This essay explores men´s relationship to training through a phenomenological understanding of bodily comfort and orientation. This is done by a survey performed with three men who identified themselves as feminist and continuingly exercise their bodies. The phenomenological understanding is then broadened by coupling the men's experiences to contemporary research on masculinity. By employing theories surrounding Sara Ahmed's view on phenomenology and Raewyn Connell's hegemonic masculinity, the essay shows that the men's bodily comfort and orientation is affected by the fact that they exercise. Through their training they construct bodies that in some aspects correlates with the conception of being in form, being fit. It also correlates with normative conceptions of masculine bodies. The conception of the fit body and masculinity is also explored through a view on norms of society. The feeling of incorporating social norms increases the men's bodily comfort, and give them a sense of being in control of their bodies. That they identified as feminist shows that they have an ambivalent relationship to their practitioner.

Asteroid missions are gaining interest from the scientific community and many new missions are planned. The Didymos binary asteroid is a Near-Earth Object and the target of the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA). This joint mission, developed by NASA and ESA, brings the possibility to build one of the first CubeSats for deep space missions: the ASPECT satellite. Navigation systems of a deep space satellite di er greatly from the common planetary missions. Orbital environment close to an asteroid requires a case-by-case analysis. In order to develop the Attitude Determination Control System (ADCS) for the mission, one needs detailed information about orbital disturbances in the vicinity of the asteroid. This work focuses on the development of a simulator that characterises the orbital disturbances a ecting the ASPECT satellite in the space environment near the Didymos asteroid. In this work, a model of orbital conditions and disturbances near the Didymos system was defined. The model integrates several classical and modern models of spacecraft motion and disturbance. An existing Low Earth Orbit (LEO) simulator was modified and updated accordingly to the ASPECT mission scenario. The developed simulator can be used to analyse the disturbances to be counteracted by the ADCS of the ASPECT satellite. The objective of the study was to quantify the e ect of both non-gravitational and gravitational disturbances. The simulator was used to analyse di erent orbit scenarios related to the period of the mission and to the relative distance between the spacecraft and the asteroid system. In every scenario, the solar radiation pressure was found to be the strongest of the disturbance forces. With the developed simulator, suitable spacecraft configurations and control systems can be chosen to mitigate the e ect of the disturbances on the attitude and orbit of the ASPECT satellite.

La capacité des microalgues à accumuler des quantités importantes de lipides de réserve font de ces organismes de bons candidats pour envisager une production durable de biocarburants (biodiesel). Cependant, des verrous d’ordre technologique et biologique persistent avant d’atteindre une production économiquement viable. Dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes et biosynthèse et d’accumulation des lipides chez les microalgues et de proposer des voies d’amélioration biotechnologiques, nous avons développé deux approches expérimentales complémentaires en utilisant la microalgue Chlamydomonas reinhardtii comme modèle. La première a été de caractériser par des techniques de protéomique et de lipidomique la composition des gouttelettes lipidiques s’accumulant en réponse à une carence en azote. Les données de protéomique nous ont permis de montrer que les gouttelettes lipidiques étaient des structures cellulaires dynamiques impliquées non seulement dans le stockage, mais aussi dans la biosynthèse, la remobilisation et le « trafficking » des lipides. Les protéines identifiées au cours de cette étude nous fournissent des gènes cibles d’intérêt pour mieux comprendre les voies de biosynthèse des triacylglycérols et accroître l’accumulation d’huile. La seconde approche, de génétique formelle, a consisté à rechercher puis à caractériser des mutants isolés à partir d’une banque de mutants d’insertion de C. reinhardtii. Deux mutants d’intérêt, l’un affecté dans la composition en acides gras (crfad7) et l’autre capable d’accumuler des lipides en l’absence de stress (coa1, pour constitutive oil accumulator 1), ont été isolés. / The ability of microalgae to accumulate high amounts of reserve lipids makes these organisms good candidates for the production of sustainable biofuel (biodiesel). However, both technological and biological bottlenecks remain to be overcome before profitable production is reached. With the aim to better understand lipid metabolic pathways in microalgae and further propose new strategies for biotechnological improvement, we have developed two complementary experimental approaches in the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. As a first approach, we performed a proteomic and lipidomic characterization of oil bodies isolated from nitrogen-deprived cells. Based on proteomic data, we have concluded that oil bodies are dynamic structures involved not only in the storage, but also in oil biosynthesis, degradation and lipid homeostasis. The proteins identified in this study should provide useful targets for genetic studies aiming at increasing our understanding of triacylglycerol synthesis and further improve intracellular oil accumulation. The second approach, based on the development of a forward genetic screen, aimed at searching and further characterizing mutants isolated from a C. reinhardtii insertion library. Two mutants of interest, one affected in the fatty acid composition (crfad7), the other (coa1, for constitutive oil accumulator 1) able to accumulate reserve lipids in the absence of stress, have been isolated. The crfad7 mutant, affected in the expression of the unique ω3 fatty acid desaturase present in the C. reinhardtii genome, has been complemented and subjected to extensive phenotypical characterization.

