Oscar Jacobson was founded in 1903 in Sweden, which at the timewas a leading country in the textile industry. During the 1960s morecompetitors arose as the fashion industry grew stronger and theglobalization became a fact. Today there is an abundance of brandsand products in the fashion- and textile industry. This has given thecustomers a greater range of products to choose from. We can seetendencies of customer not being as brand loyal as they used to. Toattract and keep the customers loyal the fashion companies need todevelop a unique proposition that differentiates them for theircompetition.It is easy to establish that satisfied customers are the foundation of aprofitable company. It is however harder to define how a companycreates satisfied customers. During our work with this paper wehave discovered that the customer value proposition is a subjectivefactor. A value proposition is the description of the customer’sproblem, the solution of the customer’s problem and the value ofthis solution from the customer’s perspective. Despite a company'sattempts to create value in an objective way with good quality andservice something is missing. So the question is; how will acompany create a relevant customer value proposition?The purpose with our study has been to investigate, describe andanalyses how a Swedish textile company preferably should work tocreate customer value. We have chosen to apply our newfoundknowledge on our investigation company Oscar Jacobson. This willincrease our understanding for factors affecting the customer value.We have used scholarly thesis and qualitative interviews with bothOscar Jacobson’s end customers and retailers. We have alsoconducted an interview with Henrik Schneider, Chief MarketingOfficer, at Oscar Jacobson.We have realized that the value creating process is complex. Allparts within a company need to be pervaded with a clear andconsistent message. After our empirical investigation of OscarIIJacobson’s end customer and retailers we can declare thatsafetyness is a very important factor for Oscar Jacobson’s endcustomers and retailers. safetyness is however nothing that OscarJacobson themselves pointed out as an important factor. We canalso see that the attitude towards Oscar Jacobson is differentdepending on the end customer’s age. The brand awareness ofOscar Jacobson is lower in the younger parts of the target group,which is something Oscar Jacobson needs to take intoconsideration. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

A cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) apresenta posição de destaque no agronegócio brasileiro e na alimentação da população; a manutenção de elevados índices produtivos está condicionada a utilização da irrigação de forma racional e na escolha adequada das cultivares. Diante disso, torna-se fundamental o conhecimento das respostas fisiológicas e produtiva de diferentes cultivares de feijão submetida a três níveis de disponibilidade hídrica. Tais conhecimentos ainda são pouco difundidos e necessitam de pesquisas para sua melhor compreensão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a resposta dos aspectos produtivos e fisiológicos de cultivares de feijão com monitoramento e manejo da irrigação diferenciados. O experimento foi conduzido em condições controladas no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), em Londrina, PR com delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial e cinco repetições, constando de três cultivares de feijão e três níveis de disponibilidade hídrica no solo, monitorada por tensiômetro instalado a 0,15; 0,20 e 0,30 m de profundidade. Foram avaliados a fitomassa seca das folhas, caule, legume, parte aérea, raízes e total; rendimento de grãos e índice de colheita; fotossíntese, concentração interna de carbono no mesófilo foliar, transpiração e condutância estomática, eficiência da fotossíntese, e eficiência no uso da água instantânea e extrínseca. Os resultados indicaram variação em relação à produção de fitomassa seca de folhas, parte aérea, total, rendimento de grãos e índice de colheita, com maiores valores para a cultivar IAPAR 81 submetida à disponibilidade hídrica total de 463 mm. A cultivar IPR Tangará apresentou resultado semelhante para característica índice de colheita, nas demais não apresentou diferença com disponibilidade hídrica total de 463 e 547 mm, considerando as características citadas anteriormente. Todas as características avaliadas foram menores para a cultivar IPR Curió, a qual não apresentou diferenças com disponibilidade hídrica total de 329 e 404 mm na produção de fitomassa seca da parte aérea, total, rendimento de grãos e índice de