A lot of effort is put into diversity by organizations today, but the diversity question mainly focuses on gender, ethnicity, cultural and beliefs (Robertson, et al., (2017), while one of the most daunting diversity challenges has been proven to be diversity between generations, which often goes overlooked and unaddressed. A new generation represent an increasing share of the work force and many of them are already today positioned in leading positions, aspiring for leadership positions or aiming to reach for management positions to be able to do difference. Organizations that understand how to successfully address generational conflict and leverage each generation’s strengths will be better able to keep employees motivated and productive amidst the social and economical changes.   This study aims to explore the leadership preferences and motivation factors for the Millennial Generation, in order to unlock their potential and be able to bridge this knowledge gap. The preferences were examined through a survey, targeting a study group of millennial knowledge workers with various backgrounds from different companies to be able to dismiss possible bias reflecting different cultures. The survey was performed by adopting items from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), based on Bass’ (1985) Transactional – Transformational leadership theory and the Career Orientation Inventory (COI) reflecting Schein’s (1985) theory about career anchors.   The survey was delivered through several channels and in the end a sample group of 105 Millennial knowledge workers were included in further analysis. An Explorative Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted to determine the underlying structure among the variables in the analysis. Since this research is based on previous studies (Blom, 2010), the methodology is chosen as a confirmatory approach with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to show how well the model fits the data. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is performed to evaluate the relationship between the variables from Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) for Transactional and Transformation Leadership theory and Career Orientation Inventory for Career anchors.   Findings by Blom, (2010) reveal that the Millennial knowledge workers prefer leadership dimensions that involve intellectual stimulation and charisma, which correspond to a transformational leadership style compared to a transactional leadership style. This type of leadership focus on the change in individuals and creates valuable and positive changes, which inspires towards both common and individual goals. Similar results were obtained in our study and the relation with motivating factors shows that the sample group with higly educated people in the knowledge sector are motivated by having meaningful purpose with their job. They also wish to reach administrative positions in their companies and are interested by the thought of create and manage their own business. The interrelation between these factors determines the degree of satisfaction which is directly linked to the relationship between motivation and productivity. This is why it shall be one of the highest priorities of each organisation to find how to motivate their employees on an individual level, it is directly connected to productivity. Key words: Millennials, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Career Anchors, knowledge workers

This research focused on the relationship between self-esteem and career anchors in the context of career development. The objectives of the study were twofold. The first was to establish the relationship between individuals’ self-esteem (as measured by the Culture Free Self-Esteem Inventory) and career anchors (as measured by the Career Orientations Inventory); and the second was to determine if self-esteem significantly predict career anchors. An online survey was administered to a non-probability, convenience sample (n = 77) of full-time individuals, employed adults at managerial and general staff levels, in the South African financial services industry. The sample consisted of predominantly married (58.4%), white (44.2%), females (57.1%) between the ages 35 and 44 years (32.5%). The Culture Free Self-Esteem Inventory for Adults (CFSEI 2-AD) and Career Orientations Inventory (COI) were used to gather data. Correlational analysis showed an association between the variables of CFSEI 2-AD and COI. A multiple regression analysis supported that self-esteem predict career anchors. Recommendations were suggested for use by human resource professionals to inform the career development of employees in the South African financial service industry. / Human Resource Management / M. Com. (Human Resource Management)

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[pt] Mudanças nas últimas décadas no contexto do trabalho levaram ao delineamento de novos modelos de carreira que não são mais ancorados nas organizações, mas no próprio trabalhador. As organizações e funcionários se tornaram menos dependentes e comprometidos um com os outros. Um dos arranjos alternativos de trabalho, que surgiram e cresceram nesse cenário, foi a Gig Economy, caracterizada por relações de trabalho intermediadas por plataformas, temporárias e sob contrato. A recente ascensão, impacto no mercado de trabalho, novas características, experiências e habilidades de trabalho da Gig Economy evidenciam a importância de se entender as orientações profissionais desses trabalhadores. Partindo do entendimento de que essas mudanças no contexto do trabalho tendem a se intensificar, nos próximos anos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as principais âncoras de carreira dos profissionais da Gig Economy. Para isso, foi aplicado o inventário de Schein (1996) a 211 trabalhadores Gig das categorias de transporte por aplicativo, entregas por aplicativo, guia turístico e redator/designer, a fim de identificar as suas motivações, habilidades e valores de trabalho. As duas âncoras predominantes encontradas foram Estilo de vida e Competência Técnico-Funcional, enquanto a âncora menos predominante foi Competência Gerencial. / [en] In recent decades, changes in the work environment have led to the establishment of new career models that are no longer based on organizations, but on the worker themselves. Organizations and employees have become less dependent on and committed to each other. One of the alternative work arrangements that have emerged and grown in this scenario is the Gig Economy, characterized by work relationships mediated by platforms, temporary and contract-based. The recent rise, impact on the labor market, new characteristics, experiences, and work skills of the Gig Economy highlight the importance of understanding the professional orientations of these workers. Based on the understanding that these shifts in the work context are poised to intensify in the near future, the objective of this research was to determine the key career anchors of professionals in the Gig Economy. To accomplish this, Schein s inventory (1996) was administered to 211 Gig workers in the categories of ride-sharing, delivery services, tour guides, and writer/designers, to identify their work motivations, skills, and values. The two predominant career anchors identified were Lifestyle and Technical/Functional Competence while the least predominant anchor was General Managerial Competence.

