE, to assess preventability, severity and costs of these ADE and to determine the leading causes of medication errors (preventable ADE). A total of 743 admissions were included with 102 stays (13.7%) related to ME and 71 (9.6%) related to ADR. Medication non-compliance was the main leading cause of ME (n = 31/102). The 102 medication error-related admissions accounted for a total of 528 days of hospitalization in the ICU, requiring a mean of 1.4 ICU beds per day over the one-year period, with an associated total cost amounting to 747,651 €.This work concludes that further studies should be performed to assess ways to reduce the incidence of ADE responsible for ICU admissions.

Since the Institute of Medicine highlighted the devastating impact of medical errors in their seminal report, “To Err is Human” (2000), efforts have been underway to improve patient safety. A portion of medical errors are due to medication errors, and a large portion of these can be attributed to inadequate laboratory monitoring. In this thesis, I attempt to address this small but important corner of this patient safety endeavor. Why are patients not getting their laboratory monitoring tests? Do they fail to complete them or do doctors not order the tests in the first place? Which prescribers and which patients are least likely to do what is needed for testing to happen and what interventions would be most promising? To address these questions, I conducted a systematic review of existing interventions. I then proceeded with three aims: 1) To identify reasons that patients give for missing monitoring tests; 2) To identify patient and provider factors associated with monitoring test ordering; and 3) To identify patient and provider factors associated with completion of ordered testing. To achieve these aims, I worked with patients and data at the Fallon Clinic. For aim 1, I conducted a qualitative analysis of their reasons for missing tests as well as reporting completion and ordering rates. For aims 2 and 3, I used electronic medical record data and conducted a regression with patient and provider characteristics as covariates to identify factors contributing to test ordering and completion. Interviews revealed that patients had few barriers to completion, with forgetting being the most common reason for missing a test. The quantitative studies showed that: older patients with more interactions with the health care system were more likely to have tests ordered and were more likely to complete them; providers who more frequently prescribe a drug were more likely to order testing for it; and drug-test combinations that were particularly dangerous, indicated by a black box warning, were more likely to have appropriate ordering, though for these combinations, primary care providers were less likely to order tests appropriately, and patients were less likely to complete tests. Taken together, my work can inform future interventions in laboratory monitoring and patient safety.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmacy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Antiretroviral (ARV) management in children is considered a challenging process, and patients receiving ARVs remain at risk of medication errors. Recently, there has also been a noticeable increase in Treatment Failure (TF) and the development of drug resistance amongst children on ART. However, ART failure amongst children seems to be an under-recognised issue, and adherence to treatment guidelines is reported to be a challenge among nurses caring for People Living with HIV (PLWHIV). Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the prescribing practices, and to determine the knowledge, understanding, and competence levels of NIMART-trained nurses’ in the management of children on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Public Health Care (PHC) facilities located in a rural district of Limpopo Province. To attain the purpose of the study, the researcher in this study adopted a mixed-method, in an explanatory sequential manner. The quantitative phase adopted a descriptive cross-sectional and retrospective census of medical records to determine whether or not the children on ART were prescribed the correct ARV regimen, dose, strength, dosing frequency and received the correct quantities to last until the next appointment date. Whereas the qualitative phase embraced a total purposive sampling of the NIMART-trained professional nurses to explore their knowledge, understanding and views of ART management in children. The results highlighted that these children under study even though they were prescribed a correct ARV regimen in (n=7045; 96%) of the cases;they were only correctly dosed in (n=7797; 53%); and prescribed the correct strength (n=9539; 77%), with only (n=2748; 36.9%) having received the correct quantity of treatment to last them until the next appointment date. Most nurses even though they rated themselves very knowledgeable and competent in paediatric HIV/AIDS management. This finding was contradicting the results obtained from the medical records, as well as their responses to the given case scenario depicted some level of non-adherence to treatment guidelines as well as a lack of understanding of ARV management. From the findings of this ARV utilisation review and the implementation of the developed