Termination service reletionship of members of security bodies Czech republic Abstract This master thesis deals with the ways of terminating the service of the security corps in the Czech Republic. The work concentrates on the issue of the dismissal of a member of the service and the related decision of the service official at his own discretion. The work itself is divided into five chapters. The introductory chapter outlines the issue of employment in generally and the aim is to emphasize the inadequate regulation of the termination of service The following chapter deals with the basic components of the service relationship, such as the legal development of the service of the armed forces in the Czech Republic, the establishment of the employment relationship, conditions of relationship, its subsequent changes and the rights and obligations of the participants in this employment relationship. The main chapter describes all the ways of termination of service, which is allowed by the law on service. Most of all this chapter focuses on the way of termination of dismissal, because it is the most problematic from practice and it is most often reviewed and subsequently canceled by the judicial system of the Czech Republic. The chapter itself mentions two important cases of police practice that reflect the hasty...

The aim of the study is to analyse the role of democratic school governing bodies in promoting school improvement in four High Schools in Pimville and Klipspruit locations in Soweto. The study presents two arguments, one is theoretical and the other is methodological. Theoretically, there is no clear-cut relationship between democratic SGBs and school improvement. Methodologically, the relationship between SGBs and school improvement can best be understood based on a critical analysis that specifies the context within which democratic SGBs promote school improvement. Such an analysis reveals the complex nature of the school dynamics within which SGBs have to promote school improvement. The role of SGBs is mediated by various local and global socio-economic and political factors. This study articulates these factors as inputs, context, complexity and mediation. Consequently, understanding the nature of the role of SGBs in promoting school improvement requires an elaboration of the specific articulation of these factors. Input factors important for school improvement include the school infrastructure, learning and teaching material, financial resources, quality of teachers and standards of teaching methodology as well as parental participation. The context and complexity factors indicate that school improvement efforts must appreciate the conceptual and historical contexts that shape the conception and practice of school improvement. SGBs emerge out of a particular historical moment. SGBs have features of both apartheid school boards and committees and the people‘s education‘s PTSA‘s. These features render the role of SGBs precarious because it is framed within contradictory ideological discourses. Other context factors are relationships within the school, leadership and socio-economic factors. Finally, the role of SGBs is mediated by how school improvement is understood in these schools, by legislation and the complex nature of school dynamics. The study concludes that schools do not operate outside of a history of unequal provision of resources and SGBs do not exist independently of the incessant conflict among social forces. Schools operate within a social context. When narrowly focused within the school and in isolation from the historical legacy, school improvement initiatives reproduce and perfect the features that define their context.

