Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-04-10T19:39:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alinebisottidornelas.pdf: 28770579 bytes, checksum: a3c470619bd879d5ded475ef852a70b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-11T11:16:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alinebisottidornelas.pdf: 28770579 bytes, checksum: a3c470619bd879d5ded475ef852a70b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T11:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alinebisottidornelas.pdf: 28770579 bytes, checksum: a3c470619bd879d5ded475ef852a70b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista apresentam desempenho deficiente em atividades que demandam atenção conjunta, imitação e leitura de intenções, o que afeta principalmente seu comportamento social e comunicação. A ecolalia, repetição das palavras exatas de um discurso anterior (KANNER, 1943), está relacionada a tal condição cognitiva (CARPENTER; TOMASELLO, 2000). A fala ecolálica de indivíduos com autismo possui, em sua maioria, função comunicativa (SCHULER, 1979; PRIZANT; RYDELL, 1984; PRIZANT; DUCHAN, 1987; RYDELL; MIRENDA, 1991; FERNANDES, 2003; DOBBINSON; PERKINS; BOUCHER, 2003; STERPONI; SHANKEY, 2014). Entendemos as produções ecolálicas funcionais como tipos de interação fictiva, que consiste na utilização de reportações discursivas, ou do padrão de interação, como estratégias comunicativas. A interação fictiva implica o uso de um domínio cognitivo baseado em interações face a face aplicado a outras funções no processo comunicativo, o frame de conversa, diferentes da meramente reportativa. Essas construções têm sido identificadas em vários gêneros discursivos, em diferentes línguas e em casos de afasia de Broca (PASCUAL, 2006; 2014; PASCUAL; SANDLER, 2016). O presente trabalho tem como objetivos: mapear as ocorrências de interação fictiva na fala ecolálica, sua tipologia e desenvolvimento nos casos de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista; comparar os resultados com dois grupos controle, o primeiro correspondendo idade cognitiva com as crianças com TEA e o segundo, idades cronológicas. Para isso, foram realizados dois estudos: um estudo empírico, com a gravação audiovisual interações semiespontâneas entre cinco crianças autistas (quatro meninos com TEA severo e uma menina com TEA moderado) e suas terapeutas em sessões semanais durante um mês, totalizando quatro sessões para cada criança. Com base nos achados do primeiro estudo, foram elaboradas duas tarefas para elicitação de dados, também aplicadas nas mesmas crianças com TEA pelas terapeutas. As crianças dos grupos controle realizaram interações semelhantes no primeiro estudo e as mesmas atividades no segundo estudo, com suas mães. Observou-se que as crianças com autismo utilizaram não só ecolalias com repetição ipsis litteris do discurso anterior, mas também ecolalias mitigadas, em que houve acréscimo de palavras no enunciado ecolálico para que este se adequasse ao contexto; também houve produção de paráfrases e até mesmo algumas ocorrências mais criativas utilizando padrão pergunta-resposta. Essas construções eram utilizadas para acesso ao léxico, sanar dificuldade de estruturação gramatical e referenciar personagens ou pessoas. As crianças do grupo controle 1 (de dois a quatro anos de idade) também utilizaram construções de interação fictiva com repetição de discurso anterior quando se deparavam com dificuldades gramaticais e discursivas. As crianças do grupo controle 2 (de seis a doze anos), utilizaram as construções de interação fictiva de modo mais criativo, com poucas ocorrências de repetição, e como opção discursiva, em vez de estratégia adaptativa. Os resultados sugerem que as construções de interação fictiva foram mais eficazes e mais frequentes que outras estratégias no grupo de crianças com TEA. A utilização do frame de conversa parece ser, então, de grande importância para que esse grupo seja capaz de se engajar no discurso e buscar estratégias comunicativas com seus interlocutores. / Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder have poor performance in activities that demand joint attention, imitation and intention reading, which mainly affects their social behavior and communication. Echolalia, the repetition of the exact words from