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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA (DVS) / The South African government has earmarked infrastructure development as a key driver of the economy. The infrastructure sectors of energy, water and transport have received large Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) loans to fund new projects, repairs and maintenance. The DBSA loan approvals to municipalities for the period 2012-2013 was R2.3 billion. Loans to 'under-resourced' municipalities totalled R927 million for the same period. Key infrastructure sectors included electricity (R466 million), roads and drainage (R678 million), community facilities (R735 million) and water and sanitation (R1.2 billion). The DBSA is owned by the South African state and its relationship with municipalities is legislated and regulated through the Constitution and an Act of Parliament. One of the post-apartheid roles of the DBSA is to support the infrastructure development agenda of the State through a complexed network of infrastructure projects in the key infrastructure sectors of water and sanitation, education, housing, health and housing. It does so through project, technical and development finance support to municipalities. The underlying rationale for the relationship between municipalities and the DBSA is to forward the States' agenda of providing equal access to basic services and develop infrastructure to support its social and economic development agenda. While the DBSA does provide infrastructure grants and facilitates intergovernmental transfers to municipalities, it also provides infrastructure loans to municipalities for both capital expenditure and large-scale infrastructure projects. The premise of development banks is to provide development finance for infrastructure projects at low interest. The DBSA specifically as a state-owned bank has an overall agenda to develop the infrastructure of poorer municipalities whose credit-worthiness will not allow it to qualify for commercial loans.

Saab Aeronautics’ section Overall Design and Survivability develops early aircraft concepts and utilizes Computer Aided Design (CAD) to ensure the feasibility of principal- and critical characteristics. Saab has over the years developed several start models of aircrafts in CAD from pre-defined aircraft configurations, which are to some extent non-generic. When new configurations are to be explored, manual- and repetitive work is required if the new configuration cannot be attained solely through parametric modifications of a start model. The complexity of these CAD models also demands great knowledge of how aircraft components interact with each other to ensure compatibility. The project covered in this thesis was thus carried out to develop a more effective way for Saab to create and explore a larger design space. This by creating a framework that consists of a product configurator coupled with a library of generic CAD models. The product configurator that was created is the Saab Tradespace Analyzer & Reconfigurator (STAR), which takes compatibility relationships into consideration to facilitate concept selection. The STAR also provides a dynamic design space calculation to indicate how close the user is to a final concept selection. Two generic CAD models were created, a fuselage model and an air inlet model. A skeleton model was also created in order to reduce model dependencies and to control the main geometry of the aircraft product. In addition to these, an already existing wing model was implemented to form the library of generic CAD models. The framework coupling the STAR with the CAD library utilizes design automation to allow automatic CAD model generation of a concept that has been selected within the STAR. It was concluded through extrapolation that the created framework would allow Saab to create and explore a larger design space in a more effective way than what is done today, provided the library of CAD models were to contain the same number of components as today’s start models.