Esta tese desenvolveu uma metodologia para auxiliar a elaboração da proposta de enquadramento e o estabelecimento das metas para efetivação do enquadramento dos corpos hídricos. Foram inseridos novos critérios de análise direcionados para o processo de gestão, sendo eles: a probabilidade de ocorrência da qualidade da água e o custo das medidas de despoluição necessárias para aumentar o atendimento ao enquadramento proposto. A utilização da probabilidade de ocorrência apresenta vantagens para a gestão da qualidade da água, sendo útil para os instrumentos de controle da poluição através da verificação da freqüência de violação da qualidade da água e da amplitude do risco de violação em função do acréscimo de carga poluente lançada no corpo hídrico. A probabilidade da qualidade da água, da forma como está sendo calculada neste estudo, representa papel integrador entre o processo de gestão ambiental e de recursos hídricos, o qual fornece diretrizes para o processo de planejamento, fiscalização e monitoramento dos órgãos licenciadores, formulação de critérios de penalidades. Tendo-se em vista a efetivação da proposta de enquadramento foram desenvolvidas funções de custo para as medidas de despoluição hídrica de controle de carga poluidora doméstica e difusa, as quais possibilitaram a definição de diferentes estratégias para obtenção da qualidade da água desejada. O modelo desenvolvido incluiu integradamente a quantidade e a qualidade da água, os usos prioritários, a simulação da qualidade da água e o estabelecimento de alternativas de despoluição hídrica, permitindo a realização de inúmeras combinações de cenários de remoção de carga e estratégias de metas progressivas para o estabelecimento da meta final. Estes critérios, até então, não haviam sido inseridos integradamente em uma plataforma computacional. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Iguaçu, localizada na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba PR, foi escolhida para avaliar a potencialidade de utilização do modelo. Esta aplicação indicou a necessidade de análise conjunta entre os critérios relacionados no processo de gestão de recursos hídricos, onde a escolha de um sistema de tratamento indevido pode não levar a obtenção dos resultados desejados no que diz respeito à qualidade da água. A contribuição do modelo desenvolvido está na automatização e na criação de rotinas de cálculo dos critérios estabelecidos para análise da proposta de enquadramento dos corpos hídricos com metas progressivas. A inserção destes critérios em uma plataforma computacional única traz agilidade para o sistema de gestão da qualidade da água e contribui para efetivação da gestão de recursos hídricos no Brasil. / This study developed a mathematical model to support the proposal of the water bodies classification and the setting of goals for its implementation. New analysis criteria, directly related to the water management process, were included in the model. These criteria are the occurrence probability of certain water quality standards and the associated cost to attain these water quality standards, according to the established water uses. The use of the occurrence probability of water quality standards produces benefits for the water resources management process because it support the pollution control instruments through the verification of the frequency of water quality standards violations, as well as the violation risk level, according to the increase of pollution load discharged into a water body. The occurrence probability of water quality standards integrates the environmental management process with the water resources management process, which provides guidelines for planning, inspection, monitoring and penalty formulation. In view of the implementation of water bodies classification, this study developed several cost functions for the measures of water pollution control, as point and non-point load. It allows the definition of different strategies in order to attain the intended water quality standard. The model combined, in the analysis, the water quantity and quality values, the priority uses, the water quality simulation and the definition of pollution load treatment alternatives. This combination allows the evaluation of several load removal scenarios and different strategies for progressive goals to reach water quality standards. These set of criteria had never been jointly analyzed in a computational model. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the model, the proposed methodology was applied at Alto Iguaçu watershed, located at the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, PR. The results of this case study indicated the importance of combining the related criteria in the water resources planning and management system, mainly because the adopted measures may often not attain satisfactory results in terms of the intended water quality standard. The contribution of the proposed model is the definition and automation of a routine calculation that reflect the established criteria for the analysis of progressive goals for water bodies classification. The incorporation of such criteria into a single computational model results in more efficiency for the water quality management system and support the implementation of the water resources planning and management system in Brazil.