Titel: Direktörer i diadem - En studie kring hur genusroller och stereotyper påverkarkarriärvägar och ledarskap inom företagsvärlden Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Vilma Brommels och Josephine Bäcklund Handledare: Monika Wallmon Datum: 2024 – januari Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utforska uppfattningar och förväntningar som ställs på män och kvinnor i ledande positioner inom företagsvärlden, med särskilt fokus på hur dessa uppfattningar och förväntningar är rotade i och påverkas av genusroller enligt Social role-teorin samt Edgar Scheins Karriärankarteori. Metod: Blandad metodansats, kombinerade både kvalitativa och kvantitativa tekniker, med tyngd i den kvalitativa delen. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom både enkäter och intervjuer med tio individer som besitter en ledande position. Resultat och slutsats: Studien understryker att kvinnor i högre utsträckning än män upplever behovet av att hävda sig och kämpa mer på arbetsplatsen. Detta bekräftar hur sociala förväntningar och stereotyper skapar en miljö där kvinnor känner sig tvungna att överprestera för att uppnå samma nivå av erkännande som män. Studien belyser hur homosocialitet (tendensen att välja personer som liknar en själv) spelar en stor roll i rekryteringsprocessen. Detta fenomen bidrar till att män oftare väljs till ledande positioner, vilket förstärker könsskillnader i ledarskap. Studien visar att kvinnor behöver kräva mer i lön och inte dra sig för förhandlingar. Löneskillnader mellan könen uppfattas som omotiverade och orättvisa eftersom kvinnor erbjuds mindre lön för samma arbete. Det framkom att kvinnor tenderar att dra sig mot ankaret “sense of service” medanmän drar sig mot ankaret “lifestyle”. Detta kan spegla och förstärka traditionella könsspecifika förväntningar som påverkar yrkesval och karriärutveckling. Studien erbjuder en djupgående analys av hur genusroller och stereotyper påverkar karriärvägar och ledarskap inom företagsvärlden, med särskilt fokus på könsrelaterade förväntningar, löneskillnader och karriärankares påverkan. Dessa insikter är kritiska för att förstå och utmana de rådande normerna som bidrar till könsskillnader i ledarskap och yrkesutveckling. Examensarbetets bidrag: Ger ett teoretiskt bidrag genom att kombinera Edgar Scheins Karriärankarteori med Social role-teorin, vilket ger en fördjupad förståelse av samspelet mellan könsroller och drivkrafter i karriärutveckling. Praktiskt bidrar studien med insikter för ledarskap och personalutveckling, genom att visa hur organisationer kan skapa mer inkluderande arbetsmiljöer som tar hänsyn till könsrollers påverkan på karriärval, vilket i sin tur kan leda till ökad arbetsnöjdhet och produktivitet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Rekommenderar att utforska skillnaderna och likheterna i karriärval mellan chefer och medarbetare genom ett mer omfattande urval. En sådan studie kan ge en djupare insikt i hur karriärankare påverkar könsfördelningen i ledande befattningar. Föreliggande forskningsdesign, som kombinerar Karriärankarteorin med Social role-teorin, är robust och lämpar sig väl för fortsatt testning i större studier. Föreslår även att utforska interaktionen mellan omsorgsetikens principer och ledarskap samt karriärsutveckling. En fortsatt studie kan inkludera teoribas kring "Ethics of Care", som betonar relationella och situationsanpassade tillvägagångssätt. Ett särskilt fokus bör läggas på hur omsorgsetik kan påverka karriärsavancemang och könsdynamik inom olika professionella sammanhang, vilket skulle berika förståelsen och bidra till utvecklingen av mer inkluderande arbetsmiljöer. / Title: Directors in Diadems - A Study on How Gender Roles and Stereotypes Affect Career Paths and Leadership in the Corporate World Level: Student thesis, Final Assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Vilma Brommels and Josephine Bäcklund Supervisor: Monika Wallmon Date: 2023 - January Aim: The aim of this study is to explore perceptions and expectations placed on men and women in leading positions within the corporate world, with a particular focus on how these perceptions and expectations are rooted in and influenced by gender roles according to Social role theory and Edgar Schein's career anchor theory. Method: Mixed method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques, with an emphasis on the qualitative part. A mixed-method approach has been employed, and the empirical data have been collected through both surveys and interviews with tenindividuals holding leadership positions. Results and conclusions: The study emphasizes that women, to a greater extent than men, feel the need to assert themselves and fight harder in the workplace. This confirms how social expectations and stereotypes create an environment where women feel compelled to overperform to achieve the same level of recognition as men. The study highlights how homosociality (the tendency to choose individuals similar to oneself) plays a significant role in the recruitment process. This phenomenon contributes to men being more often chosen for leadership positions, reinforcing gender differences in leadership. The study addresses that women generally need to demand higher salaries and not shy away from negotiations. Gender pay gaps are unmotivated and unfair since womenare offered a lower salary for the same work. It was found that women tend to gravitate towards