Esta tese defende que a arte pode profanar o real ao produzir suas realidades poéticas. Ou seja: a criação artística detém a potência de destituir regimes de visibilidade, dizibilidade e pensabilidade, dando a eles novos usos e os devolvendo ao domínio dos homens. A principal questão é saber como isso ocorre. Quer dizer: quais são essas operações da arte capazes de desativar mecanismos de subjetivação ao mesmo tempo em que produzem outros? Como isso se realiza e que saberes pode-se recolher daí? Toda esta investigação parte da pintura Mapa de Lopo Homem II, de Adriana Varejão. Seguimos suas pistas na companhia de pensadores da arte, da ciência e da filosofia, com destaque para Georges Didi-Huberman, Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Rancière, Jean Baudrillard e Hal Foster, de maneira a produzir uma teoria crítica que colabore com a interpretação da arte hoje, num viés estético e político. Se parece lugarcomum dizer que a arte produz transformações culturais, o ponto desta tese é ligeiramente diferente: saber como a experiência estética pode transgredir a simbolização, fazendo irromper significados que desconstruam estruturas culturais, atentando contra a idealização da realidade em seus valores morais, econômicos, sociais, intelectuais etc. Interessa a nós o aspecto inesperado da realização artística, seu teor de insurgência, seu flerte com o esquizo. Enfim, queremos olhar para o que pode haver de destrutivo, paradoxal ou desestruturante na elaboração poética promovida pela arte visual e que resistências se levantam contra o processo. Para isso, nos inspiramos no conceito de Real lacaniano. E dizemos que a conformação artística é o mapa que se traça sobre o território numa profanação do real: sistematização ficcional e ilusória, síntese posta como realidade, representação interpretativa necessariamente parcial, insuficiente, faltosa. Que não consegue ser viva como a experiência, mas a revive, recria, interpreta, representa e reapresenta, toma-a para si e formaliza, desenha contornos, acumula camadas, esquematiza estrategicamente conforme seus próprios jogos de poder. / This thesis argues that art can desecrate the Real by producing poetic realities. This means that artistic creation has the power of deposing regimens of the visible, speakable and thinkable, of giving them new uses and of returning them to the realm of men. The main question is knowing how this happens. Which operations of art may deactivate some mechanisms of subjectivation at the same time that they produce others? How does this happen, and what knowledge can be acquired from that process? All this research originates from the painting Map of Lopo Homem II, by Adriana Varejão. We followed the paintings hints in the company of thinkers from the arts, sciences and philosophy fields, with special mention to Georges Didi-Huberman, Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Rancière, Jean Baudrillard and Hal Foster, in order to produce a critical theory that could collaborate with the interpretation of art today, in an aesthetical and political point of view. If it seems commonplace to say that art produces cultural transformations, the point of this thesis is slightly different: it is to learn how the aesthetic experience can transgress symbolization, bursting meanings that deconstruct cultural structures, attacking the idealization of reality in its moral, economic, social, intellectual values, etc. We are interested in the unexpected aspect of artistic achievement, its insurgency content, its flirtation with the schizo. We want to look at what can be destructive, paradoxical or destructuring in the poetic elaboration promoted by visual art and which resistances arise against the process. For this, we are inspired by the Lacanian concept of the Real. And we say that the artistic conformation is the map drawn on the territory in a profanation of the real: fictional and illusory systematization, synthesis put as reality, necessarily partial interpretative representation, insufficient, lacking. That cannot be alive as an experience, but revives it, recreates it, interprets it, represents it and resubmit it, takes and formalizes it, draws contours, accumulates layers and strategically schematizes according to its own power plays.

Este trabalho constitui-se em um estudo da série Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção, executada por Iberê Camargo durante a década de 1980. O objetivo é identificar elementos narrativos presentes na série, tendo como moldura teórica o ensaio O Narrador, de Walter Benjamin. O trabalho é desenvolvido em três capítulos: o primeiro volta-se à investigação da biografia do pintor, suas produções pictóricas e literárias e os contextos nos quais ele e sua obra se inserem; no segundo verificam-se propriedades do narrador e a narrativa sob o ponto de vista de Walter Benjamim; por último, é feita uma comparação entre as características do narrador benjaminiano e Iberê Camargo, bem como a identificação dos aspectos narrativos da série Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção. / This work consists in a study of the series Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção, executed by Iberê Camargo during the decade of 1980. The objective is to identify narrative elements in the series considering as theoretical frame the text The Storyteller of Walter Benjamin. This work is developed in three chapters: the first is dedicated to the biography of the painter, his pictorial and literary productions and the context in which the painter and his work are inserted; in the second the properties of the narrator and narrative are verified according to Walter Benjamins point of view; finally, a comparison between the characteristics of Benjamins narrator and Iberê Camargo is made, as well as the identification of the narrative aspects of the series Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção.

