Textile is a global product used by all people in the world. These textiles after the use are thrown into the trash for incineration or land filling. However an efficient way that can be used to produce more energy, in an environmentally friendly process is anaerobic digestion. Waste textiles which contain cellulosic fibers (e.g. Cotton and viscose) can be converted to biogas. In this study, the performance of a two-stage anaerobic digestion process for biogas production from four different materials, including untreated jeans, treated jeans, cotton, and starch was studied. Starch was used as an easy-to-digest material to compare its digestion with that of cellulosic materials.The two-stage processes were composed of a CSTR (for hydrolysis) and a UASB (for methanogenisis) which were investigated in two different configurations, namely (closed and open systems). In the closed system, the outlet of UASB was completely returned back to the CSTR, while in the open system the UASB outlet was sent to sewage. In a stepwise progress, the OLR was aimed to increase from 2 to 20 g Vs per L per day along with reduction in hydraulic retention time from 10 days to 1 day.The results showed that the closed system was more stable when compared to the open system. The pre-treatment of jeans by NMMO helped to produce methane as that of cotton. The hydraulic retention time was decreased to less than 9 days for treated jeans and less than 5 days for starch. The overall methane yield at OLR of 4 gVS per L per day for starch and treated jeans was 98.5% and 97.4% in the closed system, whereas in the open system the yield was 77.0% and 35.5%, respectively.Another experiment was conducted to compare the performance of two-stage process with that of a single stage process of anaerobic digestion of textiles containing polyester and cotton or viscose. Viscose textiles produced more gas compared to the cotton textile; it may be due to the higher crystalline of cotton which makes it hard to be degraded by the microorganisms. Furthermore, two-stage process could able to produce more methane than the single stage process.The parameters like total solids, volatile solids, pH, gas production, gas composition, concentration of nutrients, and COD were also analyzed for both of the experiments.

La valorisation des déchets par digestion anaérobie conduit à la production d’un résidu, appelé digestat, qui est composé de la matière organique non biodégradée et présente une forte teneur en azote ammoniacal et organique. De par cette richesse en azote, les digestats présentent un intérêt grandissant pour la substitution aux engrais minéraux. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les transformations de l’azote en digestion anaérobie afin de prédire la qualité azotée des digestats. Cette compréhension des processus de transformation de l’azote ouvrira la possibilité de dimensionner et piloter le procédé de digestion anaérobie pour une substitution optimisée des engrais minéraux par les digestats. Pour cela, deux approches ont été développées: (i) une approche compréhensive centrée sur la compréhension de la bioaccessibilité de l’azote organique en lien avec sa biodégradabilité, et la compréhension des transformations de l’azote en digestion anaérobie en conditions de laboratoire et pilote; et ; (ii) une approche numérique où les processus identifiés ont été intégrés à des outils de modélisation à bases statistiques et biocinétiques permettant de prédire les propriétés azotées des digestats en fonction des cocktails de substrats et du temps de séjour dans le digesteur. / Energetic recovery of waste by anaerobic digestion leads to the production of a residue called digestate, which is composed of non-biodegraded organic matter and has a high content of ammoniacal and organic nitrogen. Due to this high nitrogen content, digestates are growing interest for the substitution of mineral fertilizers. The objective of this thesis is to understand the transformations of nitrogen that occur during anaerobic digestion in order to predict the nitrogen quality of digestates. This understanding of nitrogen transformation processes will allows the design and management of anaerobic digestion plants aiming at the optimization of the substitution of mineral fertilizers by digestates. To this end, two approaches were used in this work: (i) an experiment approach focused on the understanding of the bioaccessibility of organic nitrogen in relation to its biodegradability, and the understanding of the transformations of nitrogen in anaerobic digestion under laboratory and pilot conditions; and; (ii) a numerical approach where previously developed knowledge has been integrated in statistical and biokinetic modeling tools to predict the nitrogen properties of digestates according to substrate cocktails and residence time in the digester.