Este trabalho aborda os três problemas clássicos de geometria da Grécia antiga trazendo as principais histórias e conceitos necessários para compreensão dos mesmos. Construções geométricas com régua não graduada e compasso, números construtivos, corpos, números complexos e polinômios são alguns dos assuntos que antecedem o tratamento dos problemas. As construções são exibidas usando as relações existentes nas operações aritméticas, dá opções de como se representar geometricamente as quatro operações básicas e a extração de raízes quadradas, mostrando que todo problema modelado nessas condições pode ser solucionado através dos instrumentos euclidianos. Essa exibição vem ao encontro dos números construtivos, trazendo à tona quais os principais pensamentos sobre construções com régua e compasso, deixando claro a definição de construções geométricas para os gregos. São apresentados também propriedades da álgebra abstrata envolvendo conjuntos numéricos que possuem características de corpo, dentre eles os números complexos. Além disso, tratamos dos polinômios, os quais são fundamentais nas demonstração das impossibilidades clássicas. Por fim, esta pesquisa deixará claro a integração de todos os conteúdos citados acima e de que forma toda teoria pode ser organizada na realização das demonstrações da impossibilidade da duplicação do cubo, trissecção do ângulo e quadratura do círculo, frizando a mobilização dos matemáticos ao longo da história para tentar explicar tais problemas, acarretando um alto desenvolvimento da Matemática. / This work addresses the three classic problems ancient Greek geometry bringing the main stories and concepts needed to understand them. Geometric constructions with non-graded ruler and compass, building numbers, bodies, complex numbers and polynomials are some of the issues that precede the statements of problems. The buildings are displayed using the relationships in arithmetic operations, the options of how to represent geometrically the four basic operations and extraction of square roots, shows that every problem can be modeled in such conditions solucionas through Euclidean tools. This view comes against constructive rising numbers which the main thoughts of constructions with ruler and compass, making clear the definition of geometric constructions for the Greeks. It also present properties of abstract algebra involving numerical sets that have body characteristics, including complex numbers, also explains the importance of polynomials in the statement of classical impossibilities building the definition of degree of extension. Finally this research will clarify the integration of all the contents mentioned above and how every theory can be organized in the realization of doubling the cube demonstrations, angle trisection and squaring the circle, plus the mobilization of mathematicians throughout history for trying to explain such problems causing a high development of mathematics

Os corpos d\'água do município de São Carlos/SP recebem esgotos domésticos, efluentes industriais e agrícolas, de tal forma que se propôs neste trabalho a identificação de possíveis correlações entre a contaminação antropogênica dos cursos d\'água com as fontes poluidoras. Escolheram-se 27 pontos de amostragem - localizados de maneira estratégica - para analisarem-se os parâmetros: pH, condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura e sólidos totais dissolvidos, na água; nutrientes (nitrogênio total Kjeldahl, fósforo total e carbono orgânico) e metais (Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn e Al) na água e nos sedimentos; além de ânions (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42- e PO43-) e cátions (Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+ e Ca2+) na água. A partir do conjunto de dados obtidos das análises, propôs-se o cálculo de um índice de qualidade (IQASC), de modo que pudesse ser feita a quantificação da qualidade da água destes cursos d\'água nos períodos das chuvas (verão) e das secas (inverno). Observou-se através dos valores dos índices que a sazonalidade é muito importante na qualidade dos cursos d\'água do município, de modo que no período das chuvas a qualidade da água é melhor do que no período das secas na maioria dos pontos de coleta. Utilizou-se a correlação de Spearman para distinguir se nutrientes, íons e metais poderiam vir da mesma fonte de poluição ou se os mesmo são devidos a contribuições naturais dos solos. Fizeram-se análises quimiométricas (HCA e PCA) com intenção de uma melhor interpretação dos resultados, pois o grande conjunto de dados dificultava a visualização dos mesmos. O método do \"refolding\" da matriz aumentada foi importante para, a partir dos parâmetros analisados, separarem-se os escores geográficos dos temporais. Através da HCA, obteve-se a separação da maioria dos grupos segundo as campanhas de amostragem, de tal forma que apenas em um ou dois dos grupos, no máximo, ocorreu à mistura de pontos de diferentes épocas de coleta. Na PCA, diferenciaram-se alguns grupos de amostras, a partir dos quais se pôde descobrir quais dos parâmetros analisados eram devidos a contaminação antropogênica ou contribuição natural dos solos. Através da análise dos resultados, pôde-se concluir que os pontos do Córrego do Gregório dentro do perímetro urbano, do Córrego do Tijuco Preto próximos da nascente, do Córrego Água Quente após receber o esgoto do bairro Cidade Araci e alguns pontos do Rio Monjolinho estão impactados pela presença de esgoto