Os acessos venosos são indispensáveis para assistência do paciente em situação crítica. O cateter venoso central (CVC) é um acesso que viabiliza a terapêutica dessa clientela, mas o seu uso pode levar à infecções. Estas infecções ocasionam maior permanência hospitalar, elevam os custos totais das instituições e aumentam a morbidade e a mortalidade do paciente. O uso de curativos como cobertura do sítio de saída do CVC é eficaz na prevenção das infecções relacionadas a estes cateteres, em particular, o uso de curativos impregnados com antissépticos como o curativo gel de clorexidina. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a efetividade do curativo gel de clorexidina com a do filme transparente de poliuretano na prevenção da colonização do cateter venoso central em pacientes adultos críticos. Trata-se de estudo experimental, do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, com tratamentos em paralelo, prospectivo e monocêntrico, realizado de acordo com as recomendações do Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). O estudo foi realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e na Unidade Coronariana de um hospital de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo 102 indivíduos hospitalizados nestes locais, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo intervenção, no qual o tipo de cobertura utilizada foi o curativo de gel de clorexidina e grupo controle, que utilizou como cobertura o filme transparente de poliuretano. O desfecho primário mensurado foi a colonização do cateter e os desfechos secundários foram a infecção clínica do sítio de saída, a infecção microbiológica do sítio de saída e a infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter. Para a coleta de dados foi elaborado um instrumento, e este validado quanto ao seu conteúdo e forma por 13 enfermeiros pertencentes aos locais do estudo. Estes profissionais foram treinados para a realização dos curativos e coleta das pontas dos cateteres centrais, swabs dos sítios de saída e hemoculturas. Análises descritivas foram usadas para todas as variáveis do estudo. O teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar as proporções de cada desfecho nos grupos de intervenção e controle, e a regressão logística para explorar se a colonização no CVC poderia ser associada com o tempo de uso do cateter e com o Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) dos pacientes do estudo. De acordo com os resultados não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a colonização nos dois grupos (p valor = 1.00), para a infecção microbiológica do sítio de saída (p valor = 0.08), para a infecção clínica do sítio de saída (p valor = 0.77) e para as infecções da corrente sanguínea relacionadas ao cateter (p valor = 1,00). Conclui-se que o presente estudo pode contribuir para que as unidades de saúde tenham subsídios para realizar a escolha do tipo de curativo baseado em suas necessidades institucionais e no desenvolvimento de protocolos relacionados à medidas de inserção e manutenção do cateter, bem como medidas educativas permanentes / The venous access is essential to patient care in critical condition. The central venous catheter (CVC) is an access point that allows the treatment of patients, but its use can lead to infections. These infections increase the period of hospital permanence, the total costs of institutions and the patients\' morbidity and mortality. The use of dressings for coverage of the CVC exit-site is effective in preventing infections related to these catheters, in particular, the use of dressings impregnated with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine gel. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel dressing with the transparent polyurethane film in preventing colonization of central venous catheter in critical adult patients. This randomized experimental study with parallel treatment, prospective and monocentric, which is conducted according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. The research was performed in an Intensive Care Unit and in a Coronary Care of a teaching hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The study included 102 patients hospitalized in these units, randomly divided into two groups: the intervention group, which used chlorhexidine gel dressing and the control group, which used the transparent polyurethane film dressing. The primary outcome measured was the colonization of the catheter and the secondary outcomes were the clinical infection and microbial infection of the exit-site and the catheter-related bloodstream infection. Data were collected through an instrument developed and validated in terms of content and form by 13 nurses of the Units where the study was performed. These professionals were trained to use the dressings and to collect the tips of central catheters, swabs of the exit-site and blood cultures. Descriptive statistics were used for all study variables. The Fisher\'s exact test was used to compare the proportions of each outcome in the groups of intervention and control. The logistic regression analysis was used to explore if the colonization of the CVC could be associated with the catheter usage time and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) of the research\'s participants. According to the results there was no statistically significant difference between colonization in both groups (p value=1:00), for exit-site microbial infection (p value=0:08), for exit- site clinical infection (p value = 0.77) and for catheter-related bloodstream infection (p-value=1.00). The results of this study may contribute in providing subsidies to health units to make the choice in the use of the type of dressing based on their institutional needs and in the development of protocols related to integration measures and maintenance of the catheter, as well as permanent educational measures