colheita. O desenvolvimento radicular das cultivares IAPAR 81 e IPR Tangará foram semelhantes, diferentemente da cultivar IPR Curió que apresentou menor crescimento. Houve comportamento diferenciado das três cultivares avaliadas e maior capacidade de recuperação das atividades fisiológicas para as cultivares IAPAR 81 e IPR Tangará em comparação a cultivar IPR Curió; aos 62 dias após a semeadura, foi observada maior redução nos tratamentos cujo monitoramento da irrigação foi realizado a 0,30 m de profundidade para as cultivares IAPAR 81 e IPR Tangará. A cultivar IPR Curió apresentou redução gradativa dessas características ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento. Considerando os resultados conclui-se que as cultivares de feijão apresentaram resposta diferenciada em relação às características produtivas e fisiológicas, a maior produção de grãos ocorreu com disponibilidade hídrica monitorada a 0,20 e 0,30 m de profunidade, as cultivares IAPAR 81 e IPR Tangará apresentaram capacidade de recuperação das atividades fisiológicas após um período de maior estresse; a cultivar IPR Curió apresentou menor eficiência no uso da água. A cultivar IAPAR 81 é mais adequada para locais sujeitos à deficiência hídrica e as cultivares IPR Tangará e IPR Curió serão mais responsivas em sistemas de produção irrigados; não foram observadas alterações nocivas ao aparato fotossintético das cultivares, em função dos tratamentos. / The bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has a prominent position in the Brazilian agribusiness and food of the population; the maintaining of high production rates is dependent upon use of irrigation rationally and in choosing suitable of cultivars. Therefore, it is necessary to know the physiological and productive responses of bean cultivars under three levels of water availability. Such knowledge is still not disseminated and need research for better understanding. The aim of this work was to study the response of productive and physiological aspects of bean cultivars with different monitoring and management of irrigation. The experiment was conducted in Agronomic Institute of Paraná State (IAPAR) in Londrina, PR with a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement with five replications, consisting of three bean cultivars and three levels of soil water availability, monitored by tensiometer installed 0.15; 0.20 and 0.30 m depth. Were evaluated: dry biomass of leaves, stems, pod, aerial part, shoots, and total; grain yield and harvest index; photosynthesis, internal carbon concentration in mesophyll, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis efficiency, and efficiency in the use of instant and extrinsic water. The results indicated variation in relation to dry biomass production of leaves, aerial part, total, grain yield and harvest index, with higher values for IAPAR 81 cultivar with total water availability of 463 mm. The IPR Tangará cultivar showed similar results of characteristics to harvest index but in the other characteristics showed no difference in total water availability of 463 and 547 mm, considering the characteristics previously mentioned. All characteristics were smaller to IPR Curió cultivar, which no showed differences in total water availability of 329 and 404 mm in the dry biomass production of aerial parts, total grain yield and harvest index. The root development of the IAPAR 81 and IPR Tangará were similar, unlike IPR Curió cultivar which showed lower growth. There was a differential behavior of the three cultivars and greater resilience of physiological activities for IAPAR 81 and IPR Tangará cultivars compared to IPR Curió cultivar; at 62 days after seedling, greater reduction in irrigation treatments whose monitoring was carried out at 0.30 m depth for IAPAR 81 and IPR Tangará cultivars was observed. The IPR Curió cultivar showed gradual reduction of these characteristics throughout the development cycle. Considering the results it is concluded that the cultivars showed different responses in relation to the productive and physiological characteristics, the largest grain production occurred with water availability monitored at 0.20 and 0.30 m depth, the IAPAR 81 cultivars and IPR Tangará showed resilience of physiological activity after a period of increased stress; IPR Curió cultivar showed lower water efficiency use. The IAPAR 81 cultivar is more suitable for locations where the water deficit is frequent and the IPR Tangará and IPR Curió cultivars be more responsive in irrigation systems production; no changes harmful was observed to the photosynthetic apparatus of cultivars, independent of the treatments.

