Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-13T13:01:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 juliocesaragustinsangay.pdf: 1652010 bytes, checksum: 099a3e652e69be1b05f68b24adb6a5a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T17:30:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 juliocesaragustinsangay.pdf: 1652010 bytes, checksum: 099a3e652e69be1b05f68b24adb6a5a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T17:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 juliocesaragustinsangay.pdf: 1652010 bytes, checksum: 099a3e652e69be1b05f68b24adb6a5a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho realizamos um estudo do método de complementaridade mista para problemas parabólicos não lineares, devido ao fato de que alguns podem ser escritos como problema de complementaridade mista e aparecem em muitas aplicações como fluxo de líquidos em um meio poroso, difusão, fluxo de calor envolvendo mudança de fases. Estes tipos de problemas apresentam dificuldades para obter as soluções analíticas. Estuda-se leis de conservação e os tipos de soluções associadas ao Problema de Riemann, essencialmente leis de balanço que expressam o fato de que alguma substância é conservada. O estudo desta teoria é importante pois frequentemente as leis de conservação aparecem quando nos problemas parabólicos são desprezados os termos difusivos de segunda ordem. Estudaremos um método numérico que permita a busca de uma solução aproximada da solução exata, o qual é uma variação do método de Newton para resolver sistemas não lineares que estão baseados num esquema de diferenças finitas implícito e um algoritmo de complementaridade mista não linear, FDA-MNCP. O método tem a vantagem de fornecer uma convergência global em relação ao método de diferenças finitas como o método de Newton que só tem convergência local. A teoria é aplicada ao modelo de combustão in-situ, que pode ser reescrito na forma de problema de complementaridade mista, além disso faremos uma comparação com o método FDA-NCP. / In this work, we study the mixed complementarity method for nonlinear parabolic problems, because some can be written as mixed complementarity problems and appear in many applications such as fluid flow in porous media, diffusion, heat flow wrapping phase change. These types of problems have difficulty obtaining the analytical solution. We study the conservation laws and the types of solutions associated with the Riemann Problem, these types of laws are essentially balance laws that express the fact that some substance is balanced. The study of this theory is important because the conservation laws often appear when the parabolic problems are neglected the diffusive terms of second order. We will study a numerical method that allows finding an approximate solution of the exact solution, which is a variation of the Newton’s method for solving nonlinear systems based on an implicit finite difference scheme and a nonlinear algorithm mixed complementarity, FDA-MNCP. The method has the advantage of provide a global convergence in relation to the finite difference method and method of Newton that only has local convergence. The theory is applied to model in-situ combustion, which can be rewritten in the form of mixed complementarity also we do a comparison with the FDA-NCP method.