the career anchor "sense of service," while men lean towards "lifestyle". This may reflect and reinforce traditional gender-specific expectations that influence career choices and development The study provides an in-depth analysis of how gender roles and stereotypes affect careerpaths and leadership within the corporate world, with special focus on gender-related expectations, wage disparities, recruitment biases, and the impact of career anchors. These insights are critical for understanding and challenging the prevailing norms that contribute to gender differences in leadership and professional development. Contribution of the thesis: Provides a theoretical contribution by combining Edgar Schein´s career anchor theory with Social role theory, offering a deeper understanding of the interplay between gender roles and motivations in career development. Practically, the study contributes insights for leadership and personnel development, by demonstrating how organizations can create more inclusive work environments that consider the impact of gender roles on career choices, which in turn can lead to increased job satisfaction and productivity. Suggestions for future research: Recommends exploring the differences and similarities in career choices between managers and employees through a more extensive selection. Such a study could provide deeper insight into how career anchors affect gender distribution in leadership positions. The existing research design, which combines career anchor theory with Social role theory, is robust and well-suited for continued testing in larger studies. Also suggests exploring the interaction between the principles of care ethics and leadership as well as career development. A continued study could include a theoretical basis around "Ethics of Care," which emphasizes relational and situationally adapted approaches. Particular focus should be placed on how ethics of care can impact career advancement and gender dynamics within various professional contexts, which would enrich understanding and contribute to the development of more inclusive work environments.

The objective of the present study was to explore whether individuals' career anchors are dependent on their personality types. The Career Orientation Inventory (COI) and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) were administered to a sample of honours students in the subject field of Industrial and Organisational Psychology in order to measure the relationship between the two constructs. For statistical purposes only the female participants were included in the final sample analysis (N=117) because of the underrepresentation of males. Statistically significant differences were established with regard to the security/stability career anchor and the ESFJ, ENFP, ESFP and INFP personality types. It is recommended that future studies include larger samples that are more representative of all possible sixteen (16) personality types and a broader range of occupations. The findings contribute new knowledge regarding the career anchors and personality preferences of females pursuing further studies in the field of IO-Psychology. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between archetypal values (measured by the PMAI), career orientations (measured by the COI), perceived career success and meaningfulness (measured by open-ended questions) in a sample of 207 participants employed in the science and engineering sector. The secondary objective was to qualitatively assess the core themes underlying individuals‟ perceptions of their career success and meaningfulness. The tertiary objective was to determine whether demographic groups differ in terms of their archetypal values and career orientations. The research findings indicated significant relationships between participants‟ archetypal values, career orientations, their perceptions of career success and meaningfulness. The findings further revealed a number of core themes underlying individuals‟ perceptions of their career success and meaningfulness. Significant differences were observed between demographic groups in terms of their archetypal values and career orientations. The findings contributed valuable new knowledge to inform career counselling and decision-making practices. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The objectives of the research were: (1) to establish the relationship between individuals’ emotional affect, career resilience and their career orientations, (2) to explore the moderating role of emotional affect in the career resilience-career orientations relationship, and (3) to determine if employees from different years of service, occupational level, gender, age and race groups differ significantly in relation to their emotional affect, career resilience and career anchors. A convenience sample (N = 143) of predominantly black African people (86%) and staff level (80%) employees with more than 10 years of service (60%) participated in the study (mean age: 41 years; men: 52%; women: 48%). Correlational analysis showed significant associations between the variables. