Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-07-11T12:44:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Agustoni.pdf: 3560641 bytes, checksum: f9d879711397a5fec9888720278ec3e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T12:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Agustoni.pdf: 3560641 bytes, checksum: f9d879711397a5fec9888720278ec3e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The object of study of this thesis is the cyborg; Being analyzed in two aspects, the representations of cyborg in the media products, and the reflexes of these representations in the understanding of the human relation with the technology. Working with an expanded notion of technology, not necessarily related to devices characteristic of the contemporary world, we assume that we have always been cyborgs, as cognitive scientist Andy Clark and researcher Donna Haraway have argued. We propose that it is through the mediatic representations realized in the world cultural transit, in the contaminations between different cultures that this characteristic becomes more and more explicit, since in the Asian cultures the cyborguization has always been admitted as a natural process. In methodological terms we will simply construct a chronology of the cyborg, going through Haraway's ideas and ending with Clark, we will approach such concepts with some authors who have analyzed body-technology relations and their representations in Asian cultures like Thomas Lamarre. The research corpus involves animations, comics and films from different countries. The expected result is a reflection that collaborates with the destabilization of the dichotomies between nature and culture that still haunt most of the bibliographies that discuss the role of technology in the contemporary world / O objeto de estudo dessa tese é o ciborgue, analisado sob dois aspectos: as representações de ciborgue nos produtos midiáticos, e os reflexos dessas representações no entendimento da relação humana com a tecnologia. Trabalhando com uma noção ampliada de tecnologia, não necessariamente relacionada com dispositivos característicos do mundo contemporâneo, partimos da hipótese de que sempre fomos ciborgues, como vem argumentando o cientista cognitivo Andy Clark e a pesquisadora Donna Haraway. Propomos que é através das representações midiáticas realizadas no trânsito cultural mundial, nas contaminações entre diferentes culturas que esta característica se torna cada vez mais explícita, uma vez que, nas culturas asiáticas, a ciborguização sempre foi admitida como um processo natural. Em termos metodológicos, construiremos de maneira simples uma cronologia do ciborgue, passando pelas ideias de Haraway e terminando em Clark, faremos uma aproximação de tais conceitos com alguns autores que têm analisado as relações corpo-tecnologia e suas representações nas culturas asiáticas, como Thomas Lamarre. O corpus da pesquisa envolve animações, histórias em quadrinhos e filmes de diferentes países. A partir disso, busca-se uma reflexão que colabore com a desestabilização das dicotomias entre natureza e cultura que ainda assombram grande parte das bibliografias que discutem o papel da tecnologia no mundo contemporâneo

[pt] A questão que move esta estudo gira em torno de indagações teóricas acerca do papel das novas mídias na formação política atual. Parto da ideia de que a internet desempenha, hoje, papel central no desenho da esfera pública. Faz- se necessário, entretanto, transcender o conceito, tal como pontuado por Jurgen Habermas, visto que este defende que o agir nesta esfera resume-se a expor e ouvir ideias em sua forma discursiva verbal. É intrínseco, portanto, que atuando na esfera pública podemos formar nossas opiniões, compartilhá-las e transformá-las, configurando-a, por princípio, como um espaço formativo. Normalmente, autores da área da educação relacionam o pensamento de Habermas à formação política em, pelo menos, duas vertentes: a construção de um público apto a argumentar utilizando a linguagem verbal; e sua relação com a formação dos indivíduos, no tocante a sua capacidade de construir opiniões de forma crítica e reflexiva. Ela é, então, caracterizada pelo autor como um espaço racional e mediado pela linguagem verbal. Acredito, contudo, que algo foge a essas interpretações, especialmente, quando observamos a interação na web. Defendo a tese de que é preciso considerar a esfera pública virtual uma tecnologia cognitiva, ampliando sua conhecida vertente discursiva verbal. O intuito da pesquisa é unir uma série de aspectos que, em detrimento da valorização do discurso racional, acabam excluídas da análise habermasiana e da pedagogia crítica. Isso não significa abandonar a ideia de que a esfera pública seja um espaço de atos de fala, de discussão de ideias ou mesmo de emancipação social ou criação de consciência política, mas procurar ir além. Interessa-me englobar, a esse vasto repertório, uma concepção de funcionamento da mente/racionalidade que incorpore também aspectos corporais, emocionais e tecnológicos ao uso dos artefatos conectados à internet como tecnologias cognitivas, extensões de nossa mente e objetos materiais que produzem e/ ou alteram o sentido empregadona construção de significados e visões de mundo. Isso implica compreender esses objetos como constitutivos e transformadores e, não apenas, instrumentos procedimentais ou mediadores na construção de nossas opiniões e ideologias políticas. / [en] The question that moves this thesis includes theoretical inquiries about the role of new media in the current political formation. I start from the idea that the internet plays, nowadays, a central position in the design of the public sphere, because it has been presented as the great deliberative arena today. It is necessary, however, to transcend the concept, as designed by Jurgen Habermas. He argues that acting in this sphere means to expose and listen to ideas in the verbal discursive form. It is, therefore, acting in the public sphere that we can form our opinions, share them and also transform them. Because it has these configurations the public space is by principle a formative space. Usually, authors of Education area relate Habermas s thinking to political formation in at least two strands: the construction of a public apt to argue using verbal language; and to form individuals capable of constructing their opinions in a critical and reflexive way. It means that public sphere is then a rational space mediated by verbal language. I believe, however, that something escapes these interpretations, especially when we observe the interaction on the web. I defend the thesis that it is necessary to consider the virtual public sphere as a cognitive technology, amplifying its wellknown verbal discourse. The aim of the research is to unite a series of aspects that, to the detriment of the valorization of the rational discourse, are excluded from the habermasian analysis and the critical pedagogy. It doesn t mean I m rejecting the idea that the public sphere is a space of speech acts, discussion of ideas or social emancipation, but go further. I am interested in including in this vision a conception of mind / rationality that also incorporates corporal, emotional and technological aspects to the use of internet connected artifacts as cognitive technologies, extensions of our mind and material objects that produce and / or altering construction of meanings and visions of the world. This implies understanding these objects as constitutive and transformative, not merely procedimental instruments or mediators in the construction of our political opinions and ideologies.

