The master's thesis is devoted to the development of promising ways to improve the organization of activities of financial control bodies in the Russian Federation. Final qualification work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of sources used. The first chapter discusses the theoretical aspects of state financial control. The second chapter analyzes and evaluates the control work of the Accounts Chamber and the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. The third chapter is devoted to the development of recommendations for improving the organization of the activities of control bodies and making a forecast for increasing budget revenues of the Russian Federation in future periods to further improve the quality of life of the country's population. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена разработке перспективных путей совершенствования организации деятельности органов финансового контроля в Российской Федерации. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты государственного финансового контроля. Во второй главе проведён анализ и оценка контрольной работы Счетной палаты и Федеральной налоговой службы Российской Федерации. Третья глава посвящена разработке рекомендаций по совершенствованию организации деятельности контрольных органов и составлению прогноза по увеличению доходов бюджета Российской Федерации в будущих периодах для дальнейшего улучшения качества жизни населения страны.

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In the aftermath of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa J.M.Coetzee writes of the "system" of guilt and shame, debt and retribution which operates throughout society. He and writers like Doris Lessing and Barbara Kingsolver tell stories which traverse and explore the paths tracked by society's quest for healing and restitution. (White) women too, Coetzee's protagonist (in Disgrace) muses, must have a place, a "niche" in this system. What is this "niche" and what role do the women in these texts play in the reparation of colonial wrong? How is their position dictated by discourses which acknowledge the agency of the (female) body in epistemologies of guilt and power? This mini-dissertation attempts to trace the figure of the white woman in three late 201h-/early 21 51-century postcolonial literary texts, in order to read the phrases of meaning that have been inscribed on her body. The novels read are J.M.Coetzee's Disgrace, Barbara Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible and Doris Lessing's The Grass is Singing. / English Studies / M. Eng. (Gender, Identity and Embodiment)

In recent years, there have been many debates about fat female bodies in the media. Fat women are often associated with moral failure, laziness and stupidity. Women’s fat bodies are loaded with negative meanings because of dominant negative attitudes. These attitudes tells fat women that they need to change their bodies, in order to fit in a society where beauty standards are characterized with certain ideals around skinnyness. In this study, i will show how fat female bodies are being discussed on Flashback forum. I’m using a gender and intersectionalitative perspective. Anti-feminists uses Flashback forum to express sexist, homophobic and racist comments about different authors of feminist and body-positive blogs. These feminist bloggers are questioning the oppression that fat women faces in their everyday lives, and they wan’t to make all bodies visable by countering prejudice about fat female bodies. When does Flashback take threats against female feminist bloggers seriously?

Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση των εξισώσεων κίνησης του στερεού σώματος και η μελέτη δύο σημαντικών επιλύσιμων περιπτώσεων κίνησης στρόβου (Lagrange, Euler) . Στo πρώτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφουμε την κίνηση ενός στερεού σώματος χρησιμοποιώντας την ομάδα στροφών. Αποδεικνύουμε το θεώρημα Chasles το οποίο μας δείχνει πως η μετακίνηση ενός στερεού μπορεί να αποσυντεθεί σε περιστροφή γύρω από έναν άξονα και μεταφορά πάνω σε αυτόν. Στη συνέχεια σκοπός μας είναι η κατανόηση της γωνιακής ταχύτητας ενός στερεού σώματος. Σημαντικό ρόλο σε αυτή την πορεία παίζει τόσο το αδρανειακό όσο και το ενσωματωμένο στο στερεό σύστημα αναφοράς. Έπειτα δίνονται οι ορισμοί της ενέργειας, της στροφορμής, της ροπής και οι εκφράσεις τους συναρτήσει γνωστών πλέον εννοιών από τα προηγούμενα. Το κεφάλαιο ολοκληρώνεται με την Δυναμική που έχει ως αντικείμενο μελέτης και έρευνας τη κίνηση των σωμάτων υπό την επίδραση δυνάμεων, και καταλήγει στην παρουσίαση των εξισώσεων Euler. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο στρέφουμε το ενδιαφέρον μας στις εφαρμογές και παρουσιάζουμε την επίλυση δύο σημαντικών προβλημάτων της μηχανικής: η κίνηση ενός συμμετρικού στρόβου που κινείται υπό την επίδραση του βάρους του έχοντας ένα σταθερό σημείο (ο στρόβος του Lagrange) και η κίνηση ενός στερεού που κινείται χωρίς την επίδραση εξωτερικών ροπών (ο στρόβος του Euler). Οι λύσεις εκφράζονται μέσω Ελλειπτικών Συναρτήσεων. Τέλος, στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθενται σχόλια στις εργασίες των Holmes - Marsden και των Heijden - Yagasaki που αφορούν την ύπαρξη χαοτικής συμπεριφοράς στην διαταραγμένη περίπτωση Lagrange, που αναφέρεται σε σχεδόν συμμετρικό στρόβο. / Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση των εξισώσεων κίνησης του στερεού σώματος και η μελέτη δύο σημαντικών επιλύσιμων περιπτώσεων κίνησης στρόβου (Lagrange, Euler) . Στo πρώτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφουμε την κίνηση ενός στερεού σώματος χρησιμοποιώντας την ομάδα στροφών. Αποδεικνύουμε το θεώρημα Chasles το οποίο μας δείχνει πως η μετακίνηση ενός στερεού μπορεί να αποσυντεθεί σε περιστροφή γύρω από έναν άξονα και μεταφορά πάνω σε αυτόν. Στη συνέχεια σκοπός μας είναι η κατανόηση της γωνιακής ταχύτητας ενός στερεού σώματος. Σημαντικό ρόλο σε αυτή την πορεία παίζει τόσο το αδρανειακό όσο και το ενσωματωμένο στο στερεό σύστημα αναφοράς. Έπειτα δίνονται οι ορισμοί της ενέργειας, της στροφορμής, της ροπής και οι εκφράσεις τους συναρτήσει γνωστών πλέον εννοιών από τα προηγούμενα. Το κεφάλαιο ολοκληρώνεται με την Δυναμική που έχει ως αντικείμενο μελέτης και έρευνας τη κίνηση των σωμάτων υπό την επίδραση δυνάμεων, και καταλήγει στην παρουσίαση των εξισώσεων Euler. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο στρέφουμε το ενδιαφέρον μας στις εφαρμογές και παρουσιάζουμε την επίλυση δύο σημαντικών προβλημάτων της μηχανικής: η κίνηση ενός συμμετρικού στρόβου που κινείται υπό την επίδραση του βάρους του έχοντας ένα σταθερό σημείο (ο στρόβος του Lagrange) και η κίνηση ενός στερεού που κινείται χωρίς την επίδραση εξωτερικών ροπών (ο στρόβος του Euler). Οι λύσεις εκφράζονται μέσω Ελλειπτικών Συναρτήσεων. Τέλος, στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθενται σχόλια στις εργασίες των Holmes - Marsden και των Heijden - Yagasaki που αφορούν την ύπαρξη χαοτικής συμπεριφοράς στην διαταραγμένη περίπτωση Lagrange, που αναφέρεται σε σχεδόν συμμετρικό στρόβο.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