a prior discourse (KANNER, 1943), is related to such cognitive condition (CARPENTER; TOMASELLO, 2000). The echolalic speech of individuals with autism has, in general, a communicative function (SCHULER, 1979; PRIZANT; RYDELL, 1984; PRIZANT; DUCHAN, 1987; RYDELL; MIRENDA, 1991; FERNANDES, 2003; DOBBINSON; PERKINS; BOUCHER, 2003; STERPONI; SHANKEY, 2014). We understand functional echolalic productions as fictive interaction constructions, which consists in the use of discursive reportations, or the pattern of interaction, as communicative strategies. The fictive interaction implies the use of a cognitive domain based on face-to-face interactions applied to other functions in the communicative process, the conversation frame, differently from the merely reportive one. These constructions have been identified in several discursive genres, in different languages and in cases of Broca's aphasia (PASCUAL, 2006; 2014; PASCUAL; SANDLER, 2016). The present work has as objectives: mapping the occurrences of fictive interaction in the echolalic speech, its typology and development in the cases of children with Autisic Spectrum Disorder; compare the results with two control groups, the first corresponding cognitive ages with children with ASD and the second, chronological ages. Two studies were carried out: an empirical study, with audiovisual recording of semi-spontaneous interactions between five autistic children (four boys with severe ASD and one girl with moderate ASD) and their therapists in weekly sessions during one month, totaling four sessions for each child. Based on the findings of the first study, two data elicitation tasks were also developed, applied in the same children with ASD by the therapists. The children in the control groups performed similar interactions in the first study and the same activities in the second study with their mothers. It was observed that children with autism used not only ipsis literal repetitions of the previous discourse, but also mitigated echolalias, in which there was an addition of words in the echolaliclic statement so that it adapted to the context; there was also production of paraphrases and even some more creative occurrences using question-answer pattern. These constructions were used to access the lexicon, to solve difficult grammatical structuring and to refer to characters or people. Children in the control group 1 (two to four years old) also used fictional interaction constructions with repetition of previous discourse when faced with grammatical and discursive difficulties. Children in the control group 2 (six to twelve years old) used fictive interaction constructions in a more creative way, with few occurrences of repetition, and as a discursive option rather than an adaptive strategy. The results suggest that fictive interaction constructions were more effective and more frequent than other strategies in the group of children with ASD. The use of the conversation frame seems to be of great importance for this group to be able to engage in discourse and come up with communicative strategies with its interlocutors.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-19T13:01:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ivandejesusdavisulloa.pdf: 4109944 bytes, checksum: 8a0b82e567d54d97d2f83b8dab5844b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-19T13:12:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ivandejesusdavisulloa.pdf: 4109944 bytes, checksum: 8a0b82e567d54d97d2f83b8dab5844b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T13:12:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ivandejesusdavisulloa.pdf: 4109944 bytes, checksum: 8a0b82e567d54d97d2f83b8dab5844b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar, descrever e analisar a construção –ING no par linguístico inglês/espanhol. A construção exibe uma série de usos na língua inglesa e ensiná-la ou traduzi-la para usuários de outras línguas impõe alguns desafios. No caso de falantes de língua espanhola como público alvo, a maioria tende a interpretar a construção como sendo verbal, no aspecto progressivo, o que representa apenas uma função da construção. No tocante ao referencial teórico, a pesquisa é baseada no trabalho de Langacker (1987, 1990, 1991, 2006, 2008) com o intuito de investigar o