Cette étude analyse l’évolution actuelle des énergies alternatives et renouvelables et ses implications sociétales. La relation entre les hommes et, entre l’homme et la nature, a été historiquement imprégnée par la manière par lequel les premières on produit, reproduire, alloués et distribués l’énergie. Actuellement, le phénomène de société du risque et de la crise écologique constituent une preuve nouvelle provoquant un impact quasi instantané sur les différentes sociétés. Ajouté à cela, le phénomène de la crise énergétique, marquée soit par la finitude annoncée des combustibles fossiles, soit par l’incapacité actuelle de répondre à la demande croissante d’énergie à partir d’énergies renouvelables et alternatives, pose un problème impératif pour la survie et la reproduction de l’humanité. Compte tenu de ce scénario et en s’appuyant sur la sociologie de l’environnement et de la science, cette étude discute la situation du développement énergétique et ses défis actuels. Les données empiriques de l’étude sont basées sur une étude comparative internationale, développée au Brésil et au Canadá, qui comprenait la collecte des données et des entrevues avec des laboratoires, entreprises, institutions et associations de la société civile. Parmi les principales conclusions soulignent l’émergence du phénomène que nous appelons la transition énergétique, marquée par des contradictions et des hétérogénéités résultant de la recherche pour l’approvisionnement durable de l’énergie dans un contexte de demande croissante de l’économie mondiale capitaliste. Il faut également signaler que les institutions internationales, gouvernements et des entreprises, laboratoires et société civileconstituant des réseaux sociotéchniques, associés aux mécanismes de chaîne et tradution- sont des acteurs clés dans le développement national et international de l’énergie alternative. / Este estudo analisa o desenvolvimento atual das energias alternativas e suas implicações sociais. A relação entre homens e, entre os homens e a natureza, foi historicamente perpassada pela forma como esses produziam, reproduziam, se apropriavam e distribuíam a energia. Na atualidade, a emergência da sociedade do risco e a crise ecológica constituem elementos novos que provocam impactos globais sobre as diferentes sociedades. Somado a isso, a crise energética, marcada tanto pela finitude dos combustíveis fósseis, quanto pela incapacidade de responder a demanda crescente de energia a partir de fontes renováveis e alternativas, constitui-se num gravíssimo problema que afeta o conjunto da humanidade. Tendo em vista esse cenário, e se apoiando sobre a sociologia da ciência e do meio ambiente, esse estudo discute a situação do desenvolvimento energético e seus desafios atuais. Os resultados empíricos se baseiam num estudo comparativo desenvolvido no Brasil e no Canadá que contou com a realização de coleta de dados e entrevistas junto a laboratórios, empresas, instituições e associações da sociedade civil. Entre as principais constatações destaca-se a emergência do fenômeno denominado de transição energética, marcado pelas contradições e heterogeneidade resultantes da busca de produção renovável de energia diante do crescimento constante da economia capitalista. Também destaca-se que as instituições internacionais, governos e empresas, laboratórios e a sociedade civil – constituindo uma rede sócio-técnica associada aos mecanismos de tradução e encadeamento – são agentes-chave no desenvolvimento nacional e internacional das energias alternativas.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to enrich the political imagination in terms of the ability to think about alternative socioeconomic arrangement of the human society. Its topic is a comparison of three chosen concepts of socioeconomic alternatives according to the following criteria: (1) the degree of economic democracy in terms of the employees' control of enterprises and in terms of the citizens' control of economy, (2) their political systems and (3) the means of remuneration. The chosen concepts of alternative socioeconomic arrangement present concepts of market socialism of David Schweickart, cybersocialism of Allin Cottrell and W. Paul Cockshott and the participatory economics of Michael Albert. The aim of this diploma thesis was realized through the analysis and description of the chosen concepts of socioeconomic alternatives and their subsequent comparison by virtue of the mentioned criteria. Besides the method of analysis and comparison there were also used the methods of induction, deduction, analogy and abstraction. By virtue of the comparison of the chosen socioeconomic alternatives according to the criteria we found out that large measure of economic democracy in employee's control of enterprises, as in the case of market socialism, decreases the degree of influence of citizens on...