Cognitive Science is an interdisciplinary field that ties together the curricula of liberal arts and technical fields of study. However, it is de-emphasized in technical undergraduate studies such as Engineering. Cognitive Science is essentially the study of the human mind and how humans process information. It is the study of human responses, thinking, and perception. Human behavior and a person’s reaction are undetermined, but it can be better understood. Although human behavior and interaction is a routine part of life, engineers are taught to decipher code and not how to decipher a human’s behavior. Cognitive Science affects all aspects in the work environment. Organizational practices can be improved by understanding common biases and motivational theories in people. Having a cognitive awareness of typical human behavior will help to promote improved communication and positive reactions from people in the workplace. Human behavior is inevitable in any field but more crucial in technical fields especially when there is lack of communication or ambiguous guidelines and definitions. In technical fields, miscommunication or ambiguity can be a matter of life or death. In many situations, miscommunication can drive ambiguity. Although some people are happy with flexible guidelines, others seek to have well defined expectations. How do people react in situations surrounding miscommunication or ambiguity? In both situations, some people create opportunities and others become a hindrance. Processes and procedures can be put in place to alleviate ambiguous situations, but human performance and psychological factors still play a role as well. Human error can result from psychological factors, but the environment can be improved to limit those factors. As with any situation, mishaps are still prone to happen. Although human error is preventable in most cases, it’s never completely unavoidable. Human error continues to be a deep-rooted cause that can lead to negative outcomes. As stated by Alexander Pope, “to err is human…” (Moncur). This paper will explore underlying human behavior in daily activities. By understanding common biases and motivational theories driving human behavior, one can address negative behavior in a technical field in order to create opportunities. / text

With the rise of intelligent solutions such as cognitive agents, many organizations are trying to identify how they can best utilize the benefits of the technology to make advancements as a company and enhance employee job performance. However, the attempts of many organizations are falling short from their expectations and users do not adopt to the technology. To investigate this problem, a qualitative study was performed with the aim of exploring the different phases of a cognitive agent project process to identify key factors and incentives influencing user adoption, by comparing organizational and individual perspectives. The study results show that 94% of managers see added potential and value in this type of technological initiative, while the number is only 60% for the more operational positions. This indicates a gap between the different perspectives which can hinder successful adoption. The results show that involvement of users throughout the process can decrease this gap. With the increasing complexity of cognitive technology, as it learns over time, the study implies that user awareness and clear expectations through a collaborative process enables increased adoption. Further, the study argues that the adoption process starts earlier than organizations might think. This implies that it is important to look at the life cycle perspective and factors influencing adoption. In order to impact the user adoption rate, this study highlights several factors and incentives, emphasizing on context and the combination of the different aspects, which contribute to higher performance and a wider spread of cognitive agent application. / Med ökningen av intelligenta lösningar, så som kognitiva agenter, gör att många organisationer försöker identifiera hur de kan utnyttja teknikens fördelar bäst för att gynna användarnas effektivitet. Men många organisationers försök lever inte upp till förväntningarna och användarna tar inte till sig tekniken. För att undersöka problemen med detta genomfördes en kvalitativ studie med syftet att utforska de olika faserna i ett kognitiv agent-projekt för att identifiera nyckelfaktorer och incitament som påverkar användandet av lösningen, genom att jämföra det organisatoriska och individuella perspektivet. Studieresultaten visar att 94% av ledarna ser en enorm potential och värde i denna typ av teknikinitiativ, medan endast 60% av de mer operativa användarna upplever värde i en kognitiv agent. Detta indikerar ett gap mellan de olika perspektiven som kan hindra framgångsrik adoption. Resultaten visar att om användare är involverade under hela processen kan det minska detta gap. Med den ökande komplexiteten i kognitiv teknik, som utvecklas över tid, innebär studien att användarmedvetenhet och tydliga förväntningar genom en samarbetsprocess möjliggör ökad adoption. Vidare belyser studien att adoptionsprocessen börjar tidigare än organisationer kan tro. Detta innebär att det är viktigt att titta ur livscykelperspektivet på faktorer som påverkar adoptionen. För att påverka användarnas adoptionsgrad belyser denna studie flera faktorer och incitament, med betoning på kontext och kombinationen av olika aspekter, vilket bidrar till högre prestanda och en bredare spridning av kognitiva agenter.