A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) é composta de uma mistura complexa e heterogênea de compostos orgânicos, sendo as substâncias húmicas (SH) a fração mais recalcitrante da MOS. As SH têm grande influência sobre as propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo, contribuindo como fonte de energia para microrganismos e também contribuindo com a disponibilidade de nutrientes. Além disso, as SH podem contribuir de forma expressiva para o desenvolvimento e produção das plantas cultivadas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade e diversidade da comunidade bacteriana do solo, a disponibilidade de nutrientes e a produtividade da cultura de trigo após aplicação de doses crescentes de SH. Dois experimentos foram montados e avaliados, sendo um ensaio de incubação com um solo arenoso e outro um experimento de casa de vegetação com plantas de trigo em dois solos tropicais distintos (textura arenosa e argilosa). Houve um estímulo à atividade microbiana em ambos os experimentos, sendo este estímulo transitório, o que provavelmente ocorreu devido a um efeito priming provocado pela adição de SH. No entanto não houve alteração na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana pela adição de SH, o que pode ser devido ao fato de ser um material recalcitrante e já presente no solo. Também houve aumento na disponibilidade de fósforo, potássio, cálcio e nitrogênio, bem como da CTC, tanto em solo arenoso quanto argiloso, expressando o efeito das SH na melhoria das propriedades químicas de solos tropicais. Além disso, um efeito significativo foi visto em parâmetros relacionados à produtividade do trigo. Houve aumento de massa seca de raízes e parte aérea, além de aumento no peso e número de grãos, o que pode se refletir em aumento considerável de produtividade. Esses resultados são importantes por mostrarem que mesmo a fração mais recalcitrante da MOS pode influenciar positivamente aspectos químicos e biológicos do solo, contribuindo com a melhoria do sistema de produção e também com maiores produtividades vegetais. / The soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of a complex and heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds, in which the humic substances (HS) are considered to be the most recalcitrant fraction. HS have great influence on chemical and biological soil properties, contributing as energy source for microorganisms and as nutrient reservoir for plants. Furthermore, HS can contribute significantly to the development and production of crop plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity and diversity of the soil bacterial community, nutrient availability and productivity of a wheat crop after application of increasing doses of HS. For this purpose, two experiments were performed and evaluated, one is an incubation essay with a sandy soil and the other a greenhouse experiment with wheat plants using two distinct tropical soils as substrates (sandy and clayey). Microbial activity was stimulated in both experiments, and this transient stimulus may have been due to a priming effect caused by the addition of HS. However, there was no change in the bacterial community structure which may be due to the fact that HS is a recalcitrant material and already present in the soil. Nevertheless, we found an increase in the availability of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and nitrogen, as well as in the CEC in both, sandy and clayey soils, showing that HS do improve chemical properties of tropical soils. Furthermore, we found a significant effect on wheat productivity related parameters. There was an increase of dry weight of roots and shoots, as well as increased weight and number of grains, which may be reflected in a significant increase in productivity. These results are important because they show that even the most recalcitrant SOM fraction can positively influence soil chemical and biological aspects, contributing to the improvement of the production system and also to higher plant productivity.

Individuals with poor quality diets face an increased risk of developing a range of chronic diseases. Aspects of the local food environment, including food availability, have been linked to less healthy diets and increased body weight in adults. However, there is limited theory development to guide the synthesis of empirical studies or the design and evaluation of intervention strategies. Therefore, this dissertation sought to 1) develop a theory of change for unpacking the association between local food availability, diet quality and weight status through identifying hypothesized pathways of influence; and 2) test identified mechanisms using nationally representative data for adults across the United Kingdom and England. Firstly, a systematic review and realist synthesis were used to generate a novel theory of change for food availability, diet and obesity. This involved integration of tacit knowledge from an expert panel with evidence from a range of published food availability interventions. The resulting theory suggested that the influence of food availability on diet and weight status involves a complex set of pathways. Including the importance of understanding the link between the adoption of, and exposure to, different types of food outlets and the alignment of these factors with the preferences and needs of people of varying socioeconomic position (SEP). Thus, use of different away-from-home food outlets (i.e. fast food, restaurant and café) were examined in adults