uso da construção. A Teoria dos Protótipos (ROSCH, 1973), as Categorias Radiais (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987), e a Gramática das Construções (FILLMORE & KAY, 1999; GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006), além da abordagem semântica sobre a construção –ING (WIERZBICKA, 1988), serão essenciais para a descrição da construção sob uma perspectiva conceptual. Com relação à metodologia, assume-se uma abordagem tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa dos dados (COOK, T.D. & REICHARDT, C.S., 1979; RICHARDSON, R. J.,1985; CRESWELL, J., 2010), compilados a partir de um corpus bilíngue paralelo no par linguístico Inglês/Espanhol, de 1199 ocorrências da construção –ING. A hipótese central do estudo é que a construção, em sua função verbal progressiva, é mais central ou prototípica (ROSCH, 1973) em relação à sua rede construcional, envolvendo outras funções, quais sejam, nominal, adjetival e adverbial. Essas funções, por sua vez, assumem posições mais periféricas e se relacionam com a função verbal por meio de relações de extensão metafórica (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006). Argumenta-se, então, que essas relações estabelecem um continuum entre as funções, variando de um nível mais concreto, mais ancorado no contexto de fala a um nível mais abstrato, mais subjetificado (LANGACKER, 1990). Por meio de uma análise baseada em corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2002, 2004) argumenta-se, por fim, que existe uma organização radial (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987) para a construção –ING, que passa de um domínio mais concreto, mais situado ou “ancorado” no evento de fala e se torna, assim, mais objetificado (como “processo”) a um domínio mais abstrato, menos situado, menos ancorado no evento de fala e, portanto, mais subjetificado (como “coisa”) (LANGACKER, 2008). / The aim of this dissertation is to identify, describe and analyze the –ING construction from the English language. The –ING construction has a number of uses in the English language and either teaching or translating it to speakers of other languages poses some challenges. In the case of having Spanish speakers as audience, most of them tend to interpret the construction as a verbal one, in the progressive aspect, which is only one function of the construction. As for the theoretical framework, we chiefly based our research on Langacker’s work (1987, 1990, 1991, 2008) in order to account for this construction. We also rely on Prototype Theory (ROSCH, 1973), Radial Categories (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987), and Construction Grammar (FILLMORE & KAY, 1999; GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006), apart from a semantic approach to the –ING construction (WIERZBICKA, 1988), which will be essential for describing the –ING construction from a conceptual perspective. In regard to methodology we take both a quantitative and qualitative approach to data (COOK, T.D. & REICHARDT, C.S., 1979; RICHARDSON, R.J., 1985; CRESWELL, J., 2010) compiled from an English/Spanish parallel corpus of 1199 verbal –ING occurrences. Our main hypothesis is that the –ING construction, in its verbal function, is more central or prototypical (ROSCH, 1973) in respect to its conceptual network and its other functions, namely nominal, adjectival and adverbial. These functions, in turn, exhibit a more peripheral role and are linked to the verbal function through metaphorical extension relationships (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006). These relationships, we argue, establish a continuum between these functions, going from the most or more grounded level up to the most abstract, subjectified level. By performing a corpus-based analysis of the data (BERBER-SARDINHA, 2002, 2004) we finally argue that there is a radial organization (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987) for the –ING construction, which goes from a more concrete level, being this more situated or “grounded” (LANGACKER, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008) and thus more objectified (as a “here and now process”), until it gets to a more abstract level, therefore, less situated and more subjectified (taken as a “thing”) (LANGACKER, 2008).