Lignocellulosic biomasses are considered promising feedstocks for the next generation of biofuels and chemicals; however, the recalcitrance of lignocellulose remains a barrier to its utilisation over conventional sources. Pyrolysis is the heating of biomass to several hundred degrees Celsius in the absence of oxygen, which can thermally depolymerise lignocellulose. Products of pyrolysis are a solid biochar, liquid bio-oil and syngas. Biochar has roles in both carbon sequestration and soil amendment however bio-oil has no defined use, despite a high concentration of fermentable sugars. Bio-oil is a complex organic microemulsion with a host of biocatalyst inhibitors that makes its microbial degradation a challenge. In this work, the use of aerobic cultures using microbial communities isolated from natural environments saw limited potential; however, the use of anaerobic digestion (AD) successfully generated a higher volume of biogas from reactors with bio-oil than controls. Biogas yield test reactors were set up with anaerobic digestate from a wastewater treatment plant as the substrate for degradation and conversion of bio-oils. Next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing was utilised to characterise the communities in the reactors while the ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry technique of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) was used for characterisation of the chemical changes occurring during AD. Both sets of high-resolution data were additionally combined for multivariate analysis and modelling of the microbial genera that correlated best with the changes in digestate chemistry. This represents a novel analysis method for the microbial degradation of complex organic products. Bio-oil from common lignocellulosic feedstock was the most easily degradable by the AD communities, with significant inhibition observed when bio-oils from anaerobic digestate and macroalgae were used. Additionally it was found that the inclusion of biochars that were pre-incubated in anaerobic digestate prior to use in AD were capable of significantly reducing the lag time observed for biogas production in bio-oil-supplemented reactors. The addition of biochars that were not pre-incubated had no effect on biogas production. Specific inhibition of methanogenesis was also capable of causing the digestates to accumulate volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as a product of greater value than biogas. Scale-up experiments will be required to confirm the precise practicalities of the addition of bio-oil to AD as well as to establish the potential for isolation and purification of VFAs.

La fermentation sombre est un procédé utilisant des déchets organiques dont le passage à l'échelle pilote est limité par les rendements de production d'hydrogène trop faibles ainsi que par l'utilisation des sous-produits. Cette étude a pour premier objectif d'étudier l'effet du pH, de la combinaison du pH et de la concentration en substrat, du prétraitement du substrat et de l'adaptation de l'inoculum sur la fermentation sombre de trois types de déchet différents. Il a notamment été montré que la biodégradabilité des substrats joue un rôle majeur dans le choix des paramètres opérationnels utilisés pour optimiser la production d'hydrogène. De plus, la faisabilité et la stabilité à long terme de la production d'hydrogène par le procédé de fermentation sombre ont été mises en évidence en utilisant des déchets agroalimentaires et du petit lait dans deux réacteurs thermophiliques fonctionnant en mode semi-continu. En particulier, il a été discuté l'influence de la charge organique (OLR), du temps de rétention hydraulique (HRT) et de l'addition de co-substrats (fumier de buffle) comme source d'alcalinité. Cette étude a montré que la combinaison de ces trois paramètres peut jouer un rôle important sur le pH et la stabilité de la production d'hydrogène. De plus, les sous-produits de la fermentation sombre ont été utilisés pour produire de l'hydrogène via la photo-fermentation, alors que les déchets générés par le couplage de la fermentation sombre et de la photo-fermentation ont été valorisés pour la production de méthane par digestion anaérobie. Ce concept de bioraffinerie basé sur la conversion en trois étapes des déchets agroalimentaires augmente le rendement énergétique global du procédé. Par ailleurs, il a été montré le potentiel important du procédé de photo-fermentation pour la production de polyhydroxybutyrate (polymère), parallèlement à celle d'hydrogène. De même, l'utilisation de la fermentation par voie sèche dans une bioraffinerie concept apparaît prometteuse vis à vis de la production de bioénergie et de molécules telles que les acides organiques et les alcools / Low biohydrogen (H2) yields and use of process by-products from dark fermentation (DF) of waste biomass is limiting its scaled-up application. This study aims to investigate the effects of culture pH, combination of substrate concentration and culture pH, pre-treatment of substrate and inoculum adaptation in H2 yields during the DF of three different wastes biomass. The study showed that the biodegradability of the substrates is important for the selection and application of optimum operational parameters aimed at enhancing H2 production. Moreover, long-term operational feasibility and stability of dark fermentative H2 production was demostrated using food waste and cheese whey in two semi-continuous thermophilic DF reactors. The effect of organic loading rates (OLRs), hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and co-substrates (buffalo manure) addition as a source of alkalinity on culture pH and H2 production stability was discussed. The study showed that combination of OLR, HRT and co-substrate addition could play an important role in the culture pH and stability of H2 production. Furthermore, the by-products of DF process was utilized for H2 production via photo fermentation (PF), while the waste stream generated from coupling of DF and PF processes was converted to methane in anaerobic digestion (AD). The three-step conversion of food waste in a biorefinery concept increased the total energy yields. Moreover, PF also showed a good potential for concomitant production of H2 and polyhydroxybutyrate (biopolymer). Likewise, dry fermentation could be promising to a biorefinery concept based on waste biomass for the production of bioenergy and biochemicals (organic acids and alcohols)