from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey showing that only use of fast food outlets (but not restaurants or cafés) was associated with poor diet quality and obesity, after accounting for SEP. Next, given the potential importance of exposure to the density of food outlets in their use, the same types of away-from-home food outlets were examined in a cross-sectional spatial study of adults from the first wave of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). This analysis showed that again, regardless of individual SEP, the density of fast food outlets around the home was positively associated with away-from-home food spending and obesity, while the density of restaurants was negatively associated with obesity and no link to the density of cafés. Lastly, preliminary longitudinal analysis using adults from five waves of the UKHLS explored the utility of residential relocation as a means of examining the effect of a change in exposure to away-from-home food outlet density on diet and obesity. Results suggest that relocation can lead to substantial change in food outlet exposures; however, relocation is also accompanied by changes in a variety of demographic and socioeconomic circumstances. Collectively, this work demonstrates that theory development and empirical testing can provide a solid conceptual foundation to improve our understanding of how food availability influences unhealthy diet and obesity, for different groups of people and across a range of circumstances. The application of this systematic approach could lead to a more nuanced view of mechanisms of action and thereby more effectively address complex public health problems.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Julio Carlos Teixeira / A expansão da energia eólica no Brasil é fato nos últimos 20 anos e está consagrada com sua participação da matriz energética nacional. Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de cálculo de Energia Anual Produzida (EAP), considerando a taxa de falhas e o tempo no qual o equipamento permanece sem gerar energia, indisponibilidade ou downtime. Para identificar o efeito das falhas na energia gerada é necessário um banco de dados ainda não disponibilizado no Brasil. O trabalho utilizou valores de referências ¿ benchmarks - de países com diferentes condições climáticas, que empregam diferentes tecnologias, confiabilidades e diferentes tempos de reparo. A partir deste modelo desenvolvido, foi feita a avaliação da EAP e de alguns indicadores de eficiência, considerando diferentes regimes de ventos, taxa de falhas e downtimes. Os resultados mostraram que as perdas devido às taxas fixas e variáveis para ventos brandos, em torno de 6 m/s, são equivalentes, se comportam linearmente com aumento de ventos e são relativamente pequenas se comparadas com as de velocidades mais altas onde as perdas aumentam de forma significativa. A análise desses resultados aponta que a taxa de falhas interfere de forma significativa na estimativa do fator de capacidade e na disponibilidade. Nas condições analisadas, as diferenças entre os indicadores estimados e aqueles que consideram downtimes, superam 2,6%. Essa diferença pode ser tanto maior quanto menor for a confiabilidade ou quanto maior for o tempo de reparo esperado para o parque eólico. Os resultados do trabalho mostram que a indisponibilidade tende a ser reduzida com as manutenções preventivas dos subconjuntos da turbina, e se ocorrerem no período úmido, ocasionarão perdas menores do que se comparadas ao período seco, na proporção de quase 30% nas condições simuladas. Os resultados mostraram também que valores de benchmarks provocam diferentes impactos na EAP. Portanto, conhecer o valor típico brasileiro do MTBF ¿ Tempo Médio Entre Falhas, qual o subsistema é mais confiável e outras informações referentes às condições nacionais, criará condições para uma estimativa mais realista da EAP. Na mesma analogia, conhecendo-se os tempos médios de reparos desses subsistemas - MTTR, e dos demais tempos decorrentes para realização da manutenção, pode-se planejar políticas e práticas adequadas de manutenabilidade para os parques eólicos implantados no Brasil. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2014. / The wind energy expansion has been a fact over the last 20 years in Brazil and it is consolidated as an integral part of the national energy grid. This paper presents a method of calculation of the EAP (annual energy production) considering failure rates and downtime. In order to assess the impact of the energy failures a database, which is not available in Brazil, would be needed. Benchmarks from countries with different climates, different technologies, reliability and recovery time were used. EAP (annual energy production) and some efficiency indicators were assessed through this model, considering different wind patterns, failure rates and downtime. Losses due to fixed and variable rates of light wind, approximately 6 m/s, are equivalent, behave linearly with wind increase and are relatively small when compared to higher speeds, where losses go up and diverge. The outcome assessment shows that the failure rates interfere significantly with the estimate of availability and capacity factors. Under the conditions assessed, the difference between estimated indicators and downtime, is over 2.6%. The lower the reliability or the longer recovery time is, the higher this difference will be. The outcome shows that unavailability tends to be reduced with preventive maintenance of the turbine subsystems, and