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos governos tirânicos siracusanos na reestruturação urbanística desta cidade, fundada pelos gregos em meados do século VII a.C. Para tanto, vamos explorar em fontes escritas autores que relatam aspectos importantes da Sicília, são eles : Diodoro Sículo, principal referência para Siracusa, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro e Pausânias. Trabalhamos com o levantamento dos dados arqueológicos nas áreas importantes da pólis (ásty e khóra), bem como nas suas sub-colônias, com a finalidade de compreender o seu espaço urbano, seu dinamismo de expansão desde a fundação até o século V a.C e sua monumentalidade. O confronto entre o documento escrito e o documento material, metodologia do trabalho, será a base para que compreendamos melhor as relações políticas, sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Os remanejamentos compulsórios de populações promovidos pelos tiranos são analisados no contexto das mudanças observadas no espaço da pólis siracusana. / This research has the objective to analyse the influence of the tyrannical governments of Syracuse in the urbanistic restructuration of this city, founded by Greeks in the middle of VII century B.C. For so, we are going to explore the written sources for writers who tells important aspects of Sicily. They are: Diodoro Sículo, first reference for Siracuse, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro and Pausânias. We\'ve been working with the archeological data at the very important areas in the \"polis\" (ásty and khora), and the sub-colonies, with the objective of understanding the urban space, its dynamism of expansion since the foundation until the V century B.C. and its monumentality. The confrontation between the written and the material source, methodology of work, will be the base for better understanding the political, social, economic and spacial relations. The compulsory populational reallocations made by the tyrants are analysed in the context of the changes observed at the syracusean \"polis\".

O objetivo desta pesquisa é traçar um panorama das transformações ocorridas no Peru na segunda metade do século XVI. Em primeiro lugar, o trabalho busca analisar as reorientações sofridas pelo clero local a partir da década de 1560, quando se observou uma virada ortodoxa no domínio missionário. Uma posição mais dura em relação às idolatrias indígenas passou a ser complementada pela insistência no conhecimento da doutrina e na explicitação da fé por meio dos sacramentos. Essas modificações seriam cristalizadas por ocasião do III Concílio Provincial de Lima (1582-1583), bem como nas obras do jesuíta José de Acosta. A preocupação conciliar com o governo das almas, contudo, não pode ser compreendido a contento sem uma análise do contexto administrativo e jurídico peruano. Nesse campo, aliás, processavam-se transformações análogas a partir de 1569, quando da chegada à região do vice-rei Francisco de Toledo. Por um lado, esse governante foi o artífice de um processo de centralização política em torno das instituições imperiais. Por outro lado, sua legislação permite compreender alguns aspectos do funcionamento de um dispositivo jurídico fundado numa concepção qualitativa de sociedade e no caráter ritualístico do direito. Ao lado dessa legislação, obras de autores centrais do período como Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Polo de Ondegardo, Juan de Matienzo e Pedro de Quiroga permitem compreender a organicidade existente entre as discussões missionárias em torno da conversão dos indígenas e o processo civilizador que pretendia se instituir no plano político. Ao mesmo tempo, esse momento da exposição revela o quanto se interligavam essas questões ao estado da economia peruana, particularmente no que toca às variações da produção mineira. Por fim, para complementar esse panorama, realiza-se uma pequena incursão no campo linguístico, com o fim de analisar as transformações contemporâneas ocorridas nos quadros de um processo de gramatização do quíchua e do aimará. Por meio da mobilização de alguns vocabulários então produzidos, a análise desse fenômeno permite relevar o quão conectado estava esse processo com relação ao campo missionário e à administração civil. Traçado esse panorama, o trabalho passa à reflexão acerca de algumas categorias de análise religião, índio, direito, mestiço etc. amplamente utilizadas pela historiografia contemporânea. Esse exercício tem por objetivo avaliar algumas implicações do uso de determinados conceitos sem a devida referência ao seu caráter histórico. Restituir a formação conceitual ao seu contexto específico permite, por fim, enfatizar a historicidade dos próprios processos de generalização de determinados