In recent decades the arbitration has undergone extensive development in the Peru. However, this did not mean the absence of corruption in the arbitral proceedings. in this article the author points out some examples in which corruption manifests itself within them. Also, possible solutions are addressed with particular emphasis on competition, and its necessary condition: information. On this last, the iBA rules acquire special relevance for the resolution of conflicts of interest. / En las últimas décadas el arbitraje ha experimentado un amplio desarrollo en el Perú. Sin embargo, esto no significó la ausencia de corrupción en los procesos arbitrales. e n el presente artículo el autor señala algunos ejemplos en los que la corrupción se manifiesta dentro de ellos. Asimismo, se abordan sus posibles soluciones, con especial énfasis en la competencia y su condición necesaria: la información. s obre esta última adquieren especial relevancia las Reglas IBA para la resolución de conflictos de intereses.

Against the backdrop of health research regulation, this work engages in an exploration of, and offers suggestions towards, how the decision maker can negotiate the complex path of the difficult decision. It is argued that whilst rules and principles are heavily relied upon in order to determine what to do, this reliance takes place without adequate reflection of the different ways in which we seek to rely upon these decision-making aids. What is most often the topic of analysis is the content which rules and principles carry rather than consideration of the different functions which each can fulfil or their (un)suitability in helping the decision maker. Before we consider which principles or rules should inform our decisions, we need to understand why we are using rules and principles. It follows that in order to understand why we might use rules and principles, we must understand how rules and principles can actually help us to reach decisions. Through the development and refinement of a conceptual tree, this thesis sheds light on the how and the why, in order to help decision makers determine the which. Through the metaphor of a continuum, additional insights are offered on the interrelationships that might co-exist between rules and principles. This thesis begins by offering an analysis of pre-existing understandings of rules and principles from legal theory and bioethics literatures. Additionally, I consider the implications of principle-centric and rule-centric approaches to decision-making. Through the overarching metaphor of a tree, a conceptualisation of best practice instantiations, which represent a helpful middle-ground between rules and principles is also offered. This can provide significant practical support to the decision maker in navigating the path of the difficult decision.

125f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-16T18:59:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Jonas de Almeidaseg.pdf: 626207 bytes, checksum: b1c9c6b10c3fd4389fef3a65e82a8613 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T17:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Jonas de Almeidaseg.pdf: 626207 bytes, checksum: b1c9c6b10c3fd4389fef3a65e82a8613 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T17:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Jonas de Almeidaseg.pdf: 626207 bytes, checksum: b1c9c6b10c3fd4389fef3a65e82a8613 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Ao deslocar a necessidade causal das coisas para o espírito, Hume dá uma nova definição de necessidade. Enquanto a tradição filosófica a definia como um liame objetivo e interno entre a causa e o efeito, Hume a define como um sentimento imediato de determinação na mente que nos leva a passar de uma idéia àquela que lhe é habitualmente associada. Este sentimento será transferido como uma força, como uma vivacidade que irá carregar a segunda idéia. Esta idéia assim avivada será chamada de crença no Tratado da Natureza Humana. A crença é uma maneira de conceber uma idéia, uma maneira mais vívida de concebê-la. Além disso, para que uma idéia ganhe vivacidade é preciso que haja uma relação de semelhança entre os casos observados ou associados na imaginação. Ora, em virtude da determinação imediata no espírito, a crença se dá mesmo quando não há uma semelhança completa entre os casos. Hume acrescenta, então, uma outra operação para regular esse mecanismo automático: a reflexão. Essa operação irá nos remeter à teoria das regras gerais, indispensável para uma compreensão adequada do projeto de Hume. No sistema moral do livro 3 será esta a operação responsável pela estabilização do juízo moral. A afetividade e a reflexão constituem, assim, a unidade do Tratado. Esses dois componentes da natureza humana se articulam ainda em uma teoria das paixões que, como diz Hume, é a pesquisa principal de sua filosofia desde o livro 1. A fantasia, por sua vez, irá aparecer no Tratado seja enquanto fator de desestabilização da crença, exigindo uma operação reflexiva ou corretiva do entendimento, seja enquanto fator criador de regras artificiais úteis à sociedade. Por isso, suas funções não possuem o mesmo valor e sentido. No livro1, ela ameaça de dentro a ciência, as inferências legítimas. Nos livros 2 e 3, ela possui uma positividade, subordinada apenas à utilidade de suas regras para a estabilidade social. Essa utilidade depende também de uma reflexão sobre as tendências dessas regras artificiais de promover a ordem e a estabilidade sociais. Hume se apresenta como o Newton das ciências morais. Seu empreendimento é científico nesse novo sentido de ciência experimental. Sua física do homem descreve este último como um animal governado por princípios gerais de associação de idéias e de paixões, assim como por instintos. / Salvador