This thesis examines the default application of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties reservation rules to reservations to human rights treaties. The contemporary practice of formulating reservations allows states to unilaterally modify their treaty obligations following the conclusion of negotiations. Though multilateral treaties address a broad spectrum of subjects and are negotiated using a variety of methods, all treaties are governed by the same residual reservation rules of the Vienna Convention when there is not a treaty-specific reservation regime in place. The Vienna Convention system is only engaged if a state seizes the opportunity to determine whether a reservation is valid pursuant to default rules or if a challenge regarding the validity of a reservation is brought before another competent mechanism of review, such as a dispute resolution mechanism. Even when applied, the Vienna Convention rules are ambiguous at best and have been criticised since their inception due to the high degree of flexibility in their application, especially in relation to human rights treaties. In light of the inherent flaws of the Vienna Convention reservation regime and the structural characteristics of human rights treaties, rarely will a reserving state be deprived of the benefit of the reservation even if it is determined to be invalid by another State Party. Though the consequences of an invalidity determination are more concrete when the decision is taken by a dispute resolution mechanism, such as a court, seldom are disputes over the validity of a reservation to a human rights treaty submitted to a competent mechanism. Using the core UN human rights treaties as a case study this research highlights that the past thirty years have revealed a practical impasse in treaty law when the default reservation rules are relied upon to regulate reservations to human rights treaties. Reservations of questionable validity gain the same status as valid reservations because the Vienna Convention rules do not address the consequence for a reservation determined to be invalid outwith the traditional inter se application of the reservation between the reserving and objecting states, which is not logical in the context of a human rights treaty. Against this background, this thesis examines whether the default reservation rules adequately govern reservations to human rights treaties. The conclusion affirms that the Vienna Convention reservation regime can regulate reservations to human rights treaties but only if there is a clearly defined final view on the validity of a reservation taken by an organ other than the state. Therefore, it is argued that treaty-specific supervisory mechanisms attached to each of the core UN human rights treaties should be invested with the competency to serve a determinative function with respect to evaluating reservations to human rights treaties in order to facilitate a stronger basis for the international human rights system.

Standards are necessary for an efficient functioning of the market and their regulation is an increasingly important area of law. Such is their importance that today it is possible to find thousands of standards developed by international standardising bodies, governmental agencies and even private companies in products that range from SIM cards and medical devices, to the pasteurisation of milk and computer protocols. Reasons that justify their widespread use are not difficult to ascertain: they play, for example, an important role in the achievement of economies of scale in manufacturing and in the attainment of compatibility of products and processes. However, together with these positive effects, standards can also have discriminatory consequences for trading partners, especially in cases in which they are badly designed and applied (for example, when they are introduced with the real purpose of creating an artificial comparative advantage for domestic producers). Given the existence of these ambivalent effects, three different policy tools have been developed within the World Trade Organisation (WTO) legal regime, aimed at maximising the benefits derived from the use of standards: harmonisation, equivalence and mutual recognition. The present thesis investigates the way in which both the WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreements regulate these three instruments, and also, the potential shortcomings of the system from a trade law perspective. For that purpose, it studies relevant legal provisions of both Agreements, WTO jurisprudence and guidelines issued by international standardising bodies, among other topics.

Kinetic energy extraction devices for ocean and river flows are often located in the vicinity of the fluid free surface. This differs from wind turbines where the atmosphere may be considered to extend to infinity for the purposes of numerical modelling. As most kinetic energy extraction devices are based on lifting surfaces, a numerical model is sought which can model both lifting and free surface flows. One such model is the boundary element method which has been successfully applied to free surface problems and to lifting flows as well as the combined problem. This study seeks to develop a high order boundary element method that is capable of modelling unsteady lifting and free surface flows in three dimensions. Although high order formulations of boundary element methods are common for free surface problems, providing improved accuracy and computational time, their usage for lifting flows is less frequent. This may be due to the hypersingular boundary integral equation (HBIE) which must be solved in order to find the velocity of the vortex wakes behind lifting surfaces. In previous lifting flow studies using high order boundary element methods the wake velocities have been determined at the element centres and then interpolated to the collocation points. Not until the paper of Gray et al. (2004b) has a method been available for the direct solution of the HBIEs at the edges of three dimensional high order elements with C0 continuous interfaces. The solution employs a technique known as the Galerkin boundary element method. This study shows, for the first time, that the Galerkin boundary element method is applicable to the solution of the HBIE on the vortex wake of a lifting body. The application of the technique is then demonstrated as part of the numerical model developed herein. The model is based on the high order boundary element method developed by Xu (1992) for non-linear free surface flows. This formulation is extended to include steady uniform flow throughout the computational domain as well as the presence of lifting and non-lifting bodies. Several verification cases are implemented to test the accuracy of the model.

This thesis examines the ways that Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare use their history plays to subvert the ideals of early modern England. Writing plays about historical events gave the playwrights freedom to depict certain things on stage that would have otherwise been unacceptable, and because they had history as their source, they could show events that were parallel to the current happenings in England and make commentary on those events.