M.Com. (Business Management) / Since the dawn of democracy, South Africa has experienced continued service delivery protests. The extent to which these protests manifest themselves could be indicative of the communication gap that exists between local councillors and communities. In response, communities might use protests to serve as a medium of communication to highlight their unhappiness with service delivery. The e-participation programme is an intervention introduced by the German International Cooperation to explore the potential and assist municipalities with the implementation of a short message system-based, two-way channel for citizen-municipality communication. This study examined the level of readiness of municipalities with regard to the implementation and the sustainability of the e-participation programme. It used a mixed method approach to investigate a sample of municipalities. Findings and recommendations to government on considerations for implementation of the programme is discussed. The study concludes by highlighting earned benefits that can be enjoyed by all South African municipalities by employing the core pillars of various models used in other countries in implementing e-participation.

Messenger RNA degradation is crucial for the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. It not only modulates the basal mRNA levels but also functions as a quality control system, thereby controlling the availability of mRNA for protein synthesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the first and the rate-limiting step in the process of mRNA degradation is the shortening of the poly(A) tail by deadenylation complex. After the poly(A) tail shortens, mRNA can be degraded either through the major 5' to 3' decapping dependent or the 3' to 5' exosome-mediated degradation pathway. In this thesis, we show some of the means by which mRNA decay factors can modulate gene expression. First, Pat1 is a major cytoplasmic mRNA decay factor that can enter the nucleus and nucleo-cytoplasmically shuttle.  Recent evidence suggested several possible nuclear roles for Pat1. We analyzed them and showed that Pat1 might not function in pre-mRNA decay or pre-mRNA splicing, but it is required for normal rRNA processing and transcriptional elongation. We show that the mRNA levels of the genes related to ribosome biogenesis are dysregulated in the strain lacking Pat1, a possible cause of the defective pre-rRNA processing. In conclusion, we theorize that Pat1 might regulate gene expression both at the level of transcription and mRNA decay. Second, Edc3 and Lsm4 are mRNA decapping activators and mRNA decay factors that function in the assembly of RNA granules termed P bodies. Mutations in mRNA degradation factors stabilize mRNA genome-wide or stabilize individual mRNAs. We demonstrated that paradoxically, deletion of Edc3 together with the glutamine/asparagine-rich domain of Lsm4 led to a decrease in mRNA stability. We believe that the decapping activator Edc3 and the glutamine/asparagine-rich domain of Lsm4 functions together, to modify mRNA decay pathway by altering cellular mRNA decay protein abundance or changing the mRNP composition or by regulating P bodies, to enhance mRNA stability. Finally, mRNA decay was recently suggested to occur on translating ribosomes or within P bodies. We showed that mRNA degradation factors associate with large structures in sucrose density gradients and this association is resistant to salt and sensitive to detergent. In flotation assay, mRNA decay factors had buoyancy consistent with membrane association, and this association is independent of stress, translation, P body formation or RNA. We believe that such localization of mRNA degradation to membranes may have important implications in gene expression. In conclusion, this thesis adds to the increasing evidence of the importance of the mRNA degradation factors in the gene expression.