if it happens in wet seasons, losses are lower compared to dry seasons, nearly 30% under the simulated conditions. The results also showed that benchmark figures have different impacts on EAP. Therefore, knowing the Brazilian typical MTBF (average time between failures) or which subsystem is more reliable will provide conditions to a more accurate and optimized estimate of the EAP. In addition, knowing the average time of recovery of these subsystems (MTTR) as well as the time taken on maintenance might enable us to plan new maintenance practices and policies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 taniguchi_cak_dr_jabo.pdf: 1062568 bytes, checksum: bc86d88e56e243b9e6b9c324c687bcd6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Gelita do Brasil S.A. / Na fabricação de gelatina, são gerados resíduos que, particularmente pela concentração de N, são de interesse para uso agrícola. Os objetivos com este trabalho foram verificar o potencial do lodo biológico de indústria de gelatina (LB) em fornecer nitrogênio para plantas de milho e avaliar a resposta das plantas de milho à aplicação do LB. O LB foi fornecido pela Gelita do Brasil, unidade de Mococa (SP). Ao todo, foram conduzidos seis experimentos: dois em laboratório, dois em casa de vegetação e dois em campo. Para os experimentos em laboratório e em casa de vegetação, foram coletadas amostras de Argissolo Vermelho do local onde foram instalados os experimentos de campo, em Mococa. No laboratório e na casa de vegetação, as doses de LB avaliadas foram equivalentes a 0; 100; 200; 300; 400 e 500 m3 ha-1. Com base nesses experimentos, concluiu-se que o carbono e o nitrogênio orgânico do lodo biológico de indústria de gelatina foram rapidamente mineralizados no solo, com tempo médio de meia-vida de 8,1 e 7,8 dias, respectivamente. Os métodos de incubação aeróbia e anaeróbia foram eficientes em prever a disponibilidade de nitrogênio do lodo biológico para plantas de milho e com base no primeiro foi determinada a taxa de aplicação do LB para os experimentos em campo (85 m3 ha-1). Em um dos experimentos em campo, foram avaliadas doses equivalentes a 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 vezes a taxa de aplicação do LB e foi obtido aumento linear na produtividade de grãos de milho safrinha. No outro experimento em condição de campo, em que a dose de N para milho safrinha foi de 50 kg ha-1 de N, associando NH4NO3 e LB, em diferentes proporções, a produtividade não foi afetada pela fonte de N. / In the gelatin manufacturing process many wastes are generated and particularly by their N concentrations, these wastes can be used for agricultural purpose. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of gelatin industry sludge (GIS) to provide nitrogen for maize plants and to evaluate the response of maize plants to GIS application. The GIS was supplied by Gelita do Brasil, subsidiary in Mococa (Sao Paulo State, Brazil). Six experiments were carried out: two in laboratory, two in greenhouse and two under field conditions. Kandiudult samples were collected from the area where the field experiments were installed, in Mococa, and these soil samples were used in laboratory and greenhouse studies. In laboratory and greenhouse the GIS rates evaluated were equivalent to 0; 100; 200; 300; 400 and 500 m3 ha-1. Based on these experiments it was concluded that organic carbon and nitrogen from GIS were rapidly mineralized in soil, with average half-life of 8.1 and 7.8 days, respectively. Long-term aerobic and anaerobic incubations were effective in predicting the nitrogen availability from GIS to maize plants and from aerobic incubation data it was determined the GIS application rate for field experiments (85.5 m3 ha-1). In one of the field study, rates equivalents to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the GIS application rate were evaluated and it was obtained a linear increase in the out of season maize grain yield. In another field experiment, in which the recommended N rate for out of season maize was 50 kg ha-1 N, ammonium nitrate and GIS were associated in different proportions, maize grain yield was not affected by N source.

The renewable energy sources are the primary solution for energy demand in all the countries because it’s being harmless to the environment. In the short term, wind energy has the most potential among all the renewable energy technologies. In the European Union, Sweden is largely based on renewable energy for their energy demand. Sweden is one of the leading country in the EU where wind power has been growing rapidly. As wind turbines in recent time have been more and more commonly placed in forestal terrain in Sweden, it is of interest to know the difference in annual output compared to the flat terrain which was the earlier dominant terrain type for wind turbines. In this thesis, the difference between the two terrain types is investigated for a number of wind turbine models. This paper presents the study from the annual Vindstat report of the year 2015 and 2016. The data were accumulated in the Excel file and the terrain for turbine locations was classified using Google Earth. Finally, the power generation in both areas are compared by graphs and tables. The results indicate the difference in production according to the terrain and turbine rating. And it was a surprising finding that the difference between them is not more as we expected. Even more, further study is required to find the difference between in forest and flat wind turbines in all the aspects.