A expansão do setor sucroenergético favoreceu o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de etanol de segunda geração (2G). No entanto, este é um processo que leva à geração de altíssimos volumes de resíduos, bem como o processo de primeira geração (1G). O principal deles é a vinhaça, que também apresenta elevado potencial poluidor. Nesse contexto, vê-se, portanto, a necessidade de se dar uma finalidade adequada ao resíduo. A digestão anaeróbia se tornou uma tecnologia muito disseminada e valorizada em outros países. Isso se deve às vantagens em gestão de resíduos e na geração de energia proporcionadas por essa tecnologia. O potencial de aplicação da vinhaça para produção de biogás é enorme, dado que é um resíduo muito rico em matéria orgânica e de grande disponibilidade no Brasil. A digestão anaeróbia precisa também ser desenvolvida para o resíduo do processo de etanol 2G, pois espera-se que as características da vinhaça gerada sejam diferentes. É importante a investigação da influência que a composição da vinhaça 2G pode ter sobre o processo da digestão anaeróbia e produção de biogás, e este foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Para isso, realizou-se inicialmente a caracterização de vinhaça 1G e de vinhaça 2G obtidas para o experimento deste estudo. A composição das duas vinhaças apresentou as principais diferenças para as concentrações de DQO, ácidos orgânicos (sobretudo o ácido acético), compostos fenólicos e sulfato. Foram obtidas concentrações de DQO de 30.732,80 mg O2 L-1 e 19.038,13 mg O2 L-1 para vinhaça 1G e vinhaça 2G, respectivamente. As concentrações de ácido acético e compostos fenólicos totais foram, respectivamente, 88,14% e 84,10% maiores na vinhaça 2G do que na vinhaça 1G. A concentração de sulfato na vinhaça 2G foi 28,11% menor que a concentração obtida na vinhaça 1G. A avaliação de processo de produção de biogás foi realizada em dois reatores metanogênicos, um utilizando vinhaça 1G como substrato e outro, utilizando vinhaça 2G. Os processos foram monitorados segundo a produção de biogás por DQO removida, produção de ácidos orgânicos, alcalinidade, remoção de compostos fenólicos, remoção de ânions e retenção de sólidos. Os efluentes dos reatores metanogênicos também foram caracterizados segundo o teor de cátions. O processo com vinhaça 2G teve produção de biogás quatro vezes maior que o processo com vinhaça 1G. Foram obtidos valores médios de 0,32 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 2G e 0,08 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 1G. De acordo com o monitoramento dos processos por alcalinidade e concentração de ácidos orgânicos, o processo com vinhaça 2G também se mostrou mais eficiente do que o processo com vinhaça 1G no que diz respeito ao consumo de matéria orgânica. A remoção de compostos fenólicos totais teve eficiência média de 56,96% para o processo utilizando vinhaça 2G, enquanto que o processo com vinhaça 1G não foi capaz de removê-los. Infere-se que a elevada concentração de ácido acético na vinhaça 2G tenha contribuído para o processo de produção de biogás. A alta disponibilidade de acetato favorece a atividade metabólica de arqueas metanogênicas, o que é fundamental para o equilíbrio químico da conversão de matéria orgânica em biogás. / The Sucroenergetic sector expansion has favored the development of second generation ethanol technology. However, the process leads to the production of large amounts of residues, as well as the first generation process. The main residue is the vinasse, which is very pollutant. In this context it becomes clear the need of giving an appropriate application for vinasse. Anaerobic digestion has turned into a very disseminated and very well accepted technology in many countries, which is mainly due to its results as an efficient waste management and energy generation. Vinasse has a great potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion, since it is a residue with high organic matter and in large availability in Brazil. Such technology has to be developed also for the residues obtained through second generation ethanol process. With a different process, it is expected that residues composition might also be different. It is important to look into the influence that second generation vinasse composition may bring to anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of second generations vinasse composition over the biogas production process. Before experiments, first and second generation vinasses were characterized. The most remarkable differences for vinasses composition were obtained for COD concentration, organic acids concentration (specially for acetic acid), phenolic compounds and sulphate. COD concentrations were 30,732.80 mg O2 L-1 and 19,038.13 mg O2 L-1 for first generation vinasse and second generation vinasse, respectively. Acetic acid and total phenolic compounds were, respectively, 88.14% and 84.10% higher for second generation vinasse than those found for first generation vinasse. Sulphate concentration for second generation vinasse was 28.11% lower than first generation vinasse\'s concentration. Biogas production process was evaluated for two different methanogenic reactors: first generation vinasse was used as substrate for one reactor and second generation vinasse was used as substrate for the second one. Processes were monitored according to biogas production by removed COD, organic acids production, alkalinity, phenolic compounds removal, anions removal and solids retention. Both reactors had their effluents characterized by cations content. In the process carried out with second generation vinasse the biogas production was four times higher than in the process carried out with first generation vinasse. The average values were 0.08 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 and 0.32 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 for first and second generation, respectively. Considering processes monitoring by alkalinity and organic acids concentrations, the process carried out with second generation vinasse was more efficient in regards to organic matter consumption. The average efficiency for total phenolic compounds removal was 56.96% for the process using second generation as substrate. On the other hand, the process with first generation vinasse was not capable of consuming them. The results obtained in this study suggest that the high acetic acid concentration in second generation vinasse have contributed to biogas production. High acetate availability promotes archaeas metabolic activity, which is fundamental for chemical balance in converting organic matter into biogas.