This thesis describes a proposed design and implementation of a predictive maintenance engine developed to fulfill the requirements of the STO Company (Societe de transport de l'Outaouais) for maintaining vehicles in the fleet. Predictive maintenance is proven to be an effective approach and has become an industry standard in many fields. However, in the transportation industry, it is still in the stages of development due to the complexity of moving systems and the high level dimensions of involved parameters. Because it is almost impossible to cover all use cases of the vehicle operational process using one particular approach to predictive maintenance, in our work we take a systematic approach to designing a predictive maintenance system in several steps. Each step is implemented at the corresponding development stage based on the available data accumulated during system funсtioning cycle. % by dividing the entire system into modules and implementing different approaches. This thesis delves into the process of designing the general infrastructural model of the fleet management system (FMS), while focusing on the edge gateway module located on the vehicle and its function of detecting maintenance events based on current vehicle status. Several approaches may be used to detect maintenance events, such as a machine learning approach or an expert system-based approach. While the final version of fleet management system will use a hybrid approach, in this thesis paper we chose to focus on the second option based on expert knowledge, while machine learning has been left for future implementation since it requires extensive training data to be gathered prior to conducting experiments and actualizing operations. Inspired by the IDEA methodology which promotes mapping business rules as software classes and using the object-relational model for mapping objects to database entities, we take active database features as a base for developing a rule engine implementation. However, in contrast to the IDEA methodology which seeks to describe the specific system and its sub-modules, then build active rules based on the interaction between sub-systems, we are not aware of the functional structure of the vehicle due to its complexity. Instead, we develop a framework for creating specific active rules based on abstract classifications structured as ECA rules (event-condition-action), but with some expansions made due to the specifics of vehicle maintenance. The thesis describes an attempt to implement such a framework, and particularly the rule engine module, using active database features making it possible to encapsulate the active behaviour inside the database and decouple event detection from other functionalities. We provide the system with a set of example rules and then conduct a series of experiments analyzing the system for performance and correctness of events detection.

Atualmente, os avanços tecnológicos, principalmente nas áreas de controle e automação, facilitam a inclusão de alarmes em sistemas de supervisão de plantas industriais. É possível incluir um número quase que ilimitado de alarmes com variação de tipos para cada ponto de medição de um processo. Consequentemente, o volume de informações cresce significativamente e isso pode ser prejudicial, uma vez que limita a habilidade do operador no gerenciamento de anomalias e pode exceder sua capacidade de realizar ações eficazes durante o funcionamento do processo. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre modelagem semântica de contexto e utiliza uma base histórica de informações de eventos para análise de padrões. Dessa forma, o intuito é, por meio dos dados de contexto, obter conhecimento útil para inferência e determinação da situação. Uma aplicação real onde são investigados eventos ocorridos em uma planta de uma usina térmica de geração de energia elétrica é usado como estudo de caso para aplicar as ideias desenvolvidas bem como para validar a proposta. Decorrente desse estudo, é proposta uma ontologia de domínio específico implementada a partir de um modelo semântico de contexto. Por fim, é apresentada uma implementação de regras semânticas. / Nowadays, technological advance, especially in the areas of control and automation, make it easy alarm inclusion in supervision of industrial plant systems. You can include a number almost unlimited of alarms with different types for each measurement point of a process. Consequently, the volume of information grows significantly and this can be harmful since it limits the ability of the operator in managing anomalies and may exceed its ability to carry out effective actions during operation of the process. This work presents a study of semantic modeling of context and uses historical bases event information to identify patterns. Thus, the intention is use this context data to obtain useful knowledge for inference and define the situation. A real application where events of a thermal power plant for electricity generation are investigated is used as a case study to apply the ideas developed and to validate the proposal. As a Result of this study, it is proposed a specific domain ontology implemented from a semantic model of context. Finally, it is presented an implementation of semantic rules.