Dans une perspective mondiale de décarbonisation de la production énergétique et de croissance de la production d’électricité d’origine nucléaire, la disponibilité des ressources d’uranium est un enjeu majeur. Les technologies futures qui permettront aux réacteurs nucléaires de s’affranchir de l’uranium naturel mettront du temps à être pleinement déployées. Nous analysons donc les conditions de disponibilité de l’uranium au XXIe siècle. Les deux premières sont liées au coût de production : ce sont l’accessibilité technique et l’intérêt économique. Nous les étudions en modélisant les ressources ultimes d’uranium (quantités découvertes et non découvertes) et leurs coûts. Cette méthode s’appuie sur un découpage régional du monde, la connaissance actuelle des gisements et un filtre économique. Elle permet d’établir une courbe d’offre de long terme où les quantités d’uranium techniquement accessibles sont fonction du coût de production. Les principales incertitudes de ces estimations ont été identifiées et l’on montre qu’en l’absence de découpage régional, les ressources ultimes sont sous-estimées. Les autres conditions de disponibilité de l’uranium prises en compte sont liées aux dynamiques de marché que crée la confrontation de l’offre et de la demande. Nous les étudions en les modélisant sous la forme de contraintes dynamiques dans un modèle de marché en équilibre partiel. Ce modèle est déterministe et les acteurs y sont représentés par région. Il permet de tenir compte, par exemple, de la corrélation à court terme entre le prix et les dépenses d’exploration, qui fait l’objet d’une étude économétrique spécifique. À plus long terme, les contraintes modélisées incluent l’anticipation de la demande par les consommateurs et de la raréfaction progressive des ressources ultimes les moins chères. Par une série de simulations prospectives, nous montrons que le rythme de croissance de la demande d’uranium au XXIe siècle et son anticipation ont une forte influence sur la hausse du prix à long terme. À l’inverse, les incertitudes liées à l’estimation des ressources ultimes ont une influence limitée. Nous soulignons également l’évolution inégale du poids des différentes régions dans la production mondiale. Enfin, certaines variations de l’offre (arrêt de la production d’une région par exemple) ou de la demande (croissance irrégulière ou introduction de nouvelles technologies) ont également une influence significative sur l’évolution du prix à long terme ou sa cyclicité. / From a global perspective, a low-carbon path to development driven by a growth of nuclear power production raises issues about the availability of uranium resources. Future technologies allowing nuclear reactors to overcome the need for natural uranium will take time to fully deploy. To address these issues, we analyze the conditions of availability of uranium in the 21st century.The first two conditions are technical accessibility and economic interest, both related to the cost of production. We study them using a model that estimates the ultimate uranium resources (amounts of both discovered and undiscovered resources) and their costs. This model splits the world into regions and the resource estimate for each region derives from the present knowledge of the deposits and economic filtering. The output is a long-term supply curve that illustrates the quantities of uranium that are technically accessible as a function of their cost of production. We identify the main uncertainties of these estimates and we show that with no regional breakdown, the ultimate resources are underestimated.The other conditions of availability of uranium covered in our study are related to the market dynamics, i.e. they derive from the supply and demand clearing mechanism. To assess their influence, they are introduced as dynamic constraints in a partial equilibrium model. This model of the uranium market is deterministic, and market players are represented by regions. For instance, it takes into account the short-term correlation between price and exploration expenditures, which is the subject of a dedicate econometric study. In the longer term, constraints include anticipation of demand by consumers and a gradual depletion of the cheapest ultimate resources.Through a series of prospective simulations, we demonstrate the strong influence on long term-price trends of both