盧那察爾斯基(Anatoly Lunacharsky, 1875-1933)於1917-1929年間擔任蘇聯教育人民委員部(Narkompros)首任委員，在任期間發表了大量關於藝術的文章及報告，其在蘇聯藝術發展史中扮演極為重要的角色，然而他以藝術達到社會主義理想的主張與正統馬克思主義的經濟決定論十分不同，他相信群眾意識才是推動革命的必要條件。而他從在俄國十月革命之前就抱持這種想法，因此曾一度主張將宗教與社會主義結合，使革命意識成為一種宗教情感而深植人心，而這種想法受到被極度反對宗教的列寧的嚴厲批評，隨後這種想法才轉向以藝術來實現。 在盧那察爾斯基思想中可見到實證主義(Positivism)、費爾巴哈(Ludwig Feuerbach)宗教哲學、尼采(Friedrich Nietzsche)哲學與華格納(Richard Wagner)的色彩，這使盧那察爾斯基的藝術理論在眾多馬克思主義美學家中顯得獨樹一格，本論文主要透過盧那察爾斯基的著作，並加上中西學者對於盧那察爾斯基的研究，不以馬克思主義為中心來理解盧那察爾斯基的藝術思想，探討盧那察爾斯基對於藝術與革命的認知與實踐。 / Anatoly Lunacharsky(1875-1933) was the first Commissar of The People's Commissariat for Education(Narkompros) from 1917-1929. During his tenure, he published many articles and reports about the arts and played a very important role in the history of artistic development in the Soviet Union. However, his proposal to achieve the ideal of Socialism through the arts was very different from the orthodox economic determinism of Marxism. He believed that mass consciousness was a must to promote the revolution. He already held this idea long before the October Revolution in Russia. Thus, he once advocated combining religion and Socialism, making revolutionary consciousness into a religion deeply rooted in everyone’s mind. Nevertheless, this idea was severely criticized by Lenin, who was very opposed to religion. Afterward, Lunacharsky’s thoughts changed, turning instead to realize ideals through art. The influences of Positivism, Feuerbach’s philosophy of religion, Nietzsche’s philosophy and Wagner’s concept of art can be seen in Lunacharsky’s thought, making his views on art unique among Marxist aestheticians. In this paper, instead of understanding Lunacharsky’s theory of art in the context of Marxism, discussion will focus on Lunacharsky’s works and Chinese/Western scholars’ studies on Lunacharsky in order to learn more about Lunacharsky’s thoughts and practice of art and revolution.

This study examines the interaction between portraits by the exponent of French colourist painting Nicolas de Largillierre (1656–1745) and elite spectatorship in the early eighteenth century as enactment of the idea of painting as an art of pleasing the eye. As developed in the theory of art of Roger de Piles (1635–1709), the idea of painting as an art of pleasing the eye coexisted with the classicist view, which in turn emphasised the potential of painting to communicate discursive meanings and hence to engage the mind. The idea of painting as an art of pleasing the eye was associated with a taste that valued the pictorial effects of painting and related to the ideal of honnêteté, which expanded on the art of pleasing in polite society by means of external appearances as a sign of social distinction. The aim of the study is to explore how portraits by Nicolas de Largillierre address the spectator and how such paintings might have come to have meaning for spectators in the early eighteenth century. To do this, the study takes a performative approach and defines meaning as a product of the interplay of pictorial effects and spectatorial response, progressing from the initial encounter throughout the sustained exploration of the paintings. Building on close analyses of selected paintings and readings of texts that bear on issues of pictorial imitation, spectatorship and social interaction, the study brings into focus the interplay of cognitive and sensory activities, including verbal articulation and bodily movement, which come into play in the production of meanings through the act of spectatorial experience. The study also emphasises the interplay of the mimetic and the material aspects of the paintings as an important bearer of meanings and identifies several interrelated sites of tension in which the pictorial effectiveness of the portraits resides. The study concludes by suggesting that to infer such meanings, the spectator should be prepared to respond to the address of the paintings actively, by engaging the mind, the senses and the body. Such an interpretation of the interaction between portrait paintings and spectators proposes a complex view of the ways in which artistic and spectatorial practices in the early eighteenth century might have interacted to create meanings while reproducing at the same time social and aesthetic conventions and ideals, such as the art of pleasing the eye. / <p>Fulltexten går inte att ladda ned eller att skriva ut pga upphovsrättslliga skäl. Går endast att läsa på skärmen.</p>