With the rapid development of science and technology, our society has been in the big data era. In human activities, we produce a lot of data in every second and every minute, what contain much information. Then, how to select the useful information from those complicated data is a significant issue. So the association rules mining, a technique of mining patterns or associations between itemsets, comes into being. And this technique aims to find some important associations in data to get useful knowledge. Nowadays, most scholars at home and abroad focus on the frequent pattern mining. However, it is undeniable that the rare pattern mining also plays an important role in many areas, such as the medical, financial, and scientific field. Comparing with frequent pattern mining, studying rare pattern mining is more valuable, because it tends to find unknown, unexpected, and more interesting rules. But the study of rare pattern mining is little difficult because of the scarcity of data used for verifying rules. In the frequent pattern mining, there are two general algorithms of discovering frequent itemsets, i.e., Apriori, the earliest algorithm which is proposed by R.Agrawal in 1994, and FP-Tree, the improved algorithm which reduced the time complexity. And in rare pattern mining, there are also two algorithms, Arima and Rarity, what are similar to Apriori and FP-Tree algorithms, but they still exist some problems, for example, Arima is time-consuming because of repeatedly scanning the large database, and Rarity is space-consuming because of the establishment of the full-combination tree. Therefore, based on the Rarity algorithm, this report presents an improved method to efficiently discover interesting association rules among rare itemsets and aims to get a balance between time and space. It is a top-down strategy which uses the graph structure to indicate all combinations of existing items, defines pattern matrix to record itemsets, and combines the hash table to accelerate calculation process. This method decreases both the time cost and the space cost when comparing with Arima, and reduces the space waste to solve the problem of Rarity, but its searching time of mining rare itemsets is more than Rarity, and we verified the feasibility of this algorithm only on abstract and small databases. Thus in the future, on the one hand, we will continue improving our method to explore how to decrease the searching time in the process and adjust the hash function to optimize the space utilization. And on the other hand, we will apply our method to actual large databases, such as the clinical database of the diabetic patients to mine association rules in diabetic complications.

abstract: Cisco estimates that by 2020, 50 billion devices will be connected to the Internet. But 99% of the things today remain isolated and unconnected. Different connectivity protocols, proprietary access, varied device characteristics, security concerns are the main reasons for that isolated state. This project aims at designing and building a prototype gateway that exposes a simple and intuitive HTTP Restful interface to access and manipulate devices and the data that they produce while addressing most of the issues listed above. Along with manipulating devices, the framework exposes sensor data in such a way that it can be used to create applications like rules or events that make the home smarter. It also allows the user to represent high-level knowledge by aggregating the low-level sensor data. This high-level representation can be considered as a property of the environment or object rather than the sensor itself which makes interpreting the values more intuitive and accessible. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2015

Atualmente, os avanços tecnológicos, principalmente nas áreas de controle e automação, facilitam a inclusão de alarmes em sistemas de supervisão de plantas industriais. É possível incluir um número quase que ilimitado de alarmes com variação de tipos para cada ponto de medição de um processo. Consequentemente, o volume de informações cresce significativamente e isso pode ser prejudicial, uma vez que limita a habilidade do operador no gerenciamento de anomalias e pode exceder sua capacidade de realizar ações eficazes durante o funcionamento do processo. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre modelagem semântica de contexto e utiliza uma base histórica de informações de eventos para análise de padrões. Dessa forma, o intuito é, por meio dos dados de contexto, obter conhecimento útil para inferência e determinação da situação. Uma aplicação real onde são investigados eventos ocorridos em uma planta de uma usina térmica de geração de energia elétrica é usado como estudo de caso para aplicar as ideias desenvolvidas bem como para validar a proposta. Decorrente desse estudo, é proposta uma ontologia de domínio específico implementada a partir de um modelo semântico de contexto. Por fim, é apresentada uma implementação de regras semânticas. / Nowadays, technological advance, especially in the areas of control and automation, make it easy alarm inclusion in supervision of industrial plant systems. You can include a number almost unlimited of alarms with different types for each measurement point of a process. Consequently, the volume of information grows significantly and this can be harmful since it limits the ability of the operator in managing anomalies and may exceed its ability to carry out effective actions during operation of the process. This work presents a study of semantic modeling of context and uses historical bases event information to identify patterns. Thus, the intention is use this context data to obtain useful knowledge for inference and define the situation. A real application where events of a thermal power plant for electricity generation are investigated is used as a case study to apply the ideas developed and to validate the proposal. As a Result of this study, it is proposed a specific domain ontology implemented from a semantic model of context. Finally, it is presented an implementation of semantic rules.

