Orientador: Maria Salete Machado Cândido / Banca: Osmir Batista de Oliveira Júnior / Banca: Denise Pedrini / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar através de Análise Metalográfica em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, a ocorrência de possíveis alterações na microestrutura do amálgama, e analisar, através de fotomicrografias, a presença de fendas na interface dente/restauração, quando este é associado a três diferentes materiais adesivos intermediários, sendo eles: Panávia F, Vidrion F e Scotchbond Multi-Uso Plus (SBMP). Para este estudo, foram utilizados 20 terceiros molares recentemente extraídos, os quais receberam preparos Classe I, assim restaurados: GRUPO I (controle): restaurações com amálgama sem a presença de agente intermediário, GRUPO II: restaurações com amálgama associadas ao Panávia F; GRUPO III: restaurações com amálgama associadas ao Vidrion F; e, GRUPO IV: restaurações com amálgama associadas ao SBMP. Após confecção das restaurações, de acordo com as instruções dos fabricantes, os corpos-de-prova permaneceram em água destilada a 370C +/- por 24h e foram submetidos a termociclagem (8oC a 550C). Em seguida, os corpos-de-prova foram seccionados longitudinalmente no sentido mésio-distal e submetidos à análise Metalográfica em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e à análise da interface adesiva através da mensuração da fenda em três regiões distintas: (IA1) interface esmalte/restauração; (IA2) interface ângulo/restauração; (IA3) interface parede pulpar/restauração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e estatística, pela análise de variância, com p=0,05, cujos resultados nos permitiram concluir que: a) Nenhum dos materiais intermediários testados determinou alterações na microestrutura do amálgama; b) Houve aumento significativo na presença de porosidades no interior do amálgama nos Grupos II e III; c) A associação do amálgama aos materiais intermediários não foi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The aim of the present study was evaluate utilizing Metalographic Analysis in Scanning Electronic Microscopy the occurrence of possible alterations in amalgam microstructure and evaluate, by means of photomicrographies, the presence of gaps in tooth/restoration interface, when associated to three different intermediate adhesive materials, that was: Panavia F, Vidrion F and Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus (SBMP). For this study, twenty recently extracted third molars were used, and a Class I cavity was made in each tooth and filled in the following form: Group I (control): amalgam restorations without intermediate agent, Group II: amalgam restoration associated with Panavia F, Group III: amalgam restorations associated with Vidrion F, Group IV: amalgam restorations associated with SBMP. After the fillins was made accordingly with the manufacturer's instruction, the test bodies stood in distilled water at 37º C +/- for 24 hours, then being submitted to thermocycling (8º C to 55ºC). Then the test bodies was longitudinally cutted in the medial-distal way, and submitted to the Metalographic Analysis in Scanning Electronic Microscopy and to the adhesive interface analysis through the gap mensuration in three distinct regions: (IA1) tooth/restoration interface; (IA2) angle/restoration interface; (IA3) pulpar wall/restoration interface. The results were submitted to the descriptive and statistical analysis, by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p=0,05), which results allowed the following conclusions: a) none of the tested intermediate materials determined amalgam microstructure alterations; b) there was significant increase in porosities in the interior of amalgam of the groups II and III; c) The association of amalgam with intermediate materials was not capable to avoid the gap formation in the tooth/restoration interface... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Ce travail porte sur la recherche et le développement d'un matériau de substitution osseuse permettant une implantation par chirurgie mini invasive, limitant les infections post-opératoires et dont la résorbabilité serait adaptée à la cinétique de régénération osseuse. Nous nous sommes intéressés à un ciment à base de carbonate et de phosphate de calcium (CaCO3 – CaP) dont la réaction de prise conduit à la formation d'une apatite nanocristalline analogue au minéral osseux. Dans une première partie la cinétique de prise et le produit de réaction ont été caractérisés par différentes techniques, notamment la diffraction des RX et les spectroscopies FTIR et RMN du solide. Un sel d'argent – Ag3PO4 ou AgNO3, choisis pour leurs propriétés antibactériennes – a été ensuite introduit dans la formulation. Son effet sur la cinétique de la réaction chimique de prise a été mis en évidence par traitement des spectres FTIR et RMN et un mécanisme réactionnel original impliquant les ions argent et nitrate dans la formation de l'apatite a été proposé. L'ajout d'un polysaccharide, la carboxyméthylcellulose (CMC), dans la phase solide du ciment a montré une très nette amélioration de l'injectabilité de la pâte, avec la disparition du phénomène de séparation des phases qui limite généralement l'injectabilité des ciments minéraux. La résistance à la compression et le module élastique des ciments composites ont été par ailleurs augmentés, parallèlement à une diminution de leur porosité. Différentes études in vitro en présence de cellules ou de bactéries ont enfin été réalisées et ont mis en évidence respectivement la cytocompatibilité des différentes compositions de ciments étudiées et le caractère antibactérien de ces matériaux à partir d'une certaine concentration en argent. L'implantation in vivo de compositions choisies a présenté des résultats très prometteurs quant à la résorbabilité d'un ciment composite CaCO3 - CaP/CMC/Ag et à la néoformation osseuse. / The present work concerns research and development of a material for bone substitution, enabling implantation through a mini-invasive surgery, limiting post-operative infections and whose resorbability is adapted to bone regeneration kinetics. This study focused on a calcium carbonate and phosphate based cement, whose setting reaction leads to the formation of a nanocrystalline apatite, similar to bone mineral. First, the setting kinetics and the reaction products were characterised using different techniques, especially X-ray diffraction and FTIR and solid-state NMR spectroscopies. A silver salt – Ag3PO4 or AgNO3, chosen for their antibacterial properties – was then introduced in the formulation. Its effect on the setting reaction kinetics was revealed by data processing of FTIR and NMR spectra and an original reaction mechanism which involves silver and nitrates in the formation of apatite was proposed. The addition of a polysaccharide, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), in the solid phase of the cement showed a clear improvement of the injectability of the paste, preventing the occurrence of filter-pressing phenomenon, often limiting the injectability of mineral cements. The resistance to compressive strength and elastic modulus of the composite cement were also improved together with a decrease in their porosity. Different in vitro studies were carried out in the presence of cells or bacteria and demonstrated the cytocompatibility of different cement compositions and their antibacterial properties starting at a certain silver concentration, respectively. In vivo implantation of selected compositions showed promising results concerning resorbability of a composite CaCO3 - CaP/CMC/Ag cement and the associated bone neoformation.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dureza Knoop de cimentos de ionômero de vidro indicados para o Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (TRA) – G1: Ketac TM Molar; G2: Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE) e G3: Magic Glass ® (Vigodent), assim como três diferentes técnicas de inserção, apenas com o Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE), configurando os grupos: G4: inserção com espátula; G5: seringa comercial (Centrix ® ) e G6: seringa de baixo custo (Injex ® insulina – 1ml, acoplada a agulha BD 1,60 X 40). Os materiais foram dosados e manipulados de acordo com as instruções dos fabricantes, sendo realizados dez corpos de prova para cada grupo, em moldes de PVC, e após 10 minutos imersos em solução oleosa (Parafina líquida, Merck), a 37ºC, por 24 horas. As superfícies foram polidas com lixa de granulação 1200 (Buheler), em máquina politriz. O teste de dureza foi realizado em durômetro HM-124 (Mitutoyo, Japan), com 25 g de carga e 30 s, com penetrador tipo Knoop. Em cada amostra foram realizadas 5 indentações e repetidas após 1 e 2 semanas, mantidas nas mesmas condições. As médias da dureza Knoop (e desvio-padrão) foram: G1 – 93,8 (28,9); G2 – 92,0 (22,3); G3 – 55,2 (21,4); G4 – 92,0 (22,2); G5 – 96,0 (33,9) e G6 – 81,92 (34,3). Houve diferença estatística em relação ao G3 (Análise de Variância e teste de