O processamento anaeróbio da vinhaça pode ser útil para reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação do seu efluente, com menos C lábil, em solos. O presente trabalho mediu as emissões de gases de efeito estufa através do método de câmaras estáticas após a aplicação das duas formas de vinhaça (in natura e processada anaerobiamente ) e a interação com ureia em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO simulando a camada 0-20 cm de um solo em uma coluna de PVC. Foi observado que a aplicação de vinhaça processada ao solo emitiu 2.592 µg C-CH4 m-2 ao final de 90 dias, mais do que os tratamentos com vinhaça processada com ureia (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), controle (-601 g C-CH4 m-2), vinhaça in natura (-1.176 µg C-CH4m-2), vinhaça in natura com ureia (-1.533 µg C-CH4 m-2), e ureia (-2.760 µg C-CH4 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura estimulou a emissão de CO2 produzindo 60,2 g C-CO2 m-2 ao longo de 90 dias, valor superior aos tratamentos vinhaça processada com ureia (36,7 g C-CO2 m-2), ureia (35,1 g C-CO2m-2), controle (25,8 g C-CO2m-2) e vinhaça processada (22,1 g C-CO2 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura com ureia (45,0 g C-CO2 m-2) emitiu mais CO2 em relação aos tratamentos controle e vinhaça processada, além disso, a aplicação da ureia junto da vinhaça processada provocou um aumento na emissão de CO2 em relação a vinhaça processada sozinha. Os maiores fluxos de N2O foram observados no solo fertilizado com vinhaça processada com ureia (302,8 mg N-N2O m-2) e apenas ureia (199,4 mg N-N2 m-2), seguido da fertilização com vinhaça in natura com ureia (70,9 mg N- N2O m-2) superior aos tratamentos com vinhaça processada (12,14mg N-N2O m-2), controle (7,54 mg N-N2O m-2) e vinhaça in natura (6,64 mg N- N2O m-2). Com a realização das primeiras medições das emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação da vinhaça processada no solo concluiu-se que as emissões de CO2 são mitigadas, porém provoca aumento fluxo de CH4 e N2O do solo para a atmosfera em relação à vinhaça in natura. / The vinasse anaerobic digestion migh be usefull to avoid greenhouse gases emissions after apply the effluent on soil due the low labile C content. This research measured during 90 days the greenhouse gases emissions using the static chamber method after the application of two forms of vinasse (in natura and digested) and the interaction of both with urea in a soil PVC column simulating the 0-20 cm layer of a Red Latossol. The digested vinasse application in the soil produced 2,592 µg C-CH4 m-2 at the end of 90 days, more than soil with digested vinasse with urea (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), control (-601 µg C-CH4 m-2), vinasse in natura (-1,176 µgC-CH4m-2), vinasse in natura with urea (-1,533 µg C-CH4 m-2), urea (-2,760 µg C-CH4 m-2). Vinasse in natura induced soil CO2 emission, producing 60.2 g C-CO2 m-2 at the end of 90 days, greater than digested vinasse with urea (36.7 g C-CO2 m-2), urea (35.1 g C-CO2 m-2), control (25.8 g C-CO2 m-2), and diested vinasse (22.1 g C-CO2 m-2). The interaction between vinasse in natura and urea in the soil emitted (45.0 g C-CO2 m-2) more CO2 than soil control and digested vinasse, furthermore the interaction between urea and digested vinasse resulted in a greater CO2 release to atmosphere than only digested vinasse. The greater N2O efflux was provided by digested vinasse with urea (302.8 mg N- N2O m-2) and only urea (199.4 mg N-N2O m-2) application, followed by vinasse in natura (70.9), which emitted more nitrous oxide than digested (12.14 mg N-N2O m-2), control (7.54 mg N- N2O m-2), and vinasse in natura (6.64 mg N- N2O m-2). After this first measurement of greenhouse gases efflux after soil fertilization with anaerobic digested vinasse was observed a CO2 mitigation, however the CH4 and N2O efflux from soil to atmosphere can be greater than vinasse in natura.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Limberger _Lopes (Tese revisada) 2016.pdf: 2793834 bytes, checksum: bd8e57da9e9986df4f212107c57ca249 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / The aim of this study was to evaluate a combined anaerobic-aerobic upflow fixed-bed reactor with recirculation of the liquid phase for the removal of nitrogen and organic matter from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The reactor was made of an acrylic tube of internal diameter of 93 mm and the length of 1000 mm with a useful volume of 5.6 L being 3.5 L corresponding to the anaerobic compartments and 2.1 L to the aerobic one. The bed for immobilization of the biomass was formed by expanded clay and polyurethane foam. For discussing the results, this study was divided into three articles. In the first article, was evaluated the reactor performance with respect to the elimination of nitrogen (≈65 mg.NT.L-1) and organic matter (≈600 mg.DQO.L-1) due to the recirculation rate (R = 0.5, 1 and 2) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11 h (6.8 h in anaerobic condition and 4.2 h in aerobic condition) over the time. The best operating condition