Penology / (M.A. (Penology)

Quantified decision-making refers to the scaling of factors such as crime seriousness, risk assessment, violation severity, and punitive responses or intensity of surveillance. As such, it is largely based on the justice principle, according to which the punitive response should be commensurate with the crime committed. This study consequently looks at the applicability of a retributive stance towards probation, and suggests a quantified, or structured, approach to decision-making in probation with special reference to the South African situation. Referring to historical and ideological precedents, it is maintained that the current crisis in corrections - referring to the congestion of prison facilities and the negative spin-offs related to it - can, to a large extent, be ascribed to an over reliance on imprisonment as a sentencing option. It is argued that imprisonment can be seen as a failure in terms of both its basic motives, and more importantly, with regard to its unintended consequences, necessitating a search for viable sentencing alternatives. With regard to probation, and Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) in particular, this study recognizes its limitations, but maintains that probation still holds the greatest potential as a workable alternative to incarceration. In view of South African corrections, that is plagued by prison overcrowding, on the one hand, and certain structural shortcomings, on the other, a structured probation system is proposed that will evade the weaknesses of subjective decisionmaking, which often act to intensify the crisis. It is proposed that quantified decision-making tools be developed that will replace both sentencing and revocation decisions. It is further suggested that an effective risk prediction instrument be developed to guide the probation process. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:46:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1191391 bytes, checksum: 19f30f82c1c153dff08ae5c3d7b64db0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study sought to understand present manifestations of cultural publications which pose an alternative to cultural journalism made by local traditional vehicles, so as to understand whether these publications produce a discourse on culture and everyday life different from the one produced by large media companies. To accomplish this, we chose as corpus four issues of Fome de Quê? (fmq?) magazine and seven issues of Cenário Cultural magazine, the main publications of this genre that circulate in the state of Paraíba showing the local culture and which are not connected to large communication companies. We analyze the characteristics of these two publications in order to understand which alternatives to the journalism model practiced by conventional vehicles are presented in these magazines. We focus our analysis on the way these magazines are organized as a communication vehicle and on the selection and approach of the guidelines, i. e., we observe how their organization modes, subjects, languages, agendas and goals, among other elements, combine in the creation of their discourse on the culture and the daily life they represent. The research approach was Everyday Life Sociology and the method of procedure was the formism. By highlighting the social forms, everyday life studies give us resources to analyze the parts, the alternative forms, in a context that does not favor the definition of the whole, in our case, the framing of the magazines as completely alternatives. / O presente estudo buscou compreender como se dão, na atualidade, manifestações de publicações culturais que se colocam como uma alternativa ao jornalismo cultural feito pelos veículos tradicionais locais, como modo de entender se tais publicações produzem um discurso sobre a cultura e o cotidiano diferenciado do que é produzido pelo jornalismo praticado por grandes empresas de comunicação. Para tanto, escolhemos como corpus os quatro números da revista Fome de Quê? (fmq?) e sete números da Cenário Cultural, principais publicações do gênero que circulam no Estado da Paraíba, pautando a cultura local, e que não estão ligadas a grandes empresas de comunicação. Analisamos aqui as características dessas duas publicações de modo a entender quais formas alternativas ao modelo do jornalismo praticado pelos veículos convencionais se apresentam nestas revistas. Focamos nossa análise no modo de organização dessas revistas, enquanto veículos de comunicação, e na seleção e abordagem das pautas, ou seja, observamos de que maneira seus modos de organização, seus sujeitos, linguagens, pautas e objetivos, entre outros elementos, combinam-se na formação do seu discurso sobre a cultura e no cotidiano que representam. Quanto à abordagem da pesquisa, a opção foi pela Sociologia do Cotidiano e o método de procedimento foi o formismo. Ao evidenciar as formas sociais, os estudos do cotidiano nos dão subsídios para analisar as partes, as formas alternativas, em um contexto que não favorece a definição do todo, no nosso caso, o enquadramento das revistas como alternativas em sua totalidade.