Tukey, com p < 0,01), sem diferença entre G1 e G2. Não houve diferença estatística entre os diferentes meios de inserção (Análise de Variância, p > 0,05). A média de dureza após 1 e 2 semanas foi maior em todos os grupos quando comparada às 24 horas (Análise de Variância, teste de Tukey, p <0,01), e não houve diferença estatística entre 1 e 2 semanas. O material Magic Glass ® apresentou menor média de dureza em relação aos demais, e as diferentes técnicas de inserção não influenciaram na dureza do cimento de ionômero de vidro testado. / The aim of this study was to assess the Knoop hardness of glass-ionomer cements used for Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) – G1: Ketac TM Molar; G2: Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE) e G3: Magic Glass ® (Vigodent), and three different ways of insertion of Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE), then: G4: conventional applier;G5: commercial syringe (Centrix ® ) and G6: low cost syringe (Injex ® insulin – 1ml, with BD needle 1,60 X 40). The materials were dosed and mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions and 10 specimens of each group were prepared in PVC molds, and after 10 minutes, the specimens were stored in lubricant (Paraffin highly liquid, Merck) at 37ºC, for 24 hours. The surfaces were wet polished with 1200 grit paper (Buheler), till the excess was removed. The Knoop hardness was determined a HM-124 hardness tester (Mitutoyo, Japan), with 25 g load and 30 s dwell time, with Knoop indentator. On each specimen five indentations were made and repeated after 1 and 2 weeks while stored under the same conditions. The mean Knoop hardness (and SD) of each group were: G1 – 93,8 (28,9); G2 – 92,0 (22,3); G3 – 55,2 (21,4); G4 – 92,0 (22,2); G5 – 96,0 (33,9) and G6 – 81,92 (34,3). There was significant difference between G3 (ANOVA and Tukey test, p < 0,01), without difference between G1 and G2. There was no difference between the ways of insertion (ANOVA, p > 0,05). The hardness after one and two weeks was higher in all groups when compared to 24 hours (ANOVA, Tukey test, p < 0,01), and was no difference between one and two weeks. The glass-ionomer cement Magic Glass ® showed the lower hardness compared to the others, and the different insertion techniques had no influence on the glass-ionomer cement hardness.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HELOUISE_ RIGHI.pdf: 781690 bytes, checksum: e73794e76d42164775e107e6f2160613 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / With the ample craving for teeth whitening, it is fundamental the production of increasingly clearer materials and also a good color stability, before the possible degradation which are exposed. The camphorquinone (CQ) is the photo initiator most widely applied on the dental composite, but it has the yellow coloration and suffers darkening when exposed to ultraviolet light (UV), endangering the maintenance of the esthetics harmony. The goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of the photo initiator Phenylpropanodione, singly or in association with the CQ, about the color stability of the resinous photoactive cement and its bond adhesive resistence, by microshear. The null hypotheses are: i) the photo initiator PPD does not interfere with the color changing of the resin cement, after the photoaging motivated by prolonged exposure to UV light; and ii) the photo initiator PPD does not interfere with the resistance of the adhesive bond of resin cement to the ceramic. Four resinous cements where used, which one of them was commercial (RelyX Venner, 3M/ESPE) and three experimental, differing each other's photo initiator's concentration. For the color analysis, ceramic discs were cemented above the bovine dentine, simulating the indirect restorations (n=8), being exposed to 120 h of UV, and tested about the color alterations which were measured applying the CIELab scale, by spectrophotometer of reflectance. The obtained datas were verified about the normal distribution, for then being submited to ANOVA and to the complementary test Tukey, all with 5% significance. The results of color analysis do not statistically significant difference to &#61508;E of 4 cements studied neither to &#61508;L , &#61508;a and &#61508;b . For the Union of Resistance of all cements studied showed statistically significant differences among themselves, with the highest for commercial cement RelyX Venner® (29.07 MPa), followed by cement with CQ (21.74 MPa) , and cement CQ + PPD (19.09 MPa); and the