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-11T18:20:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE CORRIGIDA FINAL.pdf: 9307458 bytes, checksum: 604103261966f5d8fc59980b46392b77 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-18T17:51:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE CORRIGIDA FINAL.pdf: 9307458 bytes, checksum: 604103261966f5d8fc59980b46392b77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T17:51:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE CORRIGIDA FINAL.pdf: 9307458 bytes, checksum: 604103261966f5d8fc59980b46392b77 (MD5) / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é o de contribuir, à luz da teoria sociocognitivista, para a compreensão de como o universo feminino é conceptualizado e representado no discurso do senso comum. Já seu objetivo específico está pautado na investigação do uso, deliberado ou não, de expressões linguísticas metafóricas na construção dessas representações, licenciadas por metáforas conceptuais, empiricamente observadas, como MULHER É ANIMAL, MULHER É COMIDA, MULHER É COISA (MÁQUINA), e CORPO FEMININO É TERRITÓRIO. Para explorar tais objetivos, temos, como objeto de investigação, as chamadas e manchetes das capas do jornal Meia Hora, de circulação diária no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A partir do corpus selecionado, constituído por seis capas do periódico, procuramos identificar metáforas e metonímias, tanto verbais quanto visuais, tendo como base dois trabalhos de referência: o de Cameron e Maslen (2010), que orienta a identificação das metáforas verbais, e o de Forceville (2008), utilizado como ferramenta de identificação de metáforas não verbais. Identificadas as expressões figuradas, buscamos, a partir de uma análise qualitativo-interpretativista (LÜDKE e ANDRÉ, 1986) e à luz da teoria da metáfora conceptual (LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1980b[2002]), dentro do paradigma da Linguística Cognitiva (GEERAERTS, 2006), propor as possíveis representações cognitivas, ou seja, metáforas conceptuais, frames e MCIs, que subjazem a tais expressões. Além das expressões metafóricas e de sua base conceptual, são igualmente objetos de análise os efeitos pragmáticos, com ênfase no humor, produzidos pelo uso da linguagem metafórica no contexto dos gêneros analisados, assim como a sua dimensão ideológica, no que diz respeito às representações da mulher em nossa língua e cultura. Os resultados da análise corroboram a hipótese sobre a relevância das metáforas conceptuais e frames, nas representações sobre a mulher, que reproduzem e reificam ideologias patriarcais, que a reduzem a um papel de objeto que tem como função primordial satisfazer o homem nas esferas doméstica e sexual. A análise também evidencia a articulação entre o cognitivo e o discursivo na produção de sentidos, ao mostrar como a linguagem metafórica e metonímica se apropria das condições do próprio gênero discursivo, e como este, por sua vez, é, da mesma forma, em parte, determinado pela natureza da linguagem metafórica, corroborando a visão de Dienstbach (2015) sobre metaforicidade / The main aim of this research is to contribute to the understanding of how women are conceptualized and represented in common sense discourse, from a sociocognitive perspective. As to its specific purpose, the research is aimed at the investigation of the use, deliberate or not, of linguistic metaphorical expressions in the construction of particular representations, licensed by conceptual metaphors, which are empirically observed: WOMAN IS AN ANIMAL, WOMAN IS FOOD, WOMAN IS AN OBJECT (MACHINE), and FEMALE BODY IS TERRITORY. In order to explore these goals, the analysis is based on a corpus consisting of six covers of a daily newspaper, from Rio de Janeiro, called Meia Hora, on the basis of which we intend to investigate linguistic and visual metaphors (and metonymies), following two theoretical axes: Cameron and Maslen (2010), which guides the identification of verbal metaphors, and Forceville (2008), used as a tool for the identification of non-verbal metaphors. Through these figurative expressions, we try to identify the possible cognitive representations (conceptual metaphors, frames and ICMs), which underlie them, through a qualitative-interpretative analysis (LÜDKE and ANDRÉ, 1986), oriented by the principles of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (LAKOFF and JOHNSON, 1980b [2002]), as well as by the tenets of Cognitive Linguistics (GEERAERTS, 2006). We also investigate the pragmatic effects of figurative language, with emphasis on the humor produced by the use of metaphorical language in the context of the genres analyzed. Moreover, the ideologies emerging from the data, with respect to representations of women in our language and culture, are also focused. The results of the analysis corroborate the hypothesis on the relevance of conceptual metaphors and frames in women representations, which reproduce and reify patriarchal ideologies that provide women with the role of an object to serve men, both in the domestic and in the sexual spheres. The analysis also evidences the relationship between the cognitive and the discursive dimensions in meaning production, and the way metaphoric and metonymic language can appropriate the discursive genre conditions to generate the intended meaning effects. Finally, we intend to investigate how genre itself is determined by the nature of the metaphoric language, according to the studies of Dienstbach (2015) on metaphoricity