Cette étude analyse l’évolution actuelle des énergies alternatives et renouvelables et ses implications sociétales. La relation entre les hommes et, entre l’homme et la nature, a été historiquement imprégnée par la manière par lequel les premières on produit, reproduire, alloués et distribués l’énergie. Actuellement, le phénomène de société du risque et de la crise écologique constituent une preuve nouvelle provoquant un impact quasi instantané sur les différentes sociétés. Ajouté à cela, le phénomène de la crise énergétique, marquée soit par la finitude annoncée des combustibles fossiles, soit par l’incapacité actuelle de répondre à la demande croissante d’énergie à partir d’énergies renouvelables et alternatives, pose un problème impératif pour la survie et la reproduction de l’humanité. Compte tenu de ce scénario et en s’appuyant sur la sociologie de l’environnement et de la science, cette étude discute la situation du développement énergétique et ses défis actuels. Les données empiriques de l’étude sont basées sur une étude comparative internationale, développée au Brésil et au Canadá, qui comprenait la collecte des données et des entrevues avec des laboratoires, entreprises, institutions et associations de la société civile. Parmi les principales conclusions soulignent l’émergence du phénomène que nous appelons la transition énergétique, marquée par des contradictions et des hétérogénéités résultant de la recherche pour l’approvisionnement durable de l’énergie dans un contexte de demande croissante de l’économie mondiale capitaliste. Il faut également signaler que les institutions internationales, gouvernements et des entreprises, laboratoires et société civileconstituant des réseaux sociotéchniques, associés aux mécanismes de chaîne et tradution- sont des acteurs clés dans le développement national et international de l’énergie alternative. / Este estudo analisa o desenvolvimento atual das energias alternativas e suas implicações sociais. A relação entre homens e, entre os homens e a natureza, foi historicamente perpassada pela forma como esses produziam, reproduziam, se apropriavam e distribuíam a energia. Na atualidade, a emergência da sociedade do risco e a crise ecológica constituem elementos novos que provocam impactos globais sobre as diferentes sociedades. Somado a isso, a crise energética, marcada tanto pela finitude dos combustíveis fósseis, quanto pela incapacidade de responder a demanda crescente de energia a partir de fontes renováveis e alternativas, constitui-se num gravíssimo problema que afeta o conjunto da humanidade. Tendo em vista esse cenário, e se apoiando sobre a sociologia da ciência e do meio ambiente, esse estudo discute a situação do desenvolvimento energético e seus desafios atuais. Os resultados empíricos se baseiam num estudo comparativo desenvolvido no Brasil e no Canadá que contou com a realização de coleta de dados e entrevistas junto a laboratórios, empresas, instituições e associações da sociedade civil. Entre as principais constatações destaca-se a emergência do fenômeno denominado de transição energética, marcado pelas contradições e heterogeneidade resultantes da busca de produção renovável de energia diante do crescimento constante da economia capitalista. Também destaca-se que as instituições internacionais, governos e empresas, laboratórios e a sociedade civil – constituindo uma rede sócio-técnica associada aos mecanismos de tradução e encadeamento – são agentes-chave no desenvolvimento nacional e internacional das energias alternativas.

O presente trabalho aborda a inserção dos meios alternativos de resolução de conflitos no processo civil e propõe a consideração de tais métodos como técnicas processuais voltadas ao atingimento dos escopos da jurisdição, tomada essencialmente como função pública voltada à pacificação de conflitos. São apresentados os institutos fundamentais do processo civil e se parte de uma releitura do processo civil a partir da busca da efetividade e da consideração do escopo da pacificação como escopo magno da jurisdição, o que justifica a introdução de meios complementares de solução de conflitos voltados à promoção da solução consensual dos litígios. Tem-se, então, em certa medida, a ampliação do objeto de estudo do processo civil. Tendo em vista a necessidade de se agregar novos institutos à consecução dos escopos do processo, os meios alternativos de solução de conflitos passam a ser tratados não mais como meros equivalentes jurisdicionais, mas como ferramentas do próprio sistema processual para a consecução de seus escopos. Isso conduz ao alargamento do objeto da ciência processual, à alteração do conteúdo programático das Escolas de Direito e à formação de um novo profissional da área jurídica. Dentre os métodos de resolução de conflitos existentes, são descritas a negociação, a conciliação, a avaliação neutra e a mediação, com destaque para esta última pela maior amplitude de aplicação e de técnicas utilizadas. São apresentados os fundamentos teóricos da mediação, as