lowest result was obtained with the cement using only the PPD as photoinitiator (13.99 MPa) . Therefore to the parameters studied in this work, the PDD was not advantageous as photoinitiator resin cements, because made low bond strength value ceramics and not demonstrated superiority as for color stability . / Com o amplo anseio pelo branqueamento dental, é fundamental a produção de materiais cada vez mais claros e que também possuam boa estabilidade de cor, ante às possiveis degradações a que ficam expostos. A Canforoquinona (CQ) é o fotoiniciador mais amplamente empregado nos compósitos odontológicos, porém tem coloração amarelada e sofre escurecimento ao ser exposta à luz ultra violeta (UV), comprometendo a manutenção da harmonia estética. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro o efeito do fotoiniciador Phenilpropanodiona (PPD), isoladamente ou em associação com a CQ, sobre a estabilidade de cor de cimentos resinosos fotoativados, e sua resistência de união adesiva à cerâmica, por teste de microcisalhamento. As hipóteses nulas testadas são: i) o fotoiniciador PPD não interfere na alteração de cor de cimentos resinosos, após o foto envelhecimento provocado por exposição prolongada a luz UV; e ii) o fotoiniciador PPD não interfere na resistência da união adesiva de cimentos resinosos à cerâmica. Foram utilizados 4 cimentos resinosos, sendo um comercial (RelyX Venner®) e 3 experimentais, diferindo entre si quanto ao tipo e concentração dos fotoiniciadores. Para a análise de cor, foram cimentados discos cerâmicos sobre dentina bovina, simulando restaurações indiretas (n=8), sendo expostos a 120 h de UV, e testados quanto às alterações de cor, que foram mensuradas empregando a escala CIELab, por meio de espectrofotômetro de reflectância. Os dados obtidos foram verificados quanto a distribuição normal, para então serem submetidos a ANOVA e ao teste complementar Tukey, todos com significância de 5%. Os resultados do teste de cor não apresentam diferença estatisticamente significante para o &#61508;E dos 4 cimentos estudados, nem tampouco para &#61508;L, &#61508;a e &#61508;b. Para a resistência de união, todos os cimentos estudados apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si, com o maior resultado para o cimento comercial RelyX Venner® (29,07 Mpa), seguido pelo cimento com CQ (21,74 Mpa), e então pelo cimento de CQ+PPD (19,09 Mpa); e o menor resultado foi obtido com o cimento utilizando apenas o PPD como fotoiniciador (13,99 Mpa). Portanto, para os parâmetros estudados neste trabalho, o PDD não se mostrou vantajoso como fotoiniciador de cimentos resinosos, já que apresentou baixo valor de resistência de união à cerâmica e não demonstrou superioridade quanto à estabilidade de cor.

No processo de beneficiamento da vermiculita é gerado um resíduo fino para o qual atualmente ainda não foi desenvolvida uma aplicação que possibilite a utilização em larga escala. Uma alternativa que vem sendo estudada é a associação com cimento Portland em composições de argamassas e concretos, em função da composição química do resíduo: elevada quantidade de alumínio, silício e magnésio, que podem apresentar interações com o ligante. No entanto, em função da elevada área superficial específica, em comparação ao cimento, sua utilização nas composições pode afetar a demanda de água de amassamento e limitar a sua aplicação. Para tanto, uma alternativa é a calcinação deste resíduo fino, assim como é realizado para outras argilas (caulim, por exemplo), para que a área superficial específica (ASE) seja menor e eventualmente ative propriedades pozolânicas na respectiva argila. Deste modo, neste trabalho foram avaliadas as diversas características de pastas cimentícias após adição de resíduo fino de vermiculita: reação química, formação dos produtos hidratados, propriedades reológicas, tanto após a mistura como ao longo da hidratação. Foi verificado que de forma geral a reação química não é afetada após a adição de vermiculita, embora a formação de aluminatos seja intensificada na composição com maior quantidade de resíduo in natura. Com relação ao seu comportamento no estado fresco, foi observado que a maior ASE do resíduo impacta fortemente as propriedades reológicas das pastas, embora que com um teor de 5% as mudanças sejam menores. Utilizando-se dessas mesmas composições para a avaliação do desempenho no estado endurecido de argamassas, foi verificado que não há efeito sobre essas propriedades até 5% de substituição, independentemente do tratamento térmico empregado. Assim, considerando