was obtained at the recirculating rate of 2. In this condition, the total nitrogen removal was 65% with the effluent concentration of 6 mg.NH4+.L-1 e 12 mg.NO3-.L-1. For all condition, the organic matter removal was greater than to 95% with the effluent concentration of approximately 20 mg.COD.L-1. Thus, the increasing of the recirculation rate influenced positively in the reactor performance. In the second article, the hydraulic detention time was evaluated (HDT) at 14 h, 11 h and 8 h with the recirculation rate (R) of 0.5 (Step I), R = 1 (Step II) and R 2 = (Step III). The affluent average concentrations were 65 mg.NT.L-1, 580 mg.COD.L-1, 77 mg L-1 of total alkalinity and pH of 6.4. The samples were collected inlet and output of each compartment along the reactor height. In the Step I, the nitrification efficiencies were 76%, 70% and 41% respectively for 14 h, 8 h and 11 h, showing the effect of HRT. In all steps, the alkalinity has been regarded as the limiting factor of the process and its deficit was 10 to 30%. It was attributed to this factor the low efficiency of total nitrogen removal of about 45%. Throughout the experiment the removal efficiency of organic matter in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was over 90% and made to fit the first order kinetic model for degradation of the substrate. In the third article, was evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior of this system, through stimulus response tests using eosin Y dye as tracer. It has been evaluated the hydraulic retention time of 8 h with three recirculation rates, of .0.5, 1 and 2 times. Under these conditions, the removal of organic matter was greater than 90% and nitrogen conversion was favored by applying lower loads of (0.18 Kg.N.m-3.d-1). It was found that the hydrodynamic evaluation showed the continuous-stirred reactors behavior with 2 to 2.5 reactors in series (N-CSTR). / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar um reator combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente com recirculação da fase líquida, para a remoção de nitrogênio e matéria orgânica proveniente de água residuária de abatedouro de aves. O reator foi confeccionado em um tubo de acrílico de diâmetro interno de 93 mm e comprimento de 1000 mm, com volume útil de 5,6 L, sendo 3,5 L correspondentes aos compartimentos anaeróbios e 2,1 L correspondentes ao compartimento aeróbio. O leito para a imobilização da biomassa foi formado por argila expandida e espuma de poliuretano. A apresentação desse trabalho foi dividida em três artigos. No primeiro artigo, avaliou-se o desempenho do reator em relação à remoção de nitrogênio (≈65 mg.N.L-1) e de matéria orgânica (≈600 mg.DQO.L-1) em função da taxa de recirculação (R=0,5; 1 e 2) e do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 11 horas (6,8 horas na condição anaeróbia e 4,2 horas na condição aeróbia), ao longo do tempo. A melhor condição operacional foi obtida com taxa de recirculação de 2. Nessa condição, a eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio total foi de 65% com concentrações efluentes de 6 mg.NH4+.L-1 e 12 mg.NO3-.L-1. Para todas as condições testadas, a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica apresentou-se superior a 95%, com concentração efluente de aproximadamente 20 mg.DQO.L-1. Assim, o aumento da taxa de recirculação influenciou positivamente no desempenho do reator. No segundo artigo, avaliaram-se os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 14 horas, 11 horas e 8 horas com taxa de recirculação (R) de 0,5 (Ensaio I), R=1 (Ensaio II) e R=2 (Ensaio III). As concentrações médias afluentes foram 65 mg.NT.L-1, 580 mg.DQO.L-1, 77 mg.L-1 de alcalinidade total e pH de 6,4. As amostras foram coletadas na entrada e saída de cada compartimento, ao longo da altura do reator. Na Etapa I, e as eficiências de nitrificação foram de 76%, 70% e 41%, respectivamente para 14 horas, 11 horas e 8 horas, evidenciando o efeito do TDH. Em todas as etapas, a alcalinidade foi considerada o fator limitante do processo e o seu déficit variou de 10% a 30%. Atribuiu-se a esse fator a baixa eficiência na eliminação de nitrogênio total de aproximadamente 45%. Durante todo o experimento, a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica em termos de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) foi superior a 90% e apresentou ajuste ao modelo cinético de primeira ordem para a degradação do substrato. No terceiro artigo, avaliou-se o comportamento hidrodinâmico desse sistema, a partir de ensaios de estímulo resposta utilizando o traçador Eosina Y. Avaliou-se o tempo de detenção hidráulica de 8 horas com as três taxas de recirculação, de 0,5, 1 e 2 vezes. Nessas condições, a remoção de matéria orgânica foi superior a 90% e a conversão de nitrogênio foi beneficiada com a aplicação de cargas menores (0,18 Kg.N.m-3.d-1). Na avaliação hidrodinâmica verificou-se que o reator apresentou comportamento de reator de mistura completa com 2 a 2,5 reatores em série (N-CSTR).