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A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo a otimização de processos de precipitação química na remoção de fósforo de esgotos sanitários mediante a utilização de sais de ferro como coagulante. Analisou-se a remoção de matéria orgânica e produção de lodo obtidas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com efluentes provenientes de duas estações de tratamento da SABESP, sendo elas a ETE Barueri lodos ativados convencional e ETE Ribeirão Pires tratamento anaeróbio com reatores UASB. Os ensaios de Jar-Test foram conduzidos em laboratório e o coagulante utilizado foi o cloreto férrico. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a dosagem do coagulante, em ambos os efluentes estudados, resulta na remoção de fósforo total a valores inferiores a 1 mg/L. As dosagens de coagulante necessárias foram de 80 mg/L para a ETE Barueri e 60 mg/L para a ETE Ribeirão Pires. A remoção de carga orgânica também foi alcançada e valores de DBO5,20 inferiores a 10 mg/L são obtidos com dosagens inferiores às necessárias para a remoção de fósforo. A dosagem de coagulante necessária para a remoção de DBO5,20 a valores inferiores a 10 mg/L foi de 40 mg/L. A produção de lodo é o principal problema encontrado quando se utiliza precipitação química, a quantidade de lodo produzida é significativa e deve ser levada em consideração no dimensionamento do sistema de tratamento e disposição final. Incrementos na produção de lodo da ordem de 113% foram obtidos para a ETE Barueri e 51% para a ETE Ribeirão Pires quando foram consideradas as dosagens de coagulante necessárias a remoção de fósforo totais a valores inferiores a 1 mg/L. / The aim of the present study was the chemical precipitation optimization of phosphorus from domestic wastewater with a ferric salt as coagulant. The organic matter removal and the sludge production obtained were analyzed. The study was developed with effluents from two wastewater plants from SABESP, such as ETE Barueri conventional activated sludge and ETE Ribeirão Pires anaerobic treatment with UASB reactors. Jar-Test tests were done in laboratory and the coagulant used was the ferric chloride. The results show that the coagulant dosage, in both effluents studied, results in a total phosphorus removal to values lower than 1 mg/L. The necessary coagulant dosages were 80 mg/L to ETE Barueri and 60 mg/L to ETE Ribeirão Pires. The organic matter removal also was obtained and values of BOD lower than 10 mg/L are obtained to lower dosages than the necessary dosage to phosphorus removal. The necessary coagulant dosage to BOD removal to values lower than 10 mg/L was 40 mg/L. The sludge production is the main problem when chemical precipitation is used, the amount of sludge produced is significant and must be taken into consideration in the system project of treatment and final disposal. Increases in the sludge production were around 113% to ETE Barueri and 51% to ETE Ribeirão Pires when the necessary coagulants dosages were considered to total phosphorus removal to values lower than 1 mg/L.

At present, there are more than 2000 wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. Emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus from these, do contribute to the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and watercourses on a daily basis. To reduce emissions of phosphorus, the Swedish approach has for the last 50 years been to use chemical precipitation. Today, software is used to test and evaluate different strategies in WWTPs, this in order to improve the operation and get a holistic view over the process. One model that can be used to achieve a holistic view is the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2). In order to get a software like BSM2 to best mirror the reality, it is important that the model well describes the actual process. Today, BSM2 does not take the load of phosphorus into account, which, if it was included in the model, would describe the process better. In this master thesis, the author has investigated the possibility of extending the BSM2 model, to include phosphorus and chemical precipitation. Thereafter the results from simulations in BSM2 were compared with measurements from Henriksdals WWTP in Stockholm. The results showed that a model, after some simplifications, for phosphorus and chemical precipitation could be included in BSM2. The model uses primary precipitation. Precipitation chemical was added with assistance of a PI controller. Generally the results showed that the model had potential to describe the total flow of phosphorus in the WWTP. In measurements from Henriksdal the average total phosphorus effluent from primary and secondary sedimentation were 3.97 and 0.43 mg/l, respectively. From a steady state simulation in BSM2 the values were ​​4.26 and 0.44 mg/l and the average values ​​of a dynamic simulation 3.96 and 0.46 mg/l. Although the average values of total phosphorus matches quite well, it was found difficult to simulate the different fractions of phosphorus effluent from the secondary sedimentation. In order to better evaluate the results and how the simplifications of the model affects them, more measurements need to be done and a comparison with the results received from the BSM2 needs to be carried out. Also an adjustment of parameters in BSM2 must be done, this to achieve a better compliance with the given plant. / Sverige har idag drygt 2000 reningsverk. Reningsverkens utsläpp av kväve