aspectos econômicos de transporte assim como os custos decorrentes da calcinação, pode-se recomendar a adição de 5% de vermiculita in natura sem comprometer o desempenho dos produtos, embora não se possa precisar com os dados obtidos a sua durabilidade ao longo do uso. / In the process to obtaining vermiculite a fine residue is generated, which does not yet have a large-scale application. An alternative that has been studied is the association with Portland cement in mortar and concrete formulations, as a function of the chemical composition of the residue: high amount of aluminium, silicon and magnesium which may have interactions with the binder. However, the residue has a high specific surface area, in comparison to cement, a fact that can increase the water-demand to mix and limit its application. For this, an alternative is the calcination of this fine residue, as it is done for other clays (kaolin, for example), so that the specific surface area (SSA) is smaller and eventually activates pozzolanic properties in the respective clay. Thus, in this work the various characteristics of cement pastes after addition of vermiculite fine residue were evaluated: chemical reaction, formation of the hydrated products, rheological properties, both after mixing and along the hydration. It was verified that in general the chemical reaction is not affected after the addition of vermiculite, although the formation of aluminates is intensified in the composition with greater amount of in nature residue. Regarding its behaviour in the fresh state, it was observed that the higher SSA of the residue strongly impacts the rheological properties of the pastes, although with a 5% content the changes are minimal. Using these same compositions to evaluate the performance in the hardened state of mortars, it was verified that there is no effect on these properties up to 5% of substitution, regardless of the thermal treatment used. Thus, considering the economic aspects of transport as well as the costs of calcination, it is possible to recommend the addition of 5% of vermiculite in nature without compromising the performance of the products, although it is not possible to determine the its durability during the use.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dureza Knoop de cimentos de ionômero de vidro indicados para o Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (TRA) – G1: Ketac TM Molar; G2: Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE) e G3: Magic Glass ® (Vigodent), assim como três diferentes técnicas de inserção, apenas com o Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE), configurando os grupos: G4: inserção com espátula; G5: seringa comercial (Centrix ® ) e G6: seringa de baixo custo (Injex ® insulina – 1ml, acoplada a agulha BD 1,60 X 40). Os materiais foram dosados e manipulados de acordo com as instruções dos fabricantes, sendo realizados dez corpos de prova para cada grupo, em moldes de PVC, e após 10 minutos imersos em solução oleosa (Parafina líquida, Merck), a 37ºC, por 24 horas. As superfícies foram polidas com lixa de granulação 1200 (Buheler), em máquina politriz. O teste de dureza foi realizado em durômetro HM-124 (Mitutoyo, Japan), com 25 g de carga e 30 s, com penetrador tipo Knoop. Em cada amostra foram realizadas 5 indentações e repetidas após 1 e 2 semanas, mantidas nas mesmas condições. As médias da dureza Knoop (e desvio-padrão) foram: G1 – 93,8 (28,9); G2 – 92,0 (22,3); G3 – 55,2 (21,4); G4 – 92,0 (22,2); G5 – 96,0 (33,9) e G6 – 81,92 (34,3). Houve diferença estatística em relação ao G3 (Análise de Variância e teste de Tukey, com p < 0,01), sem diferença entre G1 e G2. Não houve diferença estatística entre os diferentes meios de inserção (Análise de Variância, p > 0,05). A média de dureza após 1 e 2 semanas foi maior em todos os grupos quando comparada às 24 horas (Análise de Variância, teste de Tukey, p <0,01), e não houve diferença estatística entre 1 e 2 semanas. O material Magic Glass ® apresentou menor média de dureza em relação aos demais, e as diferentes técnicas de inserção não influenciaram na dureza do cimento de ionômero de vidro testado. / The aim of this study was to assess the Knoop hardness of glass-ionomer cements used for Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) – G1: Ketac TM Molar; G2: Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE) e G3: Magic Glass ® (Vigodent), and three different ways of insertion of Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix (3M ESPE), then: G4: conventional applier;G5: commercial syringe (Centrix ® ) and G6: low cost syringe (Injex ® insulin – 1ml, with BD needle 1,60 X 40). The materials were dosed and mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions and 10 specimens of each group were prepared in PVC molds, and after 10 minutes, the specimens were stored in lubricant (Paraffin highly liquid, Merck) at 37ºC, for 24 hours. The surfaces were wet polished with 1200 grit paper (Buheler), till the excess was removed. The Knoop hardness was determined a HM-124 hardness tester (Mitutoyo, Japan), with 25 g load and 30 s dwell time, with Knoop indentator. On each specimen five indentations were made and repeated after 1 and 2 weeks while stored under the same conditions. The mean Knoop hardness (and SD) of each group were: G1 – 93,8 (28,9); G2 – 92,0 (22,3); G3 – 55,2 (21,4); G4 – 92,0 (22,2); G5 – 96,0 (33,9) and G6 – 81,92 (34,3). There was significant difference between G3 (ANOVA and Tukey test, p < 0,01), without difference between G1 and G2. There was no difference between the ways of insertion (ANOVA, p > 0,05). The hardness after one and two weeks was higher in all groups when compared to 24 hours (ANOVA, Tukey test, p < 0,01), and was no difference between one and two weeks. The glass-ionomer cement Magic Glass ® showed the lower hardness compared to the others, and the different insertion techniques had no influence on the glass-ionomer cement hardness.

A utilização de incorporadores de ar (AIA) em argamassas de revestimento é prática comum no setor de construção civil visto que podem ser obtidas vantajosas alterações nas propriedades no estado fresco e endurecido. Contudo, apesar do domínio da tecnologia e da química dos aditivos essa prática é ainda bastante empírica e seu uso tem sido apontado como um fator de complexidade operacional: a presença dos incorporadores de ar torna as composições muito sensíveis ao processamento, temperatura, tipo de cimento, transporte, etc., e essas variáveis afetam diretamente as características dos materiais no estado fresco e após o endurecimento. De fato, o desempenho desses materiais é dependente da quantidade, distribuição de bolhas e estabilidade do ar incorporado no estado fresco. Na prática, o difícil controle das propriedades dos materiais aerados é um dos fatores que têm desaconselhado a utilização desta tecnologia em diversas aplicações no setor construtivo. Assim, apesar das virtudes potenciais, a falta de controle no processamento dificulta o emprego de argamassas aeradas como tipos de materiais sustentáveis. Uma causa provável da falta de controle é que a velocidade de incorporação de ar é pouco compreendida, e a maioria dos estudos científicos são focados na avaliação do desempenho dos materiais no estado endurecido atentando-se, desta forma, para o efeito e não para a causa. A fim de preencher tal lacuna científico/tecnológica, o presente trabalho visa estudar os mecanismos e a velocidade de incorporação de ar em composições com cimento CPIIF durante o estado fresco e avaliar o seu impacto no estado endurecido. Para tanto, propôs-se uma abordagem de pesquisa inovadora na qual as propriedades das fases que compõem esses sistemas são avaliadas separadamente, determinando-se o impacto da utilização dos AIA em água, nas pastas de cimento e nas argamassas. Os resultados apontam que a quantidade efetiva de incorporador de ar e a qualidade da água afetam a capacidade espumante, que os aditivos não afetam a reação de hidratação do cimento, que a temperatura afeta as propriedades no estado fresco e endurecido das pastas, que é possível prever a porosidade resultante na argamassa a partir dos resultados observados na fase aquosa, que a distribuição granulométrica dos agregados é a variável de maior impacto nas propriedades reológicas e na permeabilidade das argamassas, propriedade intimamente ligada à durabilidade do revestimento. / The use of air-entraining agents (AEA) in rendering mortars is a common practice on the building sector because many advantages may be obtained in the fresh and hardened properties. However, in spite of the technology and chemistry of the admixtures knowhow, the air-incorporation in the cementitious materials is, still, very empirical and the use of AEA has being pointed out as a complex operational factor: its presence in the formulation gets the mortar very sensitive to the process, temperature, transport etc. and this variables can directly affect the hardened properties. In fact, the performance of these materials is very dependent