Northern lakes and ponds are abundant and emit large amounts of the potent climate forcer methane to the atmosphere at rates prone to change with amplified Arctic warming. In spite of being important, fluxes from surface waters are not well understood. Long-term measurements are lacking and the dominant and irregular transport mode ebullition (bubbling) is rarely quantified, which complicate the inclusion of lakes and ponds in the global methane budget. This thesis focuses on variations in emissions on both local and regional scales. A synthesis of methane fluxes from almost all studied sites constrains uncertainties and demonstrates that northern lakes and ponds are a dominant source at high latitudes. Per unit area variations in flux magnitudes among different types of water bodies are mainly linked to water depth and type of sediment. When extrapolated, total area is key and thus post-glacial lakes dominate emissions over water bodies formed by peat degradation or thermokarst processes. Further, consistent multiyear measurements in three post-glacial lakes in Stordalen, northern Sweden, reveal that seasonal ebullition, primarily driven by fermentation of acetate, can be predicted by easily measured parameters such as temperature and heat energy input over the ice-free season. Assuming that most water bodies respond similarly to warming, this thesis also suggests that northern lakes and ponds will release substantially more methane before the end of the century, primarily as a result of longer ice-free seasons. Improved uncertainty reductions of both current and future estimates rely on increased knowledge of landscape-level processes related to changes in aquatic systems and organic loading with permafrost thaw, as well as more high-quality measurements, seldom seen in contemporary data. Sampling distributed over entire ice-free seasons and across different depth zones is crucial for accurately quantifying methane emissions from northern lakes and ponds. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Les petites particules ribonucléoprotéiques nucléaires (snRNPs) sont les composants majeurs du splicéosome, la machinerie responsable de l'épissage des pré-messagers. La biogenèse des snRNPs est un processus complexe qui fait intervenir de nombreux facteurs comme les protéines SMN et ICln. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l'étude du rôle de ces deux protéines dans la maturation et la production des snRNPs du splicéosome.Dans la première partie de mon travail, les modifications internes des snRNAs ont été caractérisées dans des cellules dont les corpuscules de Cajal sont dispersés à cause d'une déficience de la protéine SMN. En effet, en plus de son rôle dans les étapes précoces de formation des snRNPs, la protéine SMN est également requise pour la formation des corpuscules de Cajal, structures nucléaires qui concentrent les scaRNAs impliqués dans le processus de modification post-transcriptionnelle des ARNs. Nous avons pu ainsi montrer que la protéine SMN et les corps de Cajal ne sont pas essentiels à la production des résidus 2'-O-methyl et pseudouridine dans les snRNAs majeurs et mineurs.La deuxième partie de mon travail a porté sur l'étude des relations fonctionnelles entre les protéines ICln et SMN in vivo en utilisant l'organisme modèle S. pombe. Après avoir caractérisé un homologue de la protéine humaine dans la levure fissipare, nous avons montré que la protéine ICln n'est pas essentielle mais est importante pour une croissance optimale des cellules de levure. Notre étude montre aussi que la modulation de l'activité de la protéine ICln ne permet pas de compenser les défauts dans la production de snRNPs observés dans les cellules portant un allèle muté de SMN. Finalement, l'utilisation d'une approche génomique montre que la délétion du gène ICln entraine des défauts différentiels d'épissage, indiquant que le choix des sites et la cinétique d'épissage sont fortement dépendants de la concentration des composants de base du splicéosome. / Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are the major components of the spliceosome, the machinery responsible for the splicing of pre-messenger RNAs. The biogenesis of snRNPs is a complex process that involves many factors such as the SMN and ICln proteins. During my thesis, I studied the role of these two proteins in the maturation and the production of the spliceosome snRNPs.The goal of the first part of my work was to characterize the internal modifications of snRNAs in SMN-deficient cells carrying disrupted Cajal bodies. Indeed, in addition to its role in the early stages of snRNPs assembly, the SMN protein is also required for the formation of Cajal bodies which are nuclear structures carrying the scaRNAs involved in the post-transcriptional modification process of RNAs. We could show that the SMN protein and Cajal bodies are not essential for the formation of 2'-O-methyl and pseudouridine residues in the major and minor snRNAs.In the second part of my work, the functional relationships between the ICln and SMN proteins were examined in vivo using the S. pombe model organism. We first identified a fission yeast homologue of the human ICln protein and found that the ICln protein is not essential but important for optimal growth of yeast cells. Our study also showed that the modulation of the activity of the ICln protein does not compensate for defects in the production of snRNPs observed in yeast cells carrying a SMN mutated allele. Finally, the use of a genome-wide approach allowed us to show that deletion of the ICln gene resulted in differential splicing defects, indicating that the choice of splice sites and the kinetics of splicing are strongly dependent on the concentration of the basic components of the spliceosome.

The governing bodies of the association of owners of (residential) units and their decision/making This thesis deals with the governing bodies of the asscociation of owners of (residential) units, their position in Czech legal order and their decision-making. Thesis is focused on the performance of decision making in practise and problems which are associated with it. It focuses primarily on the enactment of Act No. 72/1994 Coll., Act on ownership of (residential) units, including government regulation No. 371/2004 Coll., where are defined standard Articles of owners of (residential) units, which focuses on the problematic provisions or lack of legislation. The thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter is introductory, there are defined goals of the work, postition of ownership of units in the Czech legal system, its historical development and definition of key terms. The second chapter describes the association of owners of (residential) units as a legal person, its origin, the rights and obligations standing in the legal system, including membership, which takes a closer view of the conditions, rights and obligations of individual members, and way of termination of membership. The third chapter describes the governing bodies of the association of owners of (residential) units. This...