doméstico. / The water bodies of São Carlos/SP receive domestic sewage besides industrial and agricultural wastewaters, so that it was proposed in this work the identification of possible correlations between the waterways anthropogenic contamination and the pollution sources. Twenty-seven sampling points were chosen - strategically located - in order to analyze the following parameters: pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and total dissolved solids in the water; nutrients (total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic carbon) and metals (Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Al) in the water and sediments; anions (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42- e PO43-) and cations (Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+ e Ca2+) in the water. From the set of data obtained in the analyses, it has been proposed the calculation of a quality index (IQASC), so that the quantification of the water quality could be performed, during the summer (rainy weather) and the winter (dry weather). It was observed through the values of the indices that the seasonality is very important for the quality of watercourses in the city, so that during the rainy season the water quality is better than in the dry one in the majority of the sampling points. The Spearman correlation was used in order to distinguish if nutrients, ions, and metals could come from the same source of pollution or if the contributions are of naturally origin. Chemometric analyses (HCA and PCA) were also performed for better interpreting the results, due to the large amount of data. The method of refolding the augmented matrix was important for, through the analyzed data, separating geographical and temporal scores. Through the HCA, the separation of the majority of the groups according to the sampling campaigns was achieved. In one or two groups only the mixture of sampling campaigns were observed. The PCA differentiated some groups of samples, allowing the association of the parameters to anthropogenic or natural sources. By analyzing the obtained results, it could be concluded that the Gregório Stream (inside the urban perimeter), the Tijuco Preto Stream (near its spring), the Água Quente Stream after receiving the sewage of Cidade Araci Suburb, and some points of Monjolinho River are impacted by the presence of domestic sewage.

Esta tese é resultado da pesquisa realizada entre as famílias tupi guarani, que compõem a aldeia Ywy Pyhaú, situada no município de Barão de Antonina, sudoeste do estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de uma etnografia cujo intuito é abordar as múltiplas dimensões do movimento da pessoa, dentre eles os sonhos (xeke rupi...), tema que orientou a pesquisa de doutorado e guiou a escrita desta tese. Além dos sonhos se apresentarem como possibilidades de relações entre os diversos tipos de gente que habitam o cosmos, é através deles que recebem seus mborei (cantos-reza), aconselhamentos e mensagens divinas, bem como, revelações de Nhanderu, que podem tanto interferir no dia-a-dia das pessoas e em suas decisões pessoais quanto servir de impulso a eventos maiores como, por exemplo, as mudanças nos locais onde constituem suas aldeias. Evidenciando assim, que aquilo que experienciam durante o sono, influencia sua vida desperta. No entanto, por se tratar de uma das dimensões do movimento da pessoa, não é possível dissociar os sonhos de outras tantas capacidades e, consequentemente, discutir a seu respeito sem abordar, também, suas práticas de territorialidade, suas formulações acerca de seus corpos-espíritos, assim como a importância que atribuem às relações entre parentes. Em suma, pretende-se demonstrar, articulando temáticas tão variadas, que para as famílias tupi guarani viver junto aos parentes, em uma terra boa, é o que as fortalece, e possibilita que tenham bons sonhos, ocasiões nas quais recebem saberes e poderes das divindades. / This dissertation is the result of research carried out among tupi guarani families, which make up the village Ywy Pyhaú, and live in Barão de Antonina city, southwest of São Paulo state. This is an ethnography that has the intention of approaching the multiple dimensions of the person\'s movement, including dreams (xeke rupi); a theme that guided this doctoral research and the writing of this thesis. In addition to dreams presenting themselves as possibilities of relations among the different types of people who inhabit the various Tupi Guarani worlds, it is through them that people receive their mborei (song-prayer), as well as counseling and divine messages and Nhanderu´s revelations that can both interfere in their daily lives and in their personal decisions, and major events, such as changes in the locations of their villages. This shows that what they experience during sleep, affects their waking life. However, because the dream is one of the dimensions of a person\'s movement there is no way of dissociating them from many other capacities. This, in turn, gives rise to the discussion of the territorial practices of the tupi guarani families, their formulations about the body-spirits and the importance they attach to relations among relatives. In short, by articulating these different themes, this ethnography intends to demonstrate, that living with relatives in a good land, is what strengthens the Tupi Guarani and enables them to have good dreams, those by which they can receive knowledge and power from the divinities.