of the quantity, size, distribution and stability of the air bubbles incorporated in the fresh state and in the practice, the difficult to control the aerated materials properties has dissuaded the utilization of this technique in many applications in the building sector. So, in spite of the potential virtues, the less of process control gets difficult the employment of the aerated mortars and concretes as sustainable materials. A probably cause of the air incorporation uncontrolled is that the rate of air generation in the cementitious materials is not correctly understand because the most researches are focused in the consequence and not in the cause. Thus, to try to eliminate such scientific/technology gap, this present PHD work was carried out to learn the kinetic of air incorporation in the pastes and mortar in the fresh state and evaluates the impact in the hardened state. For this, was proposed a innovative boarding where the phases that compound the systems will be research separately, determining the AEA impact on water, on the suspensions and on the mortars. The results show that the foaming capacity is influenced by the effective air-entraining admixture content and the water quality, that the cement hydration reaction was not influenced by AEA, that the temperature affects the rheological and hardened properties of suspensions, that it is possible to predict the mortar porosity from the results obtained in the water phase, that the fresh properties of mortars and it permeability (property closed related with rendering performance) were mainly affected by the aggregates granulometric distribution.

Ces travaux de recherche s’inscrivent dans le cadre des études de faisabilité du stockage du dioxyde de carbone en couches géologiques profondes, et portent plus particulièrement sur l’évolution des propriétés de confinement de roches-couvertures de type argilite, soumises à des fluides enrichis en CO2. Pour ce faire, les argilites de Tournemire (Aveyron, France) ont été utilisées comme roches analogues, après avoir identifié leurs possible points de faiblesse vis-à-vis du stockage, à savoir leur minéralogie, la présence de fissures naturelles remplies de calcite et la présence d’interfaces ciment/argilite attendues au niveau des puits d’injection rebouchés. Le montage expérimental de type « diffusion à travers » a été adapté pour permettre d’estimer (i) la possible modification des paramètres de transport diffusif enregistrés, avant et après attaque acide, pour les différents traceurs radioactifs (tritium et chlore-36) et non-radioactifs (deutérium et bromure) utilisés pour caractériser les échantillons d’argilite de Tournemire et de pâte de ciment et (ii) l’évolution des compositions chimiques des solutions contenues dans les réservoirs amont et aval des cellules de diffusion au cours des attaques acides. Enfin, l’analyse des solides a été réalisée pour partie par MEB-EDS, µTomographie-X et DRX. Tout d’abord, pour l’ensemble des échantillons étudiés, les valeurs des paramètres de transport déterminées avant attaque acide (coefficient de diffusion effectif et porosité) sont cohérentes avec celles de la littérature. En outre, il apparaît que tous les matériaux ont fortement réagi aux attaques acides. Ainsi, les argilites ont vu leurs paramètres de diffusion augmenter jusqu’à un facteur deux, notamment pour les traceurs anioniques, et ce, quelque soit la proportion de minéraux carbonatées présents initialement dans les échantillons d’argilite. Les observations post-mortem ont permis l’identification d’une zone de dissolution des minéraux carbonatés en leur au sein, mais dont l’extension (400 µm au maximum) ne peut à elle seule expliquer cette importante dégradation des propriétés de confinement. Seuls des phénomènes non observables à l’échelle d’investigation, tels des effets de digitation au sein du réseau poreux pourraient en être à l’origine. Par ailleurs, les échantillons d’argilites recoupés par des fissures naturelles ont systématiquement développé des courts-circuits hydrauliques, qui s’expliquent par la mise en place d’un processus de chenalisation préférentielle au sein même de la fissure, observé au MEB-EDS et par µTomographie X. De plus, les matériaux cimentaires ont vu leurs propriétés de confinement améliorées, et ce, plus le fluide d’attaque était proche de la neutralité. Ceci est lié à l’apparition d‘une croûte de calcite d’environ 30 µm d’épaisseur, situé à l’avant d’une zone de dissolution, dont l’épaisseur est proportionnelle à la quantité d’acide