códigos culturais que, a princípio, pertenceram à civilização cristã europeia. / The objective of this research is to provide an overview of the transformations that took place in Peru during the second half of XVI century. First, the work aims to analyze the reorientations of local clergy from the decade of 1560, when an orthodox turn could be observed in the missionary domination. A harder position concerning indigenous idolatries was complemented by the insistence on the doctrine knowledge and the explanation in faith based on the sacraments. These changes would be solidified during the Third Council of Lima (1582- 1583), as well as in the works of the Jesuit Jose de Acosta. The Council concern with governing the souls, however, cannot be understood properly without an analysis of the legal and administrative context of Peru. Also in this field similar changes were taking place, since the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1569. On the one hand, this governor was the creator of a political centralization process around the imperial institutions. On the other hand, his ruling allows us to understand some features of a legal mechanism founded on a qualitative conception of society and ritualistic nature of law. Along with that legislation, works of main authors from that period like Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Polo de Ondegardo, Juan de Matienzo and Pedro de Quiroga allow the understanding of the organic characteristic presented within the missionary discussions concerning indigenous conversion and the civilizing process intended to be instituted on the political plan. At the same time, this moment of exposure reveals the amount of interconnection between those questions and the condition of Peruvian economy, especially in which refers to the variations of mining production. Finally, to complete the picture, there is a little incursion in the linguistic field to analyze the contemporary changes that occurred in the grammatization process of quíchua and aimará languages. For mobilizing some lexical then produced, the analysis of this phenomenon reveals as much it was connected to the missionary field and civil administration. After this overview, the work goes toward the reflection upon some categories of analysis religion, Indian, law, mestizo etc. widely used by contemporary historiography. This exercise aims to evaluate some implication of using certain concepts without the proper reference to its historical feature. Restoring the concept formation to its specific context allows, at last, to emphasize the historicity of the own generalization processes of specific cultural codes that, originally, belonged to European Christian civilization.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a colonização do oeste paulista, mais especificamente, a partir dos anos trinta do século XX, situando-a no contexto geral da expansão do capital no âmbito mundial. A análise busca centrar-se no caráter contraditório do processo de colonização que, ao expandir o agrário como forma de superação aos entraves à reprodução do capital, advindos da grande crise de 1929, simultaneamente, estaria a reproduzir um conjunto de relações sociais sob o qual repousaria o próprio fundamento da crise. Nesse sentido a superação se constituiria, de antemão, na reprodução da própria crise, problema que remete à lógica da valorização como fundamento fundante da sociabilidade moderna. Sendo a reprodução do capital balizada pelo encadeamento lógico de seus momentos, a sociedade se põe a reboque de inexorável. Partindo desse pressuposto, questionaremos a racionalidade que, como forma de consciência indivíduos reproduzam a si e a sua sociedade. Despido de sua racionalidade, o capital revela o seu caráter imanentemente crítico, o que se evidencia pela sua forma contraditória de expansão, sendo essa movida, simultaneamente, pela acumulação e crise de acumulação de valor. / The present study aims to analyze the colonization of western São Paulo, more specifically from the thirties of the twentieth century, placing it in the overall context of capital expansion at the global scenario. The analysis focus on the contradictory nature of the colonization process, which, in order to expand the agrarian as a way of overcoming the obstacles to the reproduction of capital, coming from the 1929 crisis, simultaneously, would be playing a set of social relations under which would rest the very foundation of the crisis. In this sense, the overcoming would constitute, in advance, on the reproduction of the crisis itself, a problem that leads to the logic of the valorization as a fundamental basis of the modern sociability. Being the reproduction of capital guided by the logical sequence of its moments, the society begins to tow a process that goes behind it,\" and which imposes itself on her in an inexorable way. Based on this assumption, we shall question the rationality that, as a form of modern consciousness, puts the mediation of the goods as a \"sine qua non\" condition, to make the individuals to reproduce themselves and their society. Stripped of its rationality, the capital reveals its immanently critical character, which is evidenced by its contradictory form of expansion, which is moved simultaneously by the accumulation and value accumulation crisis.