Em um problema de natureza hierárquica, o nível mais influente toma certas decisões que afetam o comportamento dos níveis inferiores. Cada decisão do nível mais influente é considerada como fixa pelos níveis inferiores, que, com tais informações, tomam decisões que maximizam seus objetivos. Essas decisões podem influenciar os resultados obtidos pelo nível superior, que, por sua vez, também anseia pela decisão ótima. Em programação matemática, este problema é modelado como um problema de programação em níveis. Neste trabalho, consideramos uma classe particular de problemas de programação em níveis: os problemas de programação matemática em dois níveis. Estudamos uma técnica de resolução que consiste em substituir o problema do nível inferior por suas condições necessárias de primeira ordem, que podem ser formuladas de diversas maneiras, conforme as restrições de complementaridade são modificadas. O novo problema torna-se um problema de programação não linear e pode ser resolvido com algoritmos clássicos de otimização. Com o auxílio de condições de otimalidade de primeira e segunda ordem mostramos as relações entre o problema original e o problema reformulado. Aplicamos a técnica a problemas encontrados na literatura, analisamos o seu comportamento e apresentamos estratégias para eliminar certos inconvenientes encontrados. / In problems of hierarchical nature, the choices made by the most influential level - the so-called leader - affect the behavior of the lower levels. For each one of the leader\'s decisions there is a response from the lower levels, which maximizes the value of their respective objectives. These optimal choices, in return, may have influence in the results achieved by the leader, which also wants to make the optimal choices. In mathematical programming, this kind of problem is described as a multilevel programming problem. The present work considers a specific kind of multilevel problem: the bilevel mathematical problem. We study a resolution technique which consists in replacing the lower level problem by its necessary first order conditions, which can be formulated in various ways, as complementarity constraints occur and are modified. The new reformulated problem is a nonlinear programming problem which can be solved by classical optimization methods. Using first and second order optimality conditions, we show the relations between the original bilevel problem and the reformulated problem. We apply the described technique to solve a set of bilevel problems taken from the literature, analyse their behavior and discuss strategies to prevent undesirable difficulties that may arise.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Operations Research (OR) is a scientific method for developing quantitatively well-grounded recommendations for decision making. While it is true that it uses a variety of mathematical techniques, OR has a much broader scope. It is in fact a systematic approach to solving problems, which uses one or more analytical tools in the process of analysis. Over the years, OR has evolved through different stages. This study is motivated by new real-world challenges needed for efficiency and innovation in line with the aims and objectives of OR – the science of better, as classified by the OR Society of the United Kingdom. New real-world challenges are encountered on a daily basis from problems arising in the fields of water, energy, agriculture, mining, tourism, IT development, natural phenomena, transport, climate change, economic and other societal requirements. To counter all these challenges, new techniques ought to be developed. The growth of global markets and the resulting increase in competition have highlighted the need for OR techniques to be improved. These developments, among other reasons, are an indication that new techniques are needed to improve the day-to-day running of organisations, regardless of size, type and location. The principal aim of this study is to modify and develop new OR techniques that can be used to solve emerging problems encountered in the areas of linear programming, integer programming, mixed integer programming, network routing and travelling salesman problems. Distribution models, resource allocation models, travelling salesman problem, general linear mixed integer ii programming and other network problems that occur in real life, have been modelled mathematically in this thesis. Most of these models belong to the NP-hard (non-deterministic polynomial) class of difficult problems. In other words, these types of problems cannot be solved in polynomial time (P). No general purpose algorithm for these problems is known. The thesis is divided into two major areas namely: (1) network models and (2) resource allocation and distribution models. Under network models, five new techniques have been developed: the minimum weight algorithm for a non-directed network, maximum reliability route in both non-directed and directed acyclic network, minimum spanning tree with index less than two, routing through 0k0 specified nodes, and a new heuristic to the travelling salesman problem. Under the resource allocation and distribution models section, four new models have been developed, and these are: a unified approach to solve transportation and assignment problems, a transportation branch and bound algorithm for the generalised assignment problem, a new hybrid search method over the extreme points for solving a large-scale LP model with non-negative coefficients, and a heuristic for a mixed integer program using the characteristic equation approach. In most of the nine approaches developed in the thesis, efforts were done to compare the effectiveness of the new approaches to existing techniques. Improvements in the new techniques in solving problems were noted. However, it was difficult to compare some of the new techniques to the existing ones because computational packages of the new techniques need to be developed first. This aspect will be subject matter of future research on developing these techniques further. It was concluded with strong evidence, that development of new OR techniques is a must if we are to encounter the emerging problems faced by the world today. Key words: NP-hard problem, Network models, Reliability, Heuristic, Largescale LP, Characteristic equation, Algorithm.

With the increasing importance of service trade in the economy, the development of service trade among China, Japan and South Korea, as the three largest economies in East Asia, cannot be ignored. This paper mainly analyzes the competitiveness and complementary relationship of service trade between China, Japan and South Korea through RCA and TC index. The degrees of competition between China, Japan and South Korea is not intense since their complementarity is high and stable. With the signing of RCEP, the future liberalization of service market in China, Japan and South Korea will be improved, and China should make full use of the complementarity of service trade with Japan and South Korea to strengthen the exchange and cooperation with Japanese and Korean service enterprises in several industries to promote the development of service trade between China, Japan and South Korea. Keywords ： Services Trade, Complementarity, Competitiveness, China, Japan, South Korea, Regional Economic Cooperation

No description available.

Le secteur des TIC est caractérisé par des arrangements stratégiques de transferts de technologies tels que les licences et les regroupements de brevets. Par ailleurs, les produits et services ont souvent de fortes relations de complémentarité dans ce secteur. Afin de garantir un niveau satisfaisant d'interopérabilité aux utilisateurs, les producteurs de biens complémentaires doivent échanger des informations techniques. Cette thèse cherche à prendre en compte ces deux dimensions et à produire de nouveaux éclairages sur les cas de politique de concurrence impliquant des marchés complémentaires (e.g Intel/McAfee, Google/Motorola). Nous étendons la littérature sur les licences de brevets en modélisant des marchés avals différenciés et complémentaires. En utilisant les méthodes de l'économie industrielle, nous caractérisons les stratégies de licences profitables pour un innovateur en situation de monopole concernant le nombre de licences, les instruments tarifaires ainsi que l'intégration verticale et conglomérale. Nous montrons que le nombre de licences attribuées diffère généralement de celui observé lorsque la technologie est utilisée dans un marché aval isolé. En particulier, nous obtenons que le nombre de licences distribuées est plus élevé dans les marchés de niche lorsque le nombre de firmes intéressées par la technologie