en solution. Cette croûte imperméable, obstruant la porosité, serait responsable de la diminution des paramètres de diffusion, observée à l’échelle de l’échantillon, ainsi que le reproduisent les simulations numériques. Enfin, les interfaces ciment/argilites n’ont pas révélé de changement de leurs propriétés de confinement à l’échelle globale, la dégradation des argilites étant compensé par l’aggradation du ciment via la formation de cette croûte de calcite. / This research is part of the studies of feasibility of CO2 storage in deep geological strata, focusing more particularly on the evolution of the confinement properties of cap-rocks type argillite subjected to CO2 enriched fluids. The argillite of Tournemire (Aveyron, France) were used as analog rocks, having identified what their weak points could be face to storage, namely their mineralogy, natural fractures filled with calcite and the presence of interfaces cement / argillite expected in filled injection wells. The "through diffusion" experimental setup has been adapted to estimate (i) the possible modification of diffusive transport parameters recorded before and after acid attack for different radioactive tracers (tritium and chlorine-36) and non-radioactive tracers (deuterium and bromide) used to characterize samples of argillite of Tournemire and cement paste and (ii) the evolution of the chemical compositions of the solutions in the upstream and downstream reservoirs of diffusion cells during acid attacks. Finally, the analysis of solids was carried out in part by SEM-EDS, XRD and X-μTomographie. Firstly, for all the samples studied, the values of the transport parameters determined before acid attack (effective diffusion coefficient and porosity) are consistent with those of the literature. In addition, it appears that all materials have reacted strongly to acid attacks. Thus, argillites saw their diffusion parameters increase up to a factor of two, especially for anionic tracers, and, whatever the proportion of carbonate minerals initially present in samples of argillite. The post-mortem observations have led to the identification of a zone of dissolution of carbonate minerals in them, but whose extension (400 microns or less) can not alone explain the significant degradation of the containment properties. Only unobservable phenomena during investigation scale, such as wormhole effects in porous network could be the cause. In addition, the samples of argillite intruded by natural fractures have systematically developed hydraulic short circuits, which can be explained by the introduction of a process of preferential channeling within the fracture observed by SEM-EDS and X. μTomographie In addition, the more close to neutral was the fluid attack the more cementitious materials saw their confinement properties improved. This is related to the appearance of a crust of calcite about 30 microns thick on the front of a dissolution zone, the thickness of which is proportional to the amount of acid in solution. This waterproof crust, clogging the pores, would be responsible for the decrease in diffusion parameters observed across the sample, and as numerical simulations reproduce it. Finally, the interface cement / claystone showed no change in their confinement properties on a global scale, the degradation of clays being offset by aggradation cement via the formation of the crust of calcite.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2002 / Refer to document

Hip resurfacing arthroplasty has changed the treatment of end stage arthritis without severe deformity for young, active adults. Presently, there are varying clinical approaches to implant design selection and cementation techniques. The purpose of this project is to determine what amount of reamer-femoral component offset allows for the best cement penetration into the femoral head. Rapid prototyped femoral component models were produced with reamer femoral component offsets of 0.0 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1.0 mm. After implantation onto models of reamed femoral heads made from high-density open-cell reticulated carbon foam, cement penetration was assessed from cross-sections of the foam-implant unit. Increased offset was found to decrease the extent of cement over penetration from the dome and chamfer. Increased offset also yielded optimal cement penetration as measured from the walls. Finally, increased offset was found to increase the height of cement mantle formation while maintaining complete seating of all implants.