Hume, no Tratado da Natureza Humana, afirma haver duas formas de o hábito atuar na produção de inferências, a saber, conforme princípios regulares e irregulares da imaginação. Em decorrência, estipula determinadas regras gerais para marcar a atuação do hábito no primeiro modo, restringindo a ela o espaço da causa e efeito. A intenção desta tese é investigar o estatuto dessas regras, bem como as suas consequências quanto ao estabelecimento das fronteiras entre a razão e a imaginação. Trata-se de questionar, inicialmente, qual é o parâmetro que permite uma separação, nos juízos, entre operações regulares e irregulares da imaginação, considerando-se que Hume mostra não haver uma justificativa racional para a relação de causa e efeito. Em contrapartida, pretende-se indicar em que medida uma nova noção de racionalidade experimental é configurada a partir da interposição desse novo critério, bem como discutir como é também a estabilização do agir do entendimento sobre a imaginação que se encontra no horizonte da normatividade instaurada pela regulação, via regras gerais do juízo. / In \"A Treatise of Human Nature\", Hume claims that there are two manners through which custom influences the production of inferences, namely, according to regular and irregular principles of imagination. Consequently, he stipulates certain general rules in order to point out the influence of custom on the first manner, circumscribing the realm of cause and effect to it. This thesis investigates these rules as well as their consequences regarding the establishment of the boundaries between reason and imagination. Considering that, according to Hume, there is not any racional justification to the cause-effect relationship, first we must question which is the parameter that allow us to separare, in reasoning, regular and irregular operation of the imagination. On the other hand, we intent to point in what extend a new notion of experimental rationality is constituted from the intervention of this new criteria. We also intent to discuss how the estabilization of understanding act works over imagination, which is placed in the range of normativity established by regulation, through the general rules of judgment.

Neste trabalho usamos as regras de soma da QCD para calcular as massas e constantes de acoplamento ou decaimento dos estados exóticos theta+(1540) e cascata--(1862) (pentaquarks), dos mesons escalares charmosos DsJ+(2317), D0(2308) e D0(2405) e do meson axial X(3872). Os mesons foram também tratados como estados exóticos de quatro quarks (tetraquarks). Dois métodos de regra de soma foram aplicados e uma atenção especial foi dada aos limites de validade e incertezas da regra de soma. Em todos os casos encontramos resultados compatíveis com os dados experimentais existentes, mas no caso dos pentaquarks e dos mesons escalares as regras de soma têm algumas de suas condições violadas, levantando a questão sobre a existência das ressonâncias na forma em que foram propostas. Fizemos também uma previsão para um méson axial Xb, que é uma expansão para o setor botônico do modelo assumido para o X(3872). / In this work the QCD Sum Rules have been used to obtain masses and coupling or decay constants of the theta+(1540) and cascade--(1862) pentaquarks, the DsJ+(2317), D0(2308) and D0(2405) charmed scalar mesons and the X(3872) axial meson. The mesons have been treated as 4-quark exotic states (tetraquarks). Two sum rules methods have been used with special attention given to the limits and uncertainties of the sum rules. Results consistent with experimental data have been found in all cases, but some of the sum rules constraints have been violated in the calculation of the pentaquarks and scalar mesons, leaving questions about the existence of the states as they have been built here. A prediction was also made for the mass of a state expanding the model used for X(3872) to the botton sector, named Xb.