Introduction : Au Canada, 100 000 personnes sont victimes d'un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) annuellement. Les 16-24 ans présentent l’un des taux d’incidence les plus élevés, ce qui signifie qu’une grande partie des victimes et ces personnes vivront en moyenne 50 ans avec les séquelles physiques et cognitives du TCC. De plus, 10% des personnes qui ont subi un traumatisme crânien souffriront des séquelles d’un TCC grave leur causant d’importantes difficultés de fonctionnement, particulièrement au niveau des activités plus complexes de la vie quotidienne, comme la préparation de repas. Les technologies d’assistance à la cognition (TAC) ont démontré leur pertinence pour faciliter le fonctionnement dans leurs habitudes de vie des personnes vivant avec les séquelles d’un TCC. Toutefois, aucune TAC spécifique à la préparation de repas et à cette clientèle n’est actuellement disponible. Méthodologie : La présente thèse présente le volet clinique de la conception d’une technologie d’assistance à la préparation des repas, conception réalisée dans le cadre d’un projet interdisciplinaire joignant les sciences de la réadaptation et de l’informatique. Cette technologie d’assistance nommée COOK (Cognitive Orthosis for coOKing) a été développée avec et pour des personnes qui ont subi un TCC grave vivant en résidence spécialisée. Une approche de conception centrée sur l’utilisateur a d’ailleurs été retenue et organise le projet en trois grandes étapes : 1- l’analyse des besoins 2- le design de la TAC et 3- l’évaluation de ses effets. Une analyse des besoins a d’abord été réalisée auprès des futurs utilisateurs ainsi qu’auprès des acteurs clés afin de dresser le profil des futurs utilisateurs, d’identifier les interventions pertinentes pour optimiser leur fonctionnement et pour ensuite traduire ces interventions en exigences cliniques pour faciliter le design. La phase de design a permis de développer une technologie basée sur les données probantes en réadaptation cognitive et répondant aux besoins spécifiques des futurs utilisateurs. Ces derniers ont d’ailleurs collaboré avec l’équipe tout au long de cette phase. COOK a ensuite été implanté chez les trois participants afin d’évaluer les effets de son utilisation à court et long terme (1, 3 et 6 mois post-implantation) et d’améliorer son utilisabilité. Résultats : Grâce à l’analyse des besoins, trois profils de futurs utilisateurs ont été dressés et les meilleures pratiques en réadaptation cognitive pour répondre à leurs besoins spécifiques ont été identifiées, facilitant ainsi la conception interdisciplinaire de COOK. Avec l’aide de COOK et d’interventions cliniques complémentaires, les trois participants ont tous repris la préparation des repas de façon sécuritaire. De plus, COOK a démontré une efficacité intéressante et les participants étaient satisfaits de la technologie, sauf auprès d’un participant qui ne voyait pas l’utilité pour lui. Conclusion : Cette technologie semble donc prometteuse pour la réadaptation et le maintien à domicile de clientèles présentant des incapacités cognitives. D’autres travaux seront nécessaires afin d’adapter cette technologie à d’autres clientèles et différents milieux de vie. / Introduction: In Canada, 100,000 people suffer from traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year. The incidence is highest in individuals between 16-24 years of age, which means that people living with TBI will live an average of 50 years with the physical and cognitive sequelae. Of these individuals, 5% will have sustained a severe TBI, which will cause significant difficulties in their functioning, particularly in complex daily activities such as meal preparation. Assistive Technology for Cognition (ATC) has been shown to have high potential to facilitate the functioning of people with TBI. However, no ATC for meal preparation is currently available or suitable for this clientele. Methodology: As part of an interdisciplinary project, combining the disciplines of rehabilitation and computer sciences, COOK (Cognitive Orthosis for coOKing), an assistive technology to support meal preparation, was designed with and for people with severe TBI. This thesis presents the clinical aspect of the conception. For the design phase, a user-centered design methodology was chosen and organized into 3 main steps: 1- ATC needs analysis 2-design, and 3- evaluation of usability. As a result, a needs analysis was first conducted with future users and key stakeholders (3 future users, their relatives, the staff of the living environment and their healthcare professionals, and key external stakeholders). The design addressed the needs of residents with evidence-based practice guidelines in the cognitive rehabilitation field and these were translated into technological features. Future users were constantly consulted throughout the design process. Next, COOK was implemented with 3 future users in order to evaluate and improve its usability (1-, 3- and 6-months post-implementation). In addition, COOK demonstrated interesting efficiency and participants were satisfied with the technology, except for one participant who did not see how COOK could be of use for him. Results: The 3 participants with severe TBI have all resumed safe meal preparation with COOK. This technology has high potential for rehabilitation and home care for clients with cognitive impairments. Further work will be necessary to adapt this technology to other clienteles and different living environments.