Lévi-Strauss percebe na arte das sociedades modernas três diferenças fundamentais em relação à arte das chamadas sociedades primitivas, o academicismo, o representacionismo e o individualismo. De acordo com o autor, o impressionismo e o cubismo teriam, respectivamente, se voltado contra as duas primeiras características, podendo ser entendidos como movimentos revolucionários. Uma questão que se coloca nesta dissertação é em que medida a terceira característica, o individualismo, foi enfrentada por movimentos contemporâneos da arte, como arte conceitual, e como a estética de Lévi-Strauss poderia ser utilizada na compreensão de movimentos como a arte pop e a arte conceitual. / Levi-Straussart theory shows that modern and contemporary art have three differences which sets them apart from the so-called primitive arts. Those are: individualism, academicism, and representationism. According to the author, impressionism and cubism had each tried to overcome the two latter, because of that bei ng revolutionary movements One questions that remains and which is investigated in this work is in which measure the third difference, individualism, was faced and confronted by contemporary art movements such as conceptual art, and how Levi-Straussart theory could be usefull in an attempt to understand such movements.

Lévi-Strauss percebe na arte das sociedades modernas três diferenças fundamentais em relação à arte das chamadas sociedades primitivas, o academicismo, o representacionismo e o individualismo. De acordo com o autor, o impressionismo e o cubismo teriam, respectivamente, se voltado contra as duas primeiras características, podendo ser entendidos como movimentos revolucionários. Uma questão que se coloca nesta dissertação é em que medida a terceira característica, o individualismo, foi enfrentada por movimentos contemporâneos da arte, como arte conceitual, e como a estética de Lévi-Strauss poderia ser utilizada na compreensão de movimentos como a arte pop e a arte conceitual. / Levi-Straussart theory shows that modern and contemporary art have three differences which sets them apart from the so-called primitive arts. Those are: individualism, academicism, and representationism. According to the author, impressionism and cubism had each tried to overcome the two latter, because of that bei ng revolutionary movements One questions that remains and which is investigated in this work is in which measure the third difference, individualism, was faced and confronted by contemporary art movements such as conceptual art, and how Levi-Straussart theory could be usefull in an attempt to understand such movements.

Este trabalho constitui-se em um estudo da série Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção, executada por Iberê Camargo durante a década de 1980. O objetivo é identificar elementos narrativos presentes na série, tendo como moldura teórica o ensaio O Narrador, de Walter Benjamin. O trabalho é desenvolvido em três capítulos: o primeiro volta-se à investigação da biografia do pintor, suas produções pictóricas e literárias e os contextos nos quais ele e sua obra se inserem; no segundo verificam-se propriedades do narrador e a narrativa sob o ponto de vista de Walter Benjamim; por último, é feita uma comparação entre as características do narrador benjaminiano e Iberê Camargo, bem como a identificação dos aspectos narrativos da série Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção. / This work consists in a study of the series Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção, executed by Iberê Camargo during the decade of 1980. The objective is to identify narrative elements in the series considering as theoretical frame the text The Storyteller of Walter Benjamin. This work is developed in three chapters: the first is dedicated to the biography of the painter, his pictorial and literary productions and the context in which the painter and his work are inserted; in the second the properties of the narrator and narrative are verified according to Walter Benjamins point of view; finally, a comparison between the characteristics of Benjamins narrator and Iberê Camargo is made, as well as the identification of the narrative aspects of the series Ciclistas do Parque da Redenção.