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Izabela Regina Costa _Araujo.pdf: 2798947 bytes, checksum: 10a0bad3f765462b54bb964dd971203c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-19 / Researches have shown that among several ways of treating cassava starch wastewater, anaerobic process has been considered a simple and economical option that combines the high content of organic matter conversion to biogas production. On the other hand, biogas is a potential energy resource that can be used to supply part of the energy demands from industrial plants. Thus, this trial aimed at evaluating an anaerobic reactor with fixed bed up-flow, regarding the removal of organic load in wastewater from cassava starch extraction as well as biogas production. So, volumetric organic loads (VOC) of 2.5; 5.0; 8.0 and 10.0 g.L-1.d-1 were tested in a 2.82 L volume reactor. A support medium of polypropylene rings filled with polyurethane foam was used. The monitored parameters regarding the reactor effluent were: pH, volatile acidity (VA), total alkalinity (TA), VA/TA ratio, total solid concentrations (TS), volatile solids (VS), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and organic acids. The reactor performance was tested in relation to removals of solids, organic load, as well as biogas and methane production. As the most important results, it was observed that the reactor remained constant concerning pH, total removal of VSS and removals of TCOD and SCOD. While, there were also lactic, butyric, propionic and acetic acids in the studied effluent, although acetic acid was recorded in higher concentrations. Biogas production average was 3.8 L.d-1, the average of specific biogas production was 0.156 L.gCODconsumed-1, but VOC answer was 10.0 g.L-1.d-1, being the greatest results for both of them. Methane percentage in biogas ranged from 66 to 84% and the specific methane production ranged from 0.01 to 0.36 Lg-1. The highest values were obtained in VOC - 2.5 and 10.0 g.L-1d-1, respectively. The removal of medium TS, VS, TSS and VSS were 72, 80, 63 and 92%, respectively. The average removals of TCOD and SCOD were 98.7 and 97.9 respectively, therefore, the highest removal rates were obtained for 10.0 and 2.5 VOC g.L-1.d-1. Thus, it can be concluded from this trial that it is possible to produce biogas with a methane percentage higher than 80% (maximum) and remove the organic loading rate by more than 90% (maximum) according to tested configuration systems with wastewater from cassava starch industry. Furthermore, the highest biogas productions were obtained for the highest VOC, while it was observed a bias on biogas production with VOC increase as well as the specific production of methane. / Dentre as diversas formas existentes de tratar os efluentes da indústria de fécula de mandioca, o processo anaeróbio é considerado uma alternativa simples e econômica, que alia o elevado grau de conversão da matéria orgânica à produção do biogás. O biogás, por sua vez, é um recurso energético potencial que pode ser utilizado para suprir parte das demandas energéticas das unidades industriais. Nesse sentido, estabeleceu-se como objetivo deste trabalho avaliar um reator anaeróbio de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente, em relação à remoção de carga orgânica da água residuária de extração de fécula de mandioca e à produção de biogás. Para isso, foram testadas as cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) de 2,5, 5,0, 8,0 e 10,0 g.L -1.d-1 em um reator de 2,82 L de volume útil. Utilizou-se meio suporte de anéis de polipropileno preenchidos com espuma de poliuretano. Os parâmetros monitorados no efluente do reator foram o pH, acidez volátil (AV), alcalinidade total (AT), razão AV/AT, concentrações de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), demanda química por oxigênio total (DQOT) e demanda química por oxigênio solúvel (DQOS) e de ácidos orgânicos. A eficiência do reator foi avaliada em relação às remoções de sólidos e carga orgânica e à produção de biogás e de metano. Como principais resultados, observou-se que o reator manteve-se estável em relação aos parâmetros pH, remoção de SSV e remoções de DQOT e DQOS. Observou-se a presença de ácido lático, butírico, propiônico e acético no efluente, sendo o ácido acético em maiores concentrações. A produção média de biogás foi de 3,8 L.d-1 e a média da produção específica de biogás foi de 0,156 L.g-1DQOconsumida, sendo que, para ambos os maiores resultados foram obtidos para a COV 10,0 g.L-1.d-1. O percentual de metano no biogás variou de 66 a 84% e a produção específica de metano de 0,01 até 0,36 L.g-1 e os maiores valores foram obtidos nas COV 2,5 e 10,0 g.L-1.d-1, respectivamente. As remoções médias de ST, SV, SST e SSV foram de 72, 80, 63 e 92 %, respectivamente. As remoções médias de DQOT e DQOS foram de 98,7 e 97,9, respectivamente e as taxas de remoção mais altas foram obtidos para as COV 10,0 e 2,5 g.L-1.d-1 . Desta forma, conclui-se que é possível produzir biogás com percentuais de metano superiores a 80% (máximo) e remover a carga orgânica em mais de 90% (máximo), em sistemas com a configuração testada, utilizando água residuária de indústria de fécula de mandioca. Além disso, verificou-se que as maiores produções de biogás foram obtidas para as COV maiores e a tendência de aumento da produção de biogás com o aumento da COV, assim como a produção específica de metano.