ART dosing and dispensing training programme. The study concludes that the nurse's prescribing practice was irrational in this cohort of children, and most prescriptions did not entirely comply with the 2014/15 HIV/AIDs treatment recommendations. Since, this cohort of children was found to be susceptible to medication related errors such as; Drug omissions in ARV regimens; Incorrect dosing & dosing frequencies; as well as incorrectly supplied quantities. From the study findings it is recommended that ARV stewardship programs should be considered in order to develop and establish a core strategy for enhancing quality improvement in the management of HIV-infected children on ART in resource-limited settings, not only to inundate viral suppression and maintain it, but also to help achieve the UNAIDS 95- 95-95 target in children under 15 year / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Regardless of the setting, medication errors are of great concern when associated with an individual’s health outcomes, along with the increased costs to society, healthcare institutions, and providers. Current research focuses on medication error data primarily in acute and extended care facilities. However, there is a paucity of research examining the causes of medication errors that occur post hospital discharge when individuals transition to the home. The purpose of this integrative literature review is to examine risk factors for medication errors outside of these settings, specifically in the home. A systematic literature search was conducted using multiple databases for relevant articles in the English language between 2006 to 2017, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Search terms included ‘medication errors’, ‘home care’, ‘post-discharge’, ‘hospital readmission’, and ‘medication error risks in the home’. Exclusion criteria included medication errors in acute and extended care settings. The integrative review involved reading, analyzing and selecting articles, and summarizing on a matrix. Findings on occurrences of medication errors in the home included impaired client mental status, confusion related to medication names, limited understanding of medication purpose in the care plan and its side effects, level of health literacy, and client-provider miscommunication in discharge planning. Consistent and conflicting findings are discussed along with gaps in the literature. Limitations and implications for nursing practice, policy, research, and education are also noted.

No / INTRODUCTION: Care home residents are at particular risk from medication errors, and our objective was to determine the prevalence and potential harm of prescribing, monitoring, dispensing and administration errors in UK care homes, and to identify their causes. METHODS: A prospective study of a random sample of residents within a purposive sample of homes in three areas. Errors were identified by patient interview, note review, observation of practice and examination of dispensed items. Causes were understood by observation and from theoretically framed interviews with home staff, doctors and pharmacists. Potential harm from errors was assessed by expert judgement. RESULTS: The 256 residents recruited in 55 homes were taking a mean of 8.0 medicines. One hundred and seventy-eight (69.5%) of residents had one or more errors. The mean number per resident was 1.9 errors. The mean potential harm from prescribing, monitoring, administration and dispensing errors was 2.6, 3.7, 2.1 and 2.0 (0 = no harm, 10 = death), respectively. Contributing factors from the 89 interviews included doctors who were not accessible, did not know the residents and lacked information in homes when prescribing; home staff's high workload, lack of medicines training and drug round interruptions; lack of team work among home, practice and pharmacy; inefficient ordering systems; inaccurate medicine records and prevalence of verbal communication; and difficult to fill (and check) medication administration systems. CONCLUSIONS: That two thirds of residents were exposed to one or more medication errors is of concern. The will to improve exists, but there is a lack of overall responsibility. Action is required from all concerned.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Medication administration error remains a leading cause of preventable death. A gap exists in understanding attentional dynamics, such as nurse situation awareness (SA) while managing interruptions during medication administration. The aim was to describe SA during medication administration and interruption handling strategies. A crosssectional, descriptive design was used. Cognitive task analysis (CTA) methods informed analysis of 230 interruptions. Themes were analyzed by SA level. The nature of the stimuli noticed emerged as a Level 1 theme, in contrast to themes of uncertainty, relevance, and expectations (Level 2 themes). Projected or anticipated interventions (Level 3 themes) reflected workload balance between team and patient foregrounds. The prevalence of cognitive time-sharing during the medication administration process was significant or may be remarkable. Findings substantiated the importance of the concept of SA within nursing as well as the contribution of CTA in understanding the cognitive work of nursing during medication administration.