Os portugueses na sua expansão marítima encontraram nas ilhas do Atlântico uma forma para a implantação de um sistema de colonização fundamentada na exploração comercial de bens primários, dentre eles destacou-se o açúcar. A cana-de-açúcar mostrou-se ser um comércio muito viável nessas ilhas, principalmente em São Tomé, gerando desta forma uma importante fonte de renda para os portugueses. Mão de obra baseada no trabalho escravo, condições favoráveis do clima, técnica de produção, o preço e a demanda deste produto no mercado internacional, assim como a boa fertilidade da terra em S. Tomé, foram os principais alicerces no sucesso do negócio. Rapidamente, em São Tomé, surgiu mais de sessenta engenhos produtores de açúcar, cuja produção era quase toda exportada para a Europa. Alem de açúcar, o país também produzia pimenta (com grande consumo interno) e a exportação de madeiras e posteriormente, cacau, café, óleo de palma, noz de coco e copra. Devido à sua localização, S. Tomé funcionava como entreposto comercial entre África, Europa e, mais tarde, o Brasil. / The Portuguese in their maritime expansion found in the Atlantic islands a form for the establishment of a colonization system based on the commercial exploitation of primary goods, among them sugar. Sugarcane proved to be a very viable trade in these islands, especially in São Tomé, thus generating an important source of income for the Portuguese. Labor based on slave labor, favorable climate conditions, production technique, the price and demand of this product in the international market, as well as the good fertility of the land in S. Tomé, were the main foundations in the success of the business. In São Tomé, more than sixty sugar-producing sugar mills were quickly produced and exported to Europe. Besides sugar, the country also produced pepper (with large domestic consumption) and the export of wood and later, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, coconut and copra. Due to its location, S. Tomé functioned as a commercial warehouse between Africa, Europe and, later, Brazil.

Large-scale interstate migration raises questions about where the responsibility for migrant welfare lies, whether with the sending state and its institutions, the receiving state or both. Across the middle decades of the twentieth century, around half a million people left Ireland, the majority for England. This study analyses the policy responses of governmental, Catholic church and voluntary organisations in both countries to Irish migrant welfare. Using records from Irish and English diocesan archives and the National Archives of Ireland and England the study identifies the policy claims that were made to church and state in the two countries and the responses that resulted. The majority of migrants were young, single and migrating alone. A distinctive feature was that, for much of the period covered, female migrants outnumbered males. The young age and gender of these migrants made moral welfare a major concern. The Irish Catholic hierarchy, led by the Archbishop of Dublin, Dr John Charles McQuaid, accepted responsibility for Irish migrant welfare and understood their needs through a discourse of ‘faith and morals’. This interpretation led to solutions designed to support religious faith and practice delivered by Catholic priests and lay volunteers. Both the Irish government and British institutions (state and voluntary) accepted the centrality of Catholicism to Irish identity and the right of the Catholic church to lead welfare policy and provision for Irish migrants. No alternative understanding of Irish migrant needs within a secular framework emerged during this period. This meant that whilst the Irish hierarchy developed policy responses based on their assessment of need, other agencies, notably the British and Irish governments, did not consider any specific policy response for Irish migrants to be required.