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoFelipePSilva.pdf: 1750362 bytes, checksum: d5954e3ba25ab6d54527f7566b0d47ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / The swine farming is an important Brazilian agricultural business. The activity held in confinement generates a large volume of wastewater that may be treated by anaerobic digestion. To use the biogas generated in the process, it is necessary better knowledge through the variables involved. The objective of this study was the evaluation of biogas production parameters, power generation, generator set performance in biogas conversion into electricity and the avoided cost of electricity from of the farm. Biogas parameters were monitored as methane content, digester production, and the engine consumption in generation of electricity. Monitoring was realized with the use of instruments and storage of information in a database. The results indicated an average daily production of 443 m3.dia-1, with an average of 0.10 m3 of biogas per pig and 68% of methane content. The average electricity generation was 324,5 kWh.dia-1, and efficiency of the generator set was 17% with a power of 70 kW and an average of 6,5 hours of daily operation. The avoided cost by self-consumption of electricity generated was R$ 13,718.20, and during the monitoring 70.5 MWh of electricity was generated, of which 26.6 MWh were exported to the distribution network. / A suinocultura é uma importante atividade no negócio agropecuário brasileiro. A atividade realizada em confinamento gera um grande volume de efluentes que pode ser tratado por meio da digestão anaeróbia. Para aproveitamento do biogás gerado neste processo, é necessário um melhor conhecimento através das variáveis envolvidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação dos parâmetros de produção de biogás, geração de energia elétrica, desempenho do grupo gerador na conversão de biogás em energia elétrica e o custo evitado de energia elétrica da propriedade rural. Foram monitorados parâmetros de concentração, produção e consumo biogás; e geração de energia elétrica O monitoramento foi realizado com a utilização de instrumentos e posterior armazenamento das informações em banco de dados. Os resultados encontrados indicaram uma produção diária média de 443 m3, com uma média de 0,10 m3 de biogás por suíno e uma concentração média de 68% de metano. A geração de energia elétrica média foi de 324,5 kWh.dia-1, e a eficiência do grupo gerador foi de 17% com uma potência média ativa de 70 kW e operação diária de 6,5 horas. O custo evitado pelo autoconsumo da energia elétrica na propriedade gerada foi de R$ 13.718,20, e durante o período monitorado houve uma geração total de energia elétrica de 70,5 MWh, dos quais 26,6 MWh foram exportados para a rede de distribuição da concessionária local.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-10-18T12:56:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Ferreira Velho_.pdf: 2524832 bytes, checksum: dd171e639a007511b6cceb2258575af8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T12:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Ferreira Velho_.pdf: 2524832 bytes, checksum: dd171e639a007511b6cceb2258575af8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Comitesinos - Comitê de Gerenciamento da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos / FUNDEPE - Fundação Universitária para Desenvolvimento do Ensino e da Pesquisa / Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O crescente aumento na geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos, somado às formas inadequadas de tratamento e disposição contribuem de forma direta e significativa com a problemática ambiental. Diante deste cenário, se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de alternativas que permitam outros benefícios além da disposição final apropriada. A digestão anaeróbia é uma alternativa viável e economicamente interessante para tratamento da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Considerando que em nosso país a fração orgânica é predominante nos resíduos sólidos urbanos, correspondendo em média a mais de 40% na composição, ao mesmo tempo que reduz o volume de resíduos enviados para os aterros sanitários, o processo gera produtos como o biogás e biofertilizante para uso agrícola. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a tratabilidade da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos domésticos provenientes do preparo e pós consumo das refeições de um restaurante universitário em um reator operado por batelada e qualificar as características do biofertilizante gerado. Para atingir este objetivo, a pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas, sendo que na etapa inicial foram realizadas quatro bateladas nas quais foram analisadas a proporção adequada de resíduos e inóculo para partida do reator sem que ocorresse acidificação. A segunda etapa consistiu na realização de seis bateladas, nas quais foram monitorados os principais parâmetros de operação e a terceira etapa onde foram avaliados os parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos do biofertilizante gerado ao final dos ensaios da segunda etapa. Os resultados da primeira etapa apontaram que a proporção de 6:1 em termos de sólidos totais voláteis, sendo lodo proveniente de um reator UASB e resíduos sólidos putrescíveis respectivamente, apresentaram uma partida adequada do sistema, sem que ocorresse acidificação, com o pH variando entre 6,9 e 7,7. Na segunda fase o monitoramento dos principais parâmetros de operação permitiu que no decorrer dos ensaios a proporção em termos de STV fosse reduzida, chegando a 1:1 de inóculo e substrato respectivamente, na batelada 10, portanto permitindo o tratamento de uma quantidade maior de resíduos em relação aos ensaios iniciais. Os resultados obtidos no monitoramento apontaram que o pH manteve-se dentro da faixa considerada ideal entre 6,0 e 8,0, porém o período de vinte e dois dias adotado como tempo de retenção mostrou-se insuficiente para degradação e consequente remoção da matéria orgânica, sendo que apenas a batelada 10 mostrou-se eficiente na remoção de STV 8,1% e carbono orgânico total 33,5%. A análise física do biofertilizante gerado no final de cada ensaio apontou umidade acima do permitido pela legislação, sendo indicado apenas para uso via aspersão. Quimicamente o biofertilizante apresentou insuficiência de nitrogênio, evidenciada nas elevadas relações C:N iniciais e finais obtidas e carência de macronutrientes como fósforo cujos resultados ficaram abaixo de 1%, mínimo imposto pela legislação e potássio, elemento que não foi detectado na pelo equipamento utilizado. A qualidade sanitária do composto atendeu a legislação quanto a presença de ovos viáveis de helmintos, sendo que todos os ensaios apresentaram resultados inferiores a uma unidade/4g, porém apresentou resultados acima do limite estabelecido para coliformes termotolerantes. O teste de germinação confirmou a ausência da fitotoxidade dos produtos. / The increase in the generation of municipal solid waste, together with the inadequate forms of treatment and disposal contribute directly and significantly to the environmental problems. In this scenario, it is necessary to develop alternatives to other benefits in addition to the appropriate disposal. Anaerobic digestion is a viable alternative and economically interesting for the treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Whereas in our country the organic fraction is predominant in urban solid waste, corresponding to an average of over 40% in the composition, at the same time reducing the volume of waste sent to landfills, the process generates products such as biogas and biofertilizers for agricultural use. This research aimed to evaluate the treatability of the organic fraction of household waste from the preparation and after consumption of meals from a university restaurant in a reactor operated by batch and qualify the characteristics of the generated biofertilizers. To achieve this goal, the research was conducted in three phases, with the initial phase were held four batches were analyzed in which the proportions of the waste and inoculum for starting the reactor without acidification occurred. The second stage consisted of six batches, which were monitored in the main operating parameters and the third stage where we evaluated the chemical, physical and microbiological biofertilizer generated at the end of the second stage trials. The first step results indicated that the ratio of 6: 1 in terms of total volatile solids, and sludge from a UASB reactor and solid waste putrescible respectively, showed a suitable starting system without occur acidification to pH between 6.9 and 7.7. In the second stage, the monitoring of key operating parameters allowed during the experiment the proportion in terms STV be reduced, reaching 1: 1 inoculum and substrate respectively in the batch 10, thus allowing treatment of a larger quantity of waste compared to the initial test. The results showed that monitoring the pH was maintained within the range considered optimal between 6.0 and 8.0, but the period twenty-two days adopted as the retention time was insufficient to degradation and subsequent removal of matter organic, and only the batch 10 was effective in removing STV 8.1% and 33.5% total organic carbon. Physical analysis of biofertilizers generated at the end of each test pointed humidity above those permitted by law and is intended only for use via spraying. Chemically biofertilizer showed nitrogen deficiency, evidenced in the high ratios C: Initial N and obtained final and lack of nutrients such as phosphorus whose results were below 1% minimum required by the legislation and potassium, an element that was not detected in the equipment used. The sanitary quality of the compound met the legislation for the presence of viable helminth eggs, and all tests showed lower results to a unit / 4G, but showed results above the limit for fecal coliforms. The germination test confirmed the absence of phytotoxicity of products.