A superior in the Catholic Church at times needs the consent or counsel of certain consultative body in order to place a juridic act validly. Legal status of such colleges or groups of persons is regulated by the Code of Canon Law (CIC/1983) and by the statutes approved by the diocesan bishops. This thesis inquires into legal status of the consultative bodies in Roman Catholic diocesis, vicariates and parishes in Czech Lands. Within the diocese the presbyteral council, the college of consultors and the diocesan finance council are required, establishment of the diocesan pastoral council is optional. Mission of the presbyteral council is to assist the diocesan bishop in the governance of the diocese to promote as much as possible the pastoral good of the portion of the people of God entrusted to him. The diocesan bishop is to hear it in affairs of greater importance. Consultation of the presbyteral council is compulsory for example in case of establishment, or supression of parishes, decision to build new church or relegation of a church to profane use. The diocesan bishop needs the consent of the college of consultors especially to place acts of extraordinary administration or to alienate some goods. If the see is impeded, the college is to elect a diocesan administrator. The diocesan finance...

hPrp8 is an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor. This highly conserved protein is a component of the U5 small ribonucleoprotein particle (U5 snRNP), which constitutes one of the building blocks of the spliceosome. hPrp8 acts as a key regulator of spliceosome activation and interacts directly with U5 snRNA and with the regions of pre-mRNA that are involved in the transesterification reactions during splicing. Mutations in hPrp8 have been shown to cause an autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited disease leading to progressive degeneration of retina. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the RP-associated mutations on the function of hPrp8. Using BAC recombineering, we created mutant variants of hPrp8-GFP construct and we generated stable cell lines expressing the recombinant proteins. The mutant proteins were expressed and localized to the nucleus. However, one of the missense mutations affected the localization and stability of hPrp8. Further experiments suggested that RP-associated mutations affect the ability of hPrp8 to interact with other components of the U5 snRNP and with pre-mRNA. We further studied the biogenesis of U5 snRNP. We depleted hPrp8 by siRNA to interfere with U5 snRNP assembly and we observed that the incompletely assembled U5 snRNPs accumulate in...

Comparative analysis of the role of judges in international judicial bodies Abstract The proximate topic of this thesis are two of the most prominent international judicial bodies: The Court of Justice of the European Union, in the narrow sense of the term, and the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. The actual interest of the work however lies not in the history, normative underpinnings or operation of these institution per se, but rather in the general insights on judicial partiality, bias and relevant preventive mechanisms which can be gleaned from these two concrete examples. The thesis does initially provide a brief overview of the actual workings of both systems, in order to establish a factual background on which to base its subsequent theoretical analysis. The second segment of the work then predominantly focuses on two phenomena - the distribution of representation in the relevant bodies of the judicial institutions from the perspective of individual member entities of both organizations, and the related issue of partiality of judges and other judicial or quasi-judicial figures in these systems; in particular their propensity towards championing national interest of their home countries, in lieu of a disinterested due performance of their duties. The analysis initially examines the factual state of...

- Governing Bodies of the Unit Owners' Association and Their Decision- Making The aim of my thesis is to analyze the system of governing bodies of the unit owners' association, their decision-making, powers and liability. The thesis also attempts to focus on and to clarify certain legal questions relating to the provisions of the Unit Ownership Act that cause problems of interpretation with the professional public, courts and unit owners. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter One is introductory and outlines the legal framework of the topic and relevant Czech legislation, and sets out the aims of the thesis. Chapter Two examines the nature of the unit owners' association as a legal entity endowed with limited (special) legal personality that is formed by operation of law (ex lege). The association may exercise only such powers and only to the extent expressly permitted and set forth in the provisions of the Unit Ownership Act (No. 72/1992 Coll.) such as administration, operation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of common elements of the building. Each unit owner in the building submitted to the Unit Ownership Act is entitled to undivided ownership of common elements, and also becomes a member of the relevant association. Chapter Three addresses the issue of the Articles of...