the growth rate of demand during the 21st century and its anticipation. Conversely, the uncertainties related to the estimation of ultimate resources have limited influence. We also underline the uneven evolution of market shares between regions. Finally, particular changes in supply (production shutdown in one of the regions, for example) or in demand (irregular growth or introduction of new technology) also have a significant influence on the evolution of the long-term price or its cyclicity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O ArquipÃlago de Cabo Verde, situado na costa ocidental africana, sofre influÃncia do deserto de Saara tornando o clima caracterizado por pluviometria muito baixa e distribuÃda irregularmente no espaÃo e no tempo. As chuvas sÃo muito concentradas, gerando grandes escoamentos para o mar. O aumento da disponibilidade hÃdrica requer alÃm da construÃÃo e manutenÃÃo de infraestrutura de captaÃÃo e conservaÃÃo de Ãguas pluviais, uma gestÃo eficiente destes recursos. Atualmente, constitui um dos eixos estratÃgicos da polÃtica do Estado de Cabo Verde, a captaÃÃo, o armazenamento e a mobilizaÃÃo de Ãguas superficiais atravÃs de construÃÃo de barragens. Estudos do comportamento hidrolÃgico e sedimentolÃgico do reservatÃrio e da sua bacia de contribuiÃÃo constituem premissas bÃsicas para adequados dimensionamento, gestÃo e monitoramento da referida infraestrutura. à nesse sentido que o presente estudo objetivou sistematizar informaÃÃes hidrolÃgicas e sedimentolÃgicas da bacia hidrogrÃfica da Barragem de PoilÃo (BP) e apresentou proposta operacional de longo prazo. A Ãrea de estudo ocupa 28 km da Bacia HidrogrÃfica da Ribeira Seca (BHRS) na Ilha de Santiago. A altitude da bacia varia de 99 m, situada na cota da barragem, atà 1394 m. Para o estudo, foram utilizados e sistematizados sÃrie pluviomÃtrica de 1973 a 2010, registros de vazÃo instantÃnea do perÃodo 1984 a 2000 e registros agroclimÃticos da Ãrea de estudo de 1981 a 2004. Para o preenchimento das falhas tanto dos escoamentos como da descarga sÃlida em suspensÃo, foi utilizado o mÃtodo de curva chave. Para estimativa de produÃÃo de sedimentos na bacia, aplicou-se a EquaÃÃo Universal de Perda de Solo (USLE) associada à razÃo de aporte de sedimentos (SDR). O Ãndice de retenÃÃo de sedimentos no reservatÃrio foi estimado pelo mÃtodo de Brune e a distribuiÃÃo de sedimento pelo mÃtodo empÃrico de reduÃÃo de Ãrea descrito por Borland e Miller e revisado por Lara. Para gerar e simular curvas de vazÃo versus garantia foi utilizado cÃdigo computacional VYELAS, desenvolvido por AraÃjo e baseado na abordagem de Campos. TambÃm foi avaliada uma possÃvel reduÃÃo da vazÃo de retirada do perÃodo 2006 a 2026, provocada pelo assoreamento do reservatÃrio. Concluiu-se que, em mÃdia, a precipitaÃÃo anual à de 323 mm, concentrando-se 73% nos meses de agosto e setembro; a bacia de contribuiÃÃo apresenta nÃmero de curva (CN) 76, com abstraÃÃo inicial (Ia) de 26 mm, coeficiente de escoamento de 19% e vazÃo anual afluente de 1,7 hm (Cv = 0,73); a disponibilidade hÃdrica para garantia de 85% à 0,548 hmÂ/ano e nÃo 0,671 hmÂ/ano, como indica o projeto original da barragem. Com uma descarga sÃlida avaliada em 22.185 mÂ/ano, estima-se que, atà o ano de 2026, a capacidade do reservatÃrio seja reduzida a uma taxa de 1,8 % ao ano, devido ao assoreamento, provocando uma reduÃÃo de 41% da disponibilidade hÃdrica inicial. Em 2026, segundo as estimativas dessa pesquisa, as perdas por evaporaÃÃo e sangria deverÃo ser da ordem de 81% da vazÃo afluente ao reservatÃrio. Na base desses resultados se apresentou proposta de operaÃÃo da Barragem de PoilÃo / Cape Verde Islands, located in the West African coast, are influenced by the Sahara desert, making the climate characterized by very low rainfall and great spatial and temporal variability. The rainfall events are highly concentrated generating large flows to the sea. The increase of water availability requires construction and maintenance of infrastructure to capture and conserve rainwater, and also an efficient management of these resources. Nowadays, capture, storage and mobilization of water surface through construction of dams is one of the strategic priorities of the policy of the State of Cape Verde. Studies of hydrology and sedimentology of the only existing reservoir (PoilÃo Dam, 1.2 hmÂ) and its watershed