Na segunda metade do século XX, a relação entre pintura e fotografia se modifica.. Pintores como Andy Warhol e Gerhard Richter partem de imagens ordinárias e esquemáticas como modelo para as suas pinturas. Warhol assume os procedimentos gráficos e seriais dos meios de comunicação de massa, Richter representa com óleo sobre tela a superfície e a luz da imagem fotográfica. Essas novas práticas têm impactos decisivos na história da arte. Esta tese pretende levantar as relações entre pintura e fotografia na obra de Warhol e Richter. Tentaremos relacioná-los com um contexto mais amplo da arte do pós-guerra na Europa e nos Estados Unidos e entender como isso sugere uma mudança no sentido da arte depois da década de 1960. / From mid 20th century, the relations between painting and photography changes. Painters like Andy Warhol and Gerhard Richter use ordinary and schematic images as a model for their paintings. Warhol assumes the graphic and serial procedures of the mass media, Richter represents with oil on canvas the surface and the light of the photographic image. These new practices have a decisive impacts on the history of art. This thesis aims to raise questions on the impact of the photography in the work of Warhol and Richter. We will try to relate them to a wider context of postwar art in Europe and the United States and to understand how this suggests a change in the direction of the visual arts after the 1960s.

These pages include parts of the process diary, notes on process, reading, as well as photos from my research process.  These are abstracts of my research and therefore curated in their own right to show not only my somewhat sprawling process but also my honest attempt to share how I document and research in my process. These “written expositions” mirrors how I gather material when I work as a performer and performance maker. This document is as much about me finding out what I did in the project as you are attempting to understand the project´s content, methods and results. It is me looking at the produced material from the outside, curating it to try out words on the method, content and material. I have written about the work reflectively at the same time as I invite you into this action. It´s speculative and intimate.   During my master studies in Performing Arts, I have reflected on what it means to be a performer beyond the symbolic meaning of it- such, as being material or representation for someone else work. I have investigated what the performer spends time doing and reflecting on beyond what is seen “on stage”, and present that, whatever it is and looks like. I have then, in my final degree project, looked at how I can use my gained knowledge as a mainly interactive performer in relation to performance arts and black feminism theory to create my own artistic practice.   My aim has been to do this by being, meaning to exist with, breathing with, becoming part of, attending to and situating myself in relation to performance arts and black feminism theory in a mindful manner.

[pt] Se imagem, por sua anfibologia, pode ser tomada como uma proposição dada à contemplação tanto quanto uma operação da consciência, a pintura parece ser um locus privilegiado para observar a intensificação de seus desafios ao pensamento, assim como arena apoteótica de sua neutralização. Este trabalho se empenha em deslindar alguns aspectos do problema das imagens, visando contudo, aclarar a possibilidade de uma reflexão sobre a mímesis na pintura moderna. O trabalho do pintor Édouard Manet (1832-1883) é assim analisado como contra-exemplo da reiteração de uma premência imitativa nas artes visuais – sem que com isso deixe de se enfatizar as profundas conexões estabelecidas entre obra e mundo. Nossa especulação incidirá sobre a formulação do lugar das imagens no pensamento ocidental, a fim de aclarar se algumas proposições iniciais não se apresentam ainda como entraves na reflexão contemporânea. Por não ser de todo corriqueiro, o empreendimento teórico sobre a mímesis, juntado aí a ênfase das imagens como um modo de relação sui generis, permite refletir sobre a ênfase poiética na pintura de Manet, distanciando-a da sombra de ser ela uma mera crônica reiterativa. Esta investigação, portanto, pretende oferecer uma objeção ao mecanicismo imitativo de alguns dos discursos sobre artes visuais. / [en] If image, due to its amphibology, can be taken as a proposition given to contemplation as much as an operation of consciousness, the realm of painting seems to be a privileged locus to observe the intensification of its challenges to thought, as well as an apotheotic arena of its neutralization. This paper endeavors to unravel some aspects of image s surrounding issues, aiming, however, to clarify the possibility of a reflection on mimesis in modern painting. The work of painter Édouard Manet (1832-1883) is thus analyzed as a counter-example of the reiteration of an imitative urge in the visual arts – without neglecting to emphasize the deep connections established between the work and the world. Our speculation will focus on the formulation of images locus in Western thought, in order to clarify whether some initial propositions do not yet present themselves as obstacles in contemporary reflection. As it is not commonplace, the theoretical enterprise on mimesis, along with the emphasis on images as a unique mode of relationship, allows us to reflect on the poietic emphasis in Manet s painting, distancing it from the shadow of being a mere scandalous and repetitive chronicle. This investigation, therefore, intends to offer an objection to the imitative mechanism of some established discourses on visual arts.