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis indicated high positive affect as a significant moderator of the career resilience-managerial competence career anchor relationship. High negative affect and low negative affect significantly weakened the career resilience-entrepreneurial creativity, career resilience-pure challenge and career resilience-lifestyle relationships. Significant differences were detected between the years of service, age and race groups regarding the variables. The findings may potentially inform the career development of employees in the Public Service / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The primary objectives of the study were as follows: (1) to explore the relationship between career anchors (as measured by the Career Orientations Inventory), organisational commitment (as measured by the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire) and turnover intention (as measured by a three-item questionnaire, developed by Mobley, Horner, and Hollingsworth, 1978); and (2) to determine whether employees from different gender, race, employment positions and age groups differ significantly in their career anchors, organisational commitment and turnover intention. A quantitative survey was conducted on a non-probability sample of 343 employed adults at managerial and general staff levels in the South African retail sector. The results of this study suggest that there was a significant but weak relationship between employees‟ career anchors and their organisational commitment. Career anchors were also found to be significantly related to organisational commitment and turnover intention; with entrepreneurial creativity, lifestyle and service/dedication to a cause career anchors being the best predictors of these two variables. The relationship between organisational commitment and turnover intention was significant and negative, with affectively and normatively committed participants being more likely to remain with the organisation (i.e. having lower turnover intentions). In addition, the findings indicate that although gender has no relationship with turnover intention, race, employment position and age do. African, general staff and 30 years and younger participants indicated higher intentions to leave the organisation. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M. Comm. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Le concept de carrière, autrefois considéré comme étant un chemin linéaire au sein d'une même entreprise dont les perspectives d'évolution étaient tenues pour acquis, semble aujourd'hui évoluer vers de nouveaux concepts de carrière. La rhétorique organisationnelle depuis la fin des années 1980 a progressivement évolué a d'un concept d'emploi long terme et permanent vers une nécessité claire de prise de responsabilité individuelle en vue d'assurer sa propre progression et son propre développement de carrière (Bolton & Gold, 1994; Baruch, 2006). En outre, les différences générationnelles et les avancées technologiques ont considérablement modifié l'environnement et le marché du travail, facilitant ainsi les échanges au-delà des frontières géographiques et introduisant la nécessité de gérer les différences culturelles (Crepeau et al., 2006). Nous analysons deux concepts de carrière afin de comprendre la vision contemporaine de carrière : en premier lieu, nous avons utilisé la théorie d'ancres de carrière développée par Schein (1978) qui a donné lieu à une compréhension plus large des différences individuelles ainsi que de la culture organisationnelle selon une perspective interdisciplinaire. Schein a défendu le point de vue que l'individu développe un « concept de soi » associé à sa carrière, qui devient une ancre stabilisant et influençant ses décisions liées à sa carrière. Dans une nouvelle conceptualisation de cette analyse, Feldman & Bolino (1996) défendent le point de vue que les ancres de carrière ont des associations les unes avec les autres. Ils proposent un modèle de compatibilité ou d'opposition basé sur le concept des huit ancres de carrière de Schein / Careers that were once conceptualized as life-long linear paths with frequent upward mobility within one organization have increasingly given way to new models of how careers unfold. The organizational rhetoric since the late 1980's has progressively changed from offering long-term and life-long employment, to clear messages concerning the imperative of individual career responsibility for one's progression and development (Bolton & Gold, 1994; Baruch, 2006). In addition, generational differences and technological advances have greatly changed the face of the work place, easily allowing the crossing of borders and the necessity to deal with cultural differences (Crepeau et. al., 2006). To understand how contemporary workers navigate in their careers, we mobilized two main career concepts. First, we used the theory of career anchors developed Schein (1978), which gave rise to wider understanding of both individual differences and organizational culture from an interdisciplinary perspective. Schein postulated that individuals develop a career “self-concept” which becomes an “anchor”, stabilizing and directing individual career decision-making. A re-conceptualization of his work by Feldman & Bolino (1996) postulated that career anchors could be associated with each other, proposing a model of compatibility or opposition in the relationships between the eight career anchors of Schein. Second, we used the boundaryless career concept, which suggested a change from the traditional career ideal of one single employer for the entirety of one's professional life (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996; Sullivan & Arthur, 2006)