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T18:25:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação versão final.pdf: 2154264 bytes, checksum: 1408db583de1030bcb93228d058cc7e8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-19T14:04:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação versão final.pdf: 2154264 bytes, checksum: 1408db583de1030bcb93228d058cc7e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:04:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação versão final.pdf: 2154264 bytes, checksum: 1408db583de1030bcb93228d058cc7e8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação, são estudadas as formas mais frequentes de expressão de futuro no Português do Brasil, observadas neste e em estudos anteriores: o futuro simples, o futuro perifrástico e o presente do indicativo. Com o objetivo de investigar as especificidades relacionadas ao uso das formas referidas neste estudo, foram analisados dados extraídos de corpus constituído de manchetes e lides de jornais on-line das diferentes regiões brasileiras, no período de maio de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. Ao todo, foram selecionadas 167 notícias, totalizando 343 registros das formas de expressão de futuro em tela. Adotou-se o arcabouço teórico da Linguística Cognitiva, mais precisamente as abordagens sobre Conceptualização e Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (LANGACKER, 1991, 2008), a fim de se buscar desvelar como um determinado evento relacionado ao futuro é construído pelo conceptualizador. Na análise dos dados, observando-se a influência de fatores, tais como “atividade programada”, “presença de especificador circunstancial” e “certeza epistêmica”, constatou-se que, de uma forma geral, o futuro simples é a forma que apresenta maior frequência em manchetes e lides de jornais on-line para se referir a um evento futuro. No entanto, verificou-se também que, em se tratando de uma atividade programada, o presente do indicativo é a forma de expressão do futuro mais produtiva. Observou-se ainda a importância do parâmetro “certeza epistêmica”, em função do qual foi possível propor uma escala relativa ao emprego, nos jornais on-line, das três formas de expressão do futuro estudadas, tomando como base o grau de certeza epistêmica do conceptualizador (de [+] para [-]): presente do indicativo > futuro simples > futuro perifrástico / In this dissertation, the most frequent forms of expression of the future in Brazilian Portuguese (PB) observed in this and previous studies are studied: the present tense, the simple future and the periphrastic future. With the objective of investigating specificities related to the use of the forms considered in this study, data extracted from the corpus composed of headlines and online newspaper headlines from different Brazilian regions were analyzed from May 2015 to January 2016. In all, 167 news items were selected, totaling 343 records of future forms of expression on screen. The theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics was adopted, more precisely the approaches on the Conceptualization Process and the notion of Idealized Cognitive Models (Langaker, 1991, 2008), in order to seek to unveil how a particular event related to the future is constructed by the Conceptualizer. In the analysis of the data, observing the influence of factors such as "programmed activity", "presence of circumstantial specifier" and "epistemic certainty", it was verified that, in a general way, the simple future is the form that presents greater frequency in headlines and online newspaper headlines to refer to a future event. However, it has also been found that in the case of a programmed activity, the present tense is the form of future expression more productive. It was also observed the importance of the parameter "epistemic certainty", according to which it was possible to propose a scale related to the use, in the online newspaper, of the three forms of expression of the future studied, based on the degree of epistemic certainty of the conceptualizer (from [+] to [-]): present tense> simple future> periphrastic future

I continue my work on the cognitive-linguistic research of somatisms (names of body parts) and conceptual profiles, into which I bring research findings of Czech sign language. I performed a structural analysis of the signs, where a place of articulation is on the nose. Then I categorized these signs using conceptual profiles: GESTURE, APPEARANCE/ MANIFESTATION, FUNCTION and LOCALIZATION. On the basis of such profiles are shown new possibilities etymological interpretation of a relatively large number of collected signs. The created linguistic picture of the nose in the Czech sign language I compared with the image with the linguistic picture of the nose in the Czech language. I also conducted preliminary probes into other sign languages, which I have served as a guide for effective grasp of the issues.

Topic of this thesis is the stereotype of a hearing person from the perspective of cultural and linguistic minority of the Deaf and how it is fixated in Czech Sign Language. The theoretical and methodological basis of the thesis lies in cognitive ethnolinguistic of J. Bartmiński and following its principles includes lexicon (analyses individual signs, collocations and idioms connected to the concept of HEARING) as well as text. On this level, different texts are explored: everyday communication in Czech Sign Language, artistic genres (storytelling, visual vernacular, fairy tales, humor, films) and texts written in Czech by Deaf authors. The stereotype of a hearing person thus reconstructed from these sources reflects various experiences of the cultural minority of the Deaf with hearing persons - both positive and negative (especially communication and behavior specific to hearing persons from the viewpoint of the Deaf).