principais técnicas utilizadas e o procedimento que se recomenda seja observado para a condução adequada dessa forma de solução de controvérsias. Descritos esses métodos, passa-se à abordagem de algumas experiências de aplicação dos meios alternativos de forma complementar ao processo civil, destacando-se especialmente a disciplina legal estabelecida nos Estados Unidos da América e na Argentina. O presente trabalho culmina com a apresentação de um cronograma de instalação de setores de mediação anexos ao sistema judicial, abordando o recrutamento de mediadores, a capacitação necessária, o papel dos operadores do direito na empreitada e a metodologia de trabalho empregada, tudo a partir das bases legislativas já existentes em nosso ordenamento e do sucesso do projeto de gerenciamento de casos elaborado pelo CEBEPEJ - Centro Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas Judiciais. A ampla utilização da mediação como instrumento de pacificação e consecução dos escopos da jurisdição já é possível independentemente de legislação própria .e específica, embora a institucionalização possa constituir um instrumento importante da divulgação e implementação da mediação em nossa sociedade. Buscou-se lançar as bases teóricas e práticas do uso da mediação como ferramenta de consecução dos escopos da jurisdição, principalmente o da pacificação, a partir de uma visão diferenciada do conflito e da necessidade de formação de um novo profissional da área jurídica, incorporando ao processo civil métodos complementares de solução de conflitos marcados pelo traço da interdisciplinaridade que permitirão alcançar o processo civil que se almeja: efetivo, célere e voltado preponderantemente à pacificação dos conflitantes. / The present work tackles the insertion of alternative dispute resolution methods in civil procedure, and proposes to consider these methods as procedural techniques focused on obtaining the scope of the jurisdiction, taken essentially as a public function towards the pacification of disputes. The fundamental institutes of civil procedure are presented from a new reading in the field, seeking effective solutions and considering the scope of pacification as a substantial scope of jurisdiction, thereby justifying the introduction of supplementary means for the resolution of disputes focusing on the promotion of a consensual resolution of disputes. The subject of study of civil procedure is hence to some extent broadened. In view of the necessity to aggregate new institutes in order to attain the scopes of the process, the alternative dispute resolution methods are henceforth treated not as mere jurisdiction equivalents but as tools of the very procedure system for the attainment of its scopes. This leads to the widening of the subject of the science of civil to the modification of programme contents in the Colleges of Law and to the building of a new law professional. Negotiation, conciliation, neutral early evaluation and mediation fall within the methods used to resolve disputes, particular emphasis being laid on the latter due to the extent of its application and the techniques used. The theoretical foundations of mediation, the main techniques used and the recommended procedure to be observed for a proper execution of this form of resolution of controversies are presented. Once completed the description of those methods, we shall move onto the experience of the application of alternative means as a supplementary form in civil proceedings, while highlighting more particularly the legal discipline established in the United States of America and in Argentina. This work then culminates with the presentation of a schedule for the insta1lation of additional mediation sectors alongside the judicial system, while tackling the recruitment of mediators, the necessary qualification, the role played by law professionals in this enterprise and the work methodology employed, all of which from the legal bases existing in our ordinance and the success of the case management project elaborated by CEBEPEJ - the Brazilian Judicial Studies and Research Centre. The wide use of mediation as a pacification tool for the attainment of the scopes of jurisdiction is a1ready possible, regardless of the specific legislation itself, although the institutionalisation may constitute an important tool for the release and implementation of mediation in our society. The purpose of this study was to set the theoretica1 bases and practices of the use of mediation as a tool to attain the scopes of jurisdiction, and mainly that of pacification from a differentiated viewpoint of dispute and from the necessity of qualifying a new legal professional by incorporating supplementary methods into civil proceedings for the resolution of disputes marked by the trait of an interdisciplinary approach, hereby making it possible to reach the civil procedure aspired to: an effective and diligent proceeding turned most and foremost towards the pacification of the parties in dispute.