are the basic requirements for adequate design, management and monitoring of this infrastructure. In this sense, the present study aimed at systematizing hydrological and sediment information of the PoilÃo Dam and providing a long-term operational proposal. The altitude of the basin varies from 99 m, situated on the dam, up to 1394m. For the study, the following data were used and systematized: rainfall dataset from 1973 to 2010; records of instantaneous flow for the period of 1984 to 2000; and agro-climatic records from 1981 to 2004. To fill the gaps of both flow and suspended-sediment discharge, the rating-curve method was used. To estimate sediment yield in the watershed it was applied the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), associated with the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR). The sediment release efficiency rate of the reservoir was estimated by Brune method and the sediment distribution inside the reservoir by the empirical area reduction method described by Borland and Miller, and reviewed by Lara. To assess water availability, water yield versus reliability curves were used. These curves were obtained by the computer code VYELAS, developed by AraÃjo and based on Campos approach. The reduction of the water yield (caused by the reservoir silting) within the period from 2006 to 2026 was also assessed. It was concluded that the average annual rainfall in the watershed is 323 mm, concentrating 73% in August and September; the watershed presents a number of curve (CN) of 76 with an initial abstraction (Ia) of 26 mm, the runoff coefficient is 19% and the average annual inflow is 1.7 hm (coefficient of variation 0.73); the water availability at 85% reliability level is estimated at 0.548 hmÂ/year and not 0.671 hmÂ/year as the original design indicates. With a sediment discharge estimated at 22,185 mÂ/year, it was concluded that, by the year 2026, the annual reservoir storage capacity reduction rate is 1.18% (due to siltation), causing a 41% reduction of the initial water availability. At that time, losses due to evaporation and spillway overflow totalize 81% of annual inflow. Based on these results, a PoilÃo reservoir operation proposal is presented

nÃo hà / Este estudo investiga o impacto dos instrumentos de polÃtica monetÃria e fiscal sobreas os recursos arrecadados pelo Governo Federal e disponÃveis aos demais entes federados do Brasil. As variÃveis dependentes estudadas foram o Imposto de Renda (IR), o Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados (IPI) e algumas componentes daquele, tais como o Imposto de Renda Retido na Fonte e o Imposto de Renda Pessoa JurÃdica de empresas nÃo financeiras, enquanto os controles foram a taxa SELIC, os meios de pagamento restritos (M1) e a taxa de cÃmbio (real/dÃlar). Modelos economÃtricos tradicionais de sÃries temporais foram estimados com dados mensais entre janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2012 e os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir com elevada robustez que: i) variaÃÃes positivas no dÃlar proporcionam diminuiÃÃes nas arrecadaÃÃes de ambos os impostos; ii) elevaÃÃes na taxa SELIC e nos meios de pagamento restritos (M1), diferentemente do observado no cÃmbio, tendem a proporcionar aumentos na arrecadaÃÃo de ambos os impostos. Em conjunto, tais resultados justificam a preocupaÃÃo e a necessidade de intervenÃÃo da autoridade monetÃria no intuito de regular o comportamento desses controles. / This work investigates the impact of the instruments of monetary and fiscal policy on the funds raised by the Federal Government and available to other federal entities (cities and states) in Brazil. The dependent variables were the Income Tax (IT), the Tax on Industrialized Products, while controls were the official interest rate (SELIC), the restricted means of payment (M1) and exchange rate (real / U.S. dollar). Traditional econometric time series models were estimated using monthly data from January 2008 to December 2012 and the results allowed to infer that: i) increases in the dollar provide decreases in both taxes; ii) increases in the interest rate and restricted means of payment (M1) tend to provide increases in both taxes. Together, these results justify the concern and the need for intervention by the monetary authority in order to regulate the behavior of these controls.