Introdução: Por se tratar de uma falha médica com potencial implicação jurídica, a retenção inadvertida de corpos estranhos continua sendo subnotificada, o que dificulta o seu estudo e a sua compreensão. Como resultado, ainda se enfrenta um problema recorrente. Este estudo explorou a experiência de cirurgiões brasileiros em relação à retenção de corpos estranhos, analisando as suas características e consequências. Métodos: Foi enviado um questionário de preenchimento voluntário, confidencial e anônimo, por correio eletrônico, aos cirurgiões membros de nove sociedades brasileiras, durante um período de três meses. As questões analisaram a vivência dos entrevistados com os corpos estranhos, seus tipos, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, fatores de risco ou de proteção e implicações jurídicas. Resultados: Das 2872 submissões elegíveis, 43% dos médicos teriam deixado e 73% retirado corpos estranhos em uma ou mais ocasiões. Destes, 90% eram têxteis, 78% foram descobertos no primeiro ano e 14% eram assintomáticos. A maioria das retenções ocorreu no início da carreira profissional, em procedimentos eletivos (54%) e rotineiros (85%), porém complexos (57%). Emergência, ausência de contagem, pacientes obesos, fadiga do cirurgião e problemas relacionados às equipes cirúrgicas e aos processos foram tidos como os principais facilitadores. Os pacientes foram alertados sobre a retenção em 46% das vezes e, destes, 26% processaram os médicos ou a instituição. Conclusões: A maioria das retenções inadvertidas ocorreu nos primeiros anos de atividade profissional, em intervenções eletivas e rotineiras. Os corpos estranhos foram diagnosticados nos primeiros meses de pósoperatório, tendo sido os têxteis os mais frequentes. Os fatores de risco referidos pelos entrevistados são comuns em seus locais de trabalho, como emergências e equipes cirúrgicas incompletas, por exemplo. Menos de metade dos operados ficou ciente do evento adverso, sendo que a minoria acabou processando as instituições e/ou cirurgiões envolvidos / Background: Although there is an international mobilization to deal with unintentionally retained foreign bodies (RFB), since it is medical malpractice with potential legal implications, the cases are underreported, hindering the understanding and study of the problem. As a result, we face a recurrent and poorly understood event. This study explored the experience of brazilian surgeons on RFB and analyzed their characteristics and consequences. Study Design: In a three-month period, questionnaire was sent to surgeons members of nine brazilian societies, by electronic mail. Answering the questionnaire was volunteer. Answers were kept confidential and anonymous. The questions explored their experience with foreign bodies, FB types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, risk and protection factors, and legal implications. Results: In 2872 eligible questionnaires, 43% of the doctors said they had already left FB and 73% had removed FB, in one or more occasions. Of these foreign bodies, 90% were textiles, 78% were discovered in the first year after the surgery and 14% remained asymptomatic. The occurrence of RFBs is more frequent in early professional career, in elective (54%) and routine (85%), but complex (57%) procedures. The main causes were emergency, lack of counting, inadequate work conditions, change of plans during the procedure and obese patients. Patients were alerted about the retention in 46% of the cases, and of these, 26% sued the doctors or the institution. Conclusion: The majority of unintentionally retained foreign bodies occurred at the beginning of the professional career, during routine surgical procedures. In general, foreign bodies caused symptoms and were diagnosed in the first year of the post-operative period. Textiles predominated. Inadequate work conditions were listed as RFB risk factors, as well as emergency surgery, for example. Less than half of the patients were aware of the adverse event and 26% sued the surgeons or the institutions involved in the procedure