och fosfor bidrar dagligen till övergödning i Östersjön och därtill anslutna vattendrag. För att minska utsläpp av fosfor har i Sverige sedan mitten på 1960-talet kemisk fällning använts. Idag används programvara för att testa och utvärdera olika strategier i reningsverken, detta med syftet att förbättra driften och få en helhetsbild över processen. En av dessa modeller är Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2). För att simuleringsprogram ska ge en så bra bild som möjligt av verkligheten är det viktigt att de beskriver processen, i detta fall avloppsvattenrening, på ett bra sätt. BSM2 tar i dagsläget inte hänsyn till belastningen av fosfor, om fosfor inkluderades i modellen skulle det beskriva processen bättre. I detta examensarbete, har författaren undersökt möjligheten att utvidga BSM2, till att inkludera fosfor och kemisk fällning i modellen. Resultaten erhållna från modellen har därefter jämförts med mätdata från Henriksdals reningsverk i Stockholm. Resultatet visade att en modell för fosfor och kemisk fällning kunde, efter vissa förenklingar, inkluderas i BSM2. I modellen användes förfällning och fällningskemikalier tillsattes med hjälp av en PI regulator. Generellt visade resultaten att modellen hade förmåga att beskriva det totala flödet av fosfor i reningsverket. I mätningarna från Henriksdal var medelvärdet på total fosfor ut från försedimenteringen 3,97 mg/l och från eftersedimenteringen 0,43 mg/l. Från en steady state simulering i BSM2 blev värdena 4,26 och 0,44 mg/l och medelvärdena från en dynamisk simulering 3,96 och 0,46 mg/l. Även om medelvärdena på totalfosfor stämmer relativt bra överens, fann man det svårt att simulera olika fraktioner av fosfor ut från eftersedimenteringen. För att bättre kunna bedöma resultatet och hur förenklingar i modellen påverkar resultatet behöver flera mätningar göras och jämföras med modellens resultat. En justering av parametrar i BSM2 måste även göras, detta för att anpassa modellen till det givna avloppsreningsverket bättre. / Development and dynamic analysis of operational strategies for enhanced energy efficiency of wastewater treatment systems

Dans un contexte de stress hydrique, la micro-irrigation avec des eaux usées traitées constitue une solution visant à réduire les dépenses en eau. Cependant, le colmatage des goutteurs constitue une contrainte à l’utilisation de ces eaux bien chargées à cause des précipitations chimiques et du développement de biofilm. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de: a) Caractériser la précipitation des sels dissous en fonction des conditions opératoires, b) étudier le développement des biofilms sous différentes conditions hydrodynamiques, c) analyser l’interaction entre le carbonate de calcium et le développement du biofilm. En premier lieu une étude fut conduite sur l’impact de la température le pH et la pression partielle du CO2 sur la précipitation chimique. Cette étude a permis de quantifier l’augmentation de la masse du carbonate de calcium en fonction du pH et de la température. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis de valider et de calibrer un modèle numérique (PHREEQC) qui permet de prédire la précipitation chimique pour une qualité d’eau donnée dans des conditions opératoire variées. Des expérimentations ont ensuite été réalisées à l’aide d’un banc d’essai d’irrigation pour étudier l’influence du carbonate de calcium sur la croissance des biofilms au niveau des conduites et des goutteurs. En parallèle un réacteur de Taylor-Couette fut utilisé pour étudier l’influence de la contrainte de cisaillement sur le développement des biofilms. Le biofilm a tendance à se développer selon la plus forte contrainte de cisaillement (4.4 Pa comparée à des contraintes de 2.2 et 0.7 Pa). Une précipitation du carbonate de calcium a été observée en interaction avec la croissance du biofilm. / In a context of water stress, micro-irrigation with treated wastewater is a solution to reduce water expenditure. However, the clogging of micro-irrigation systems constitutes a constraint on the use of these well-laden waters due to chemical precipitation and the development of biofilm. The objectives of this study are to: a) characterize precipitation of dissolved salts as a function of operating conditions, b) study the development of biofilms under different hydrodynamic conditions and c) analyze the interaction between calcium carbonate and the development of biofilm. First, a study was conducted on the impact of pH, temperature and partial pressure of CO2 on chemical precipitation. This study permits the quantification of the increase in the mass of the precipitate produced in the form of calcite (calcium carbonate) as a function of the increase in pH and temperature. The experimental results allowed validation and calibration of the modeling of the precipitation under PHREEQC’s software. This numerical model allows prediction and quantification of chemical precipitation for a given water quality under various operating conditions. Experiments were then carried out using an irrigation set-up to study the influence of calcium carbonate on the growth of biofilms inside pipes and drippers. In parallel, a Taylor-Couette reactor was used to study the influence of shear stress on the development of biofilms. Biofilm tends to develop under the highest shear stress (4.4 Pa compared to 2.2 and 0.7 Pa). Precipitation of the calcium carbonate in the form of calcite was observed in interaction with the growth of the biofilm.