This thesis investigates socio-economic integration of men and women immigrants (‘Old’ and ‘New’) relative to United Kingdom (UK) born White in the UK labour market. In order to assess my research hypotheses I use both cross-sectional and panel data based on the world’s largest panel survey: UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), (data collected between 2009 and 2014). The first two essays are cross-sectional studies examining access (or lack of access) to the professional class and pay asymmetry of these groups, while, the third paper, uses the full potential attributes of a ‘strict balanced’ panel to investigate occupational status transitions and earning trajectories using a more refined parsimonious random effects model approach. The main findings show that the labour market performance of immigrants differs from that of UK born White in several important ways. The education and experience of immigrants are subject to different ‘rewards’ to those of natives, and immigrants will usually end up in jobs that are a poor match for their education. These findings are in line with the results of the literature in this field. The main contributions of this thesis are twofold: substantively, the thesis addresses and explores the heterogeneity in the groups studied in terms of observable and unobservable characteristics. Also, this study is among the pioneering research being conducted with the re-scaling of complex survey weights associated with the UKHLS.

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of UKs immigration policies and procedures on asylum seekers and ‘illegal’ migrants. The study investigates the ways in which ‘risks’ have been proffered as a justification to contain and control this group of individuals. Those claiming asylum are increasingly subjected to a complex set of rules and legislation, and their access to the welfare state and labour market is severely restricted, if not completely denied. Individuals are increasingly pushed into a bureaucratic limbo in which they are rendered destitute and stateless. This Thesis draws upon asylum seekers’ and ‘illegal’ migrants’ experiences of living in this empty space and shows the ways in which they have used their agency to ‘resist’ and overcome the controls that render them as ‘bare-life’. The study employs a qualitative methodology which includes in-depth interviews with twenty two asylum seekers and six specialist practitioners. The conclusion reveals a constant struggle against the status quo and dissent against abusive state power.

Grounded in a historical, socio-cultural consideration of Indigenous women’s theatrical production, this dissertation examines representations of gendered violence in Canadian Indigenous women’s drama. The female playwrights who are the focus of my thesis – Monique Mojica, Marie Clements, and Yvette Nolan – counter colonial and occasionally postcolonial renditions of gendered and racialized violence by emphasizing female resistance and collective coalition. While these plays represent gendered violence as a real, material mechanism of colonial destruction, ultimately they work to promote messages of collective empowerment, recuperation, and survival. My thesis asks not only how a dramatic text might deploy a decolonizing aesthetic, but how it might redefine dramatic/literary and socio-cultural space for resistant and decolonial ends. Attentive to the great variance of subjective positions occupied by Indigenous women writers, I examine the historical context of theatrical reception, asking how the critic/spectator’s engagement with and dissemination of knowledge concerning Indigenous theatre might enhance or impede this redefinition. Informed by Indigenous/feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial theoretical perspectives that address the production and dissemination of racialized regimes of representation, my study assesses the extent to which colonialist misrepresentations of Indigenous women have served to perpetuate demeaning stereotypes, justifying devaluation of and violence – especially sexual violence – against Indigenous women. Most significantly, my thesis considers how and to what degree resistant representations in Indigenous women’s dramatic productions work against such representational and manifest violence.

This thesis' main goal is to analyze the impact of forced exodus of German people from Uničov and its surroundings. The author does not want do describe the problem of Benes' Decrees, but the example of Moravian small town should illustrate theirs results. It briefly shows history of Czech and German colonization from medieval ages to the foundation of Czechoslovakia, then, as the basis for comparison, describes the economy, local politic trends and ethnic interaction between the World Wars and during German occupation. The main chapter focuses on Unicov in 5 years after World War II, the political situation, questions of the exodus and re-colonization of the region by Czech people from nearby, more distant areas of Czechoslovakia and even from 1 region of the USSR. It describes changes in agriculture, industry and entrepreneurship. All these sectors were somehow touched by the political change after year 1948. The study is based on older works of local historians, author's own research in archives, documents found in legacy and memories of the living elders.