This dissertation thesis deals with metaphorical patterns in a specific language material - names for partner (pet names) as recognizabled by pupils of age 14 to 16 and students of age 18 to 20. Names for partner, i. e. ways of mutual calling between a two people making a couple, were selected due to its strong metaphorical character. Their ambiguous affiliation with proper names, or common name enabled critical evaluation of structural and functional definition of proper names as well. Furthemore they enable to present a cognitive view on proper names especially based on emphasizing the conotative part of meaning and metaphorical nature of humans' thinking. The research was based on questionnaire divided into two parts and group and individual interviews with girls. The sufficient lexicological material gained due to the first part of questionnaire became a matter of metaphorical conceptualizations' analysis dealing with conceptualizations of partner (love). Thanks to the individual interviews the communication and pragmatic analysis of names for partner was performed. Second part of questionnaire and group interviews with girls enabled the detailed analysis of connotations and metaphorical perception of thirteen names intended for ladies. KEYWORDS metaphor, cognitive linguistics, onomastics,...

This study examines linguistic frame changes in the Polish EU-discourse after the election of the PiS party in 2015. By looking at keywords, n-Grams, collocations, and verbs this thesis pursues a corpus-driven, inductive approach. Those findings generated in the corpus-driven examination are further analysed in a corpus-based follow-up analysis, as well as by using FrameNet entries. Especially keywords and microstructural constructions (e.g. the preposition 'na') have been found to convey changes in broader semantic (re)contextualizations. Hence, the evidence shows that the political upheaval in 2015 was accompanied by frame semantic shifts.

The overview of contributions to metaphor theory in Chapters 1 and 2, examined in reference to recent scholarship, suggests that the current theory of metaphor derives from long-standing traditions that regard metaphor as a crucial process of cognition. This overview calls to attention the necessity of a closer inspection of previous theories of metaphor. Chapter 3 takes initial steps in synthesizing views of domains of inquiry into cognitive processes of the human mind. It draws from cognitive models developed in linguistics and anthropology, taking into account hypotheses put forth by psychologists like Jung. It sets the stage for an analysis that intends to further understanding of how the East-West dichotomy guides, influences, and expresses cognitive processes. Although linguist George Lakoff denies the existence of a connection between metaphors, myths, and archetypes, Chapter 3 illustrates the possibility of a relationship among these phenomena. By synthesizing theoretical approaches, Chapter 3 initiates the development of a model suitable for the analysis of the East-West dichotomy as exercised in Chapter 4. As purely emergent from bodily experience, however, neither the concept of the East nor the concept of the West can be understood completely. There exist cultural experiences that may, depending on historical and social context, override bodily experience inclined to favor the East over the West because of the respective connotations of place of birth of the sun and place of death of the sun. This kind of overriding cultural meaning is based on the “typical, frequently recurring and widely shared interpretations of some object, abstract entity, or event evoked in people as a result of similar experiences. To call these meanings ‘cultural meanings' is to imply that a different interpretation is evoked in people with different characteristic experiences. As such, various interpretations of the East-West image-schema exist simultaneously in mutually exclusive or competing forms, as the analysis of Gatsby and the reversal of the values of East and West in the context of colonizing and counter-colonizing attitudes suggests.

In the dissertation the author presents the analysis of the use of phraseological units in modern political discourse in Russia and the Czech Republic. The author shows that phraseology can be a tool for increasing the expressiveness of a speech, for contacting and influencing the audience in the political discourse. The analysis of cognitive and pragmatic specifics of idioms and metalanguage commentaries in the speech of politicians in a comparative aspect is carried out. As a result the author showes the specifics of the use of phraseological units in describing the speech image of a politician. Key words: phraseology, phraseologism, discourse, political discourse, political linguistics, cognitive linguistics, image of a politician, speech portrait of a politician.