Master of Science / Department of Chemical Engineering / Larry A. Glasgow / Feedlots, animal production facilities, and agricultural lands are point and non-point sources for nutrient enrichment of surrounding waterways and result in human enhanced eutrophication. Artificial elevation and increased enrichment from animal wastes, fertilizer, and runoff greatly increase the speed of this natural process and leads to degraded water quality, algae blooms, and fish kills. Phosphorous is typically the limiting nutrient for plant growth, and thus is the main focus of this paper. Phosphates enable excessive and choking plant growth that lead to depleted dissolved oxygen and excessive decaying plant matter, subsequently damaging the aquatic ecosystem. In order to provide an inexpensive and feasible solution to minimize phosphate eutrophication, a passive, vortex generating flume has been proposed to provide the necessary mixing for the removal of phosphorus from waste waters. Preliminary tests with dye tracers and electrolyte pulse injections have been conducted to model the flow characteristics and determine the residence time under a variety of flow conditions, angle of inclination and flow rate. The flume was modeled by two methods: four continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in series and as four CSTRs in series operating in parallel with a plug flow reactor (PFR). The hydraulic model fit a total of five parameters to the experimental data: Residence time, the inlet concentrations of the electrolyte pulse tracer, and the injection times of the tracer to both types of reactors. The kinetic model was built based on data collected from a different study of swine lagoons using magnesium chloride to precipitate phosphorus as the mineral struvite. The precipitation kinetics were modeled using first order and irreversible reaction and incorporated into the hydraulic model. The vortex generating flume provided an operating space that sufficiently removed phosphorus from the waste stream. Future work will include pilot scale testing of the model using waste streams and the investigation of a scour to minimize solid formation in the flume.

The report formulates the experiments conducted to remove phosphorus from the return sludge wastewater subjected to side-stream hydrolysis. The experiments are conducted using the wastewater from the outlet of side-stream hydrolysis and is tested in a laboratory at the Duvbackens wastewater treatment plant in Gävle. Chemical precipitation is used in the experiments and displays remarkable results using magnesium chloride and calcium chloride as the precipitants. A successful removal rate of 79-99% is achieved through this method. The phosphate phosphorus content is chosen to be the criterion for estimating the phosphorus removal rate. Possible parametric variations are also reviewed in the report. The decline in ammonium nitrogen is also studied alongside. Struvite and calcium phosphate are the possible precipitates and are recovered with the prospect of recycling. Both the precipitates are known as slow fertilizers and are used in the agricultural industry. If recovered by proper means, these precipitates can reduce the pressure on phosphate industry and on naturally occurring phosphate rocks. Calcium phosphate is selected among the precipitation methods for its rapid reaction and its minimum response to parametric variations. It also expresses a faster settling property with a clear solution after precipitation. The removal and recovery of phosphorus from the side-stream hydrolysis is evaluated with a notion to operate in a pilot scale.

<p>Modern, small-scale wastewater treatment faces a twofold challenge: On the one hand requirements from legal authorities regarding removal of eutrophying substances have become more demanding. On the other hand high-quality phosphorus reserves are dwindling, which has raised calls for increased recycling. The problem is acute in the county of Stockholm where about 34 000 households are identified to not possess adequate wastewater treatment facilities. In this master’s thesis, four treatment systems, of which three had some phosphorus recycling potential, were compared using life cycle assessment methodology. The small-scale treatment systems analyzed were infiltration, filter beds with Filtralite® P and Filtra P respectively as filter material and a chemical precipitation system. The system boundaries included the extraction of raw materials, production of materials and components, the construction and operation of the systems as well as deconstruction and recycling of the treatment plants. Apart from impacts on human health and acidification potential, which both proved to be of less relevance to the final results, energy usage, consumption of abiotic resources, global warming potential and eutrophication potential were taken into account in this study.</p><p>The infiltration system attained the most favourable results in all impact categories save eutrophication potential, which was due to both the low usage of energy and resources as well as the system’s high life expectancy. The filter bed system using Filtralite® P demonstrated the best performance in reduction of eutrophying substances. However, the system’s energy demand and emissions of greenhouse gases by far exceeded the other systems’ results in these categories. Both the filter bed system using Filtra P and the chemical precipitation system fared relatively equal in the overall analysis, with moderate impacts in all categories. The nutrient recycling potential was shown to be limited by the waste products’ relatively high heavy metal content. Sludge from chemical precipitation had higher potential for replacement of fertilizer than filter bed material.</p><p>The chemical precipitation system fared best in the overall assessment. Its technical immaturity and limited data foundation put the alternative using Filtra P into second place. The infiltration system’s limited treatment performance and inexistent recycling potential put this alternative into third place. The alternative using Filtralite® P was ruled out entirely because of its high impact on fossil fuel consumption and global warming. Based on this ranking recommendations were made.</p><p>Even though the filter bed materials in this study showed excellent phosphorus removal capacity, further research into alternative filter bed materials will have to be made due to the materials’ environmental impacts in other areas. Focus should be on waste material and natural products (such as shell sand) with low environmental impacts from production. Ways of separating heavy metals from plant nutrients need to be explored if nutrient recycling is to be an aim. This study showed that good phosphorus removal characteristics can lead to an increase in other environmental impacts, which in some cases even may outweigh the positive effects of decreased eutrophication.</p> / <p>Modern, småskalig avloppsreningsteknik står inför två utmaningar. Å ena sidan har kraven från lagstiftaren på rening av eutrofierande ämnen ökat. Problemet är akut i Stockholms län där det finns ca. 34 000 hushåll som inte anses uppfylla reningskraven. Å andra sidan minskar fosforförekomsterna av hög kvalitet i allt större takt, vilket har väckt krav på ökad återföring av växtnäring. I detta examensarbete undersöktes fyra olika reningstekniker, varav tre har en viss återföringspotential, med hjälp av metodik från livscykelanalys. Systemen som undersöktes var infiltration, filterbäddar dels med Filtralite® P och dels med Filtra P som filtermaterial, samt ett kemikaliefällningssystem. Systemgränserna omfattade extraktion av råmaterial, produktion av anläggningsmaterial och –komponenter, uppförande och drift av systemen samt avveckling av anläggningarna och återföring av restmaterial. Förutom påverkan på mänsklig hälsa och försurningspotential, som visade sig vara mindre relevanta för slutresultaten, omfattade analysen även en undersökning av energianvändning, förbrukning av abiotiska resurser, potential för global uppvärmning och eutrofieringspotential.</p><p>Infiltrationslösningen fick de mest fördelaktiga resultatvärden i alla kategorierna förutom eutrofieringspotential, vilket kan förklaras med systemets låga energi- och resursbehov samt dess höga livslängd. Filterbädden med Filtralite® P som filtermaterial uppvisade den största förmågan att reducera eutrofierande substanser. Systemets energibehov och utsläpp av växthusgaser översteg dock de andra systemens resultat i dessa kategorier kraftigt. Både anläggningen med Filtra P och kemikaliefällningslösningen fick liknande resultat, med måttlig påverkan i alla kategorier. Systemens återföringspotential visade sig vara begränsad av restprodukternas höga tungmetallhalt. Kemikaliefällt slam hade högre återföringspotential än filterbäddsmaterial.</p><p>Kemikaliefällning klarade sig totalt sett bäst i studien. Den relativt obeprövade tekniska utformning och det osäkra dataunderlaget ledde till att Filtra P hamnade i rangordningen efter kemikaliefällning. Infiltrationssystemets begränsade reningsförmåga och den obefintliga återföringspotentialen ledde till att alternativet hamnade näst sist. Filtralite® P-alternativet blev placerat sist i rangordningen på grund av dess stora påverkan på förbrukning av fossila bränslen och global uppvärmning. Baserat på rangordningen utfärdades rekommendationer.</p><p>Trots att filtermaterialen som undersöktes i denna studie har en utmärkt fosforreningsförmåga, kommer det att krävas fler studier med avseende på alternativa filtermaterial, eftersom materialens användning av icke-förnybara energikällor är mycket stor vid tillverkningen. Fokus borde ligga på återvunna eller naturliga material (som t.ex. snäcksand) med låg miljöpåverkan vid tillverkning. Om återföring av växtnäring ska bli ett mål inom småskalig avloppsvattenrening, måste effektiva sätt att separera tungmetaller från växtnäringsämnen utforskas. Denna studie visade att goda fosforavskiljningsegenskaper kan medföra att andra typer av miljöpåverkan ökar, vilket i vissa fall kan leda till att de negativa konsekvenserna överväger nyttan av minskad eutrofiering.</p> / <p>Moderne, dezentrale Abwassertechnik steht zwei großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Zum einen sind die Ansprüche von Seiten des Gesetzgebers gestiegen, die effektivere Abwasserreinigungstechniken erfordern. Zum andern werden Phosphorvorkommen von hoher Qualität zunehmend knapper, was Rufe nach verstärkter Rückführung von Phosphor hat laut werden lassen. Im Verwaltungsbezirk Stockholm, in dem es ungefähr 34 000 Haushalte mit unzureichender Abwasserreinigung gibt, ist das Problem von besonderer Bedeutung. In dieser Diplomarbeit wurden vier Abwasserreinigungssysteme, wovon drei ein gewisses Potential für Phosphorrückführung haben, mit Hilfe einer Ökobilanzierung untersucht. Folgende Systeme wurden untersucht: Eine Infiltrationsanlage, zwei Filterbettsanlagen, eine mit Filtralite® P und eine mit Filtra P als Filtermaterial sowie ein System mit Chemikaliefällung. Die Systemgrenzen umfassten die Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Rohstoffen, das Errichten der jeweiligen Anlage, deren Betrieb sowie Rückgewinnung und Entsorgung von Restmaterialien. Neben Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit und Versauerungspotential, die sich im Nachhinein als weniger relevant erwiesen, wurden Energiebedarf, Verbrauch abiotischer Resourcen, Potential für globale Erwärmung und Eutrophierungspotential untersucht.</p><p>Die niedrigsten Resultate in allen Kategorien außer Eutrophierungspotential wurden vom Infiltrationssystem erreicht. Filtralite® P erwies sich als am leistungsstärksten, was die Reduktion von eutrophierenden Substanzen angeht. Der Energiebedarf und die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen dieser Alternative überstieg die Ergebnisse der anderen Alternativen in diesen Kategorien doch bei weitem. Filtra P und Chemikaliefällung erzielten moderate Auswirkungen in allen Kategorien. Das Potential für die Rückführung von Pflanzennährstoffen wird, wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, vom relativ hohen Schwermetallhalt in den Restprodukten begrenzt.</p><p>Chemikaliefällung ist in dieser Studie die beste Alternative. Filtra P zeigte sich als technisch noch zu wenig ausgereift und die Datenunterlage als zu unvollständig, weswegen diese Alternative an zweiter Stelle steht. Die begrenzte Reinigungsfähigkeit des Infiltrationssystemes und das nicht vorhandene Potential für Rückführung von Phosphor führten dazu, dass diese Lösung an dritter Stelle steht. Das System mit Filtralite® P als Filtermaterial wurde wegen seines großen Verbrauchs von fossilen Brennstoffen für wenig brauchbar befunden und steht damit an letzter Stelle.</p><p>Trotz ihrer hervorragenden phosphorreduzierenden Eigenschaften, wird weitere Forschung im Bereich alternativer Filtermaterialien notwendig werden. Hierbei sollten natürliche Materialien (wie Muschelsand) oder Restprodukte im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen, um die Umweltauswirkungen gering zu halten. Wenn die Rückführung von Phosphor ein Ziel der Abwasserreinigung sein soll, müssen Lösungen, Schwermetalle von Pflanzennährstoffen zu trennen, gefunden werden. Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass gute phosphorreduzierende Eigenschaften zu verstärkten Umweltauswirkungen in anderen Bereichen führen können, welche in manchen Fällen sogar die Vorteile einer verringerten Eutrophierung übersteigen können.</p>

Lixiviados de aterros sanitários apresentam altas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal e matéria orgânica, além de outros poluentes, que não permitem seu descarte no meio ambiente, sem um prévio tratamento. Lixiviados de aterros sanitários mais antigos, com matéria orgânica mais estabilizada, apresentam grande potencial poluidor, principalmente devido à presença de substâncias recalcitrantes que, usualmente, não são removidas através de tratamento biológico, necessitando, portanto, da aplicação de um pós-tratamento. A presente pesquisa objetivou aplicar o tratamento físico-químico a dois efluentes de sistemas biológicos de tratamento. O primeiro sistema era constituído de um reator de lodo ativado operado em bateladas seqüenciais (70 Litros) cujo efluente era submetido à processo de coagulaçãofloculação usando sais de ferro e alumínio, para remoção da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Operou-se, em paralelo, uma lagoa aerada, em escala de bancada, dimensionada para remoção da matéria orgânica biodegradável cujo efluente era submetido a processo de precipitação química para remoção de amônia, através da formação do mineral estruvita (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o cloreto férrico (FeCl3) foi o coagulante mais apropriado sob o ponto de vista econômico, embora, dosagens elevadas (1.160 mg FeCl3/L), frente a 2.465 mg Al2(SO4)3.6H2O/L tenham sido requeridas para o alcance de remoções da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Com a aplicação de FeCl3 o pH ótimo de coagulação foi próximo de 4,0 e para o Al2(SO4)3; por volta de 5,0. Ao longo dos testes, avaliouse a influência das condições de mistura sobre os fenômenos físico-químicos. Os resultados demonstram que, para o despejo estudado, o gradiente de velocidades e o tempo de mistura não exercem influência sobre os fenômenos de coagulaçãofloculação. Quanto à precipitação química da amônia na forma do mineral estruvita, as melhores remoções (~ 90%) foram alcançadas quando o limite de solubilidade do mineral estruvita foi excedido, para tanto se faz necessária aplicar uma razão molar igual a 1,5:1:1,4 entre os íons envolvidos (Mg+2:NH4 +:PO4 -3). Entretanto, o efluente final desse sistema apresentou uma concentração residual de fósforo solúvel superior a 12 mg P-PO4 -3/L, o que o torna pouco recomendável para fins práticos. / Landfill leachates present high ammonia and organic matter concentrations, besides other pollutants, which do not allow its discharge to the environment without a previous treatment. Older landfill leachates, with more stabilized organic matter, present great pollutant potential, mainly due to the presence of recalcitrant substances that not often are removed by biological treatment and need the application of a post-treatment. The present research aimed to apply the physicochemical treatment for two biological wastewater treatment plant effluents. The first one was constituted by an activated sludge (sequence batch reactor - 70 liters), which effluent was submitted to a coagulation-flocculation process, using iron and aluminum salts, for recalcitrant organic matter removal. A lab scale aerated lagoon was operated in parallel. The lagoon was dimensioned for biodegradable organic matter removal, which effluent was submitted to a chemical precipitation process for ammonia removal (formation of the mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O).The results showed that the ferric chloride (FeCl3) was the more appropriated coagulant considering the economic point of view, however high dosages (1,160 mg FeCl3/L) comparing with 2.465 mg Al2(SO4)3.6H2O/L had been required to achieve recalcitrant organic matter removal. Applying FeCl3, the optimum pH was of the order of 4.0 and for Al2(SO4)3, approximately 5.0. During the tests, the influence of the mixture conditions on the physicochemical phenomena was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the velocities gradient and the mixture time do not influenced the coagulation-flocculation phenomena. Regarding to the chemical precipitation of ammonia in struvite form, the better removals (~ 90%) were achieved when the solubility limit of the mineral was exceeded. Due to this fact, it was necessary to apply a molar rate of 1.5:1:1.4 between the ions (Mg+2:NH4 +:PO4 -3). Nevertheless, the final effluent of this system presented a residual soluble phosphorus concentration higher than 12 mg P-PO4 -3/L, hence it is not recommended for practical purposes.

Lixiviados de aterros sanitários apresentam altas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal e matéria orgânica, além de outros poluentes, que não permitem seu descarte no meio ambiente, sem um prévio tratamento. Lixiviados de aterros sanitários mais antigos, com matéria orgânica mais estabilizada, apresentam grande potencial poluidor, principalmente devido à presença de substâncias recalcitrantes que, usualmente, não são removidas através de tratamento biológico, necessitando, portanto, da aplicação de um pós-tratamento. A presente pesquisa objetivou aplicar o tratamento físico-químico a dois efluentes de sistemas biológicos de tratamento. O primeiro sistema era constituído de um reator de lodo ativado operado em bateladas seqüenciais (70 Litros) cujo efluente era submetido à processo de coagulaçãofloculação usando sais de ferro e alumínio, para remoção da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Operou-se, em paralelo, uma lagoa aerada, em escala de bancada, dimensionada para remoção da matéria orgânica biodegradável cujo efluente era submetido a processo de precipitação química para remoção de amônia, através da formação do mineral estruvita (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o cloreto férrico (FeCl3) foi o coagulante mais apropriado sob o ponto de vista econômico, embora, dosagens elevadas (1.160 mg FeCl3/L), frente a 2.465 mg Al2(SO4)3.6H2O/L tenham sido requeridas para o alcance de remoções da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Com a aplicação de FeCl3 o pH ótimo de coagulação foi próximo de 4,0 e para o Al2(SO4)3; por volta de 5,0. Ao longo dos testes, avaliouse a influência das condições de mistura sobre os fenômenos físico-químicos. Os resultados demonstram que, para o despejo estudado, o gradiente de velocidades e o tempo de mistura não exercem influência sobre os fenômenos de coagulaçãofloculação. Quanto à precipitação química da amônia na forma do mineral estruvita, as melhores remoções (~ 90%) foram alcançadas quando o limite de solubilidade do mineral estruvita foi excedido, para tanto se faz necessária aplicar uma razão molar igual a 1,5:1:1,4 entre os íons envolvidos (Mg+2:NH4 +:PO4 -3). Entretanto, o efluente final desse sistema apresentou uma concentração residual de fósforo solúvel superior a 12 mg P-PO4 -3/L, o que o torna pouco recomendável para fins práticos. / Landfill leachates present high ammonia and organic matter concentrations, besides other pollutants, which do not allow its discharge to the environment without a previous treatment. Older landfill leachates, with more stabilized organic matter, present great pollutant potential, mainly due to the presence of recalcitrant substances that not often are removed by biological treatment and need the application of a post-treatment. The present research aimed to apply the physicochemical treatment for two biological wastewater treatment plant effluents. The first one was constituted by an activated sludge (sequence batch reactor - 70 liters), which effluent was submitted to a coagulation-flocculation process, using iron and aluminum salts, for recalcitrant organic matter removal. A lab scale aerated lagoon was operated in parallel. The lagoon was dimensioned for biodegradable organic matter removal, which effluent was submitted to a chemical precipitation process for ammonia removal (formation of the mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O).The results showed that the ferric chloride (FeCl3) was the more appropriated coagulant considering the economic point of view, however high dosages (1,160 mg FeCl3/L) comparing with 2.465 mg Al2(SO4)3.6H2O/L had been required to achieve recalcitrant organic matter removal. Applying FeCl3, the optimum pH was of the order of 4.0 and for Al2(SO4)3, approximately 5.0. During the tests, the influence of the mixture conditions on the physicochemical phenomena was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the velocities gradient and the mixture time do not influenced the coagulation-flocculation phenomena. Regarding to the chemical precipitation of ammonia in struvite form, the better removals (~ 90%) were achieved when the solubility limit of the mineral was exceeded. Due to this fact, it was necessary to apply a molar rate of 1.5:1:1.4 between the ions (Mg+2:NH4 +:PO4 -3). Nevertheless, the final effluent of this system presented a residual soluble phosphorus concentration higher than 12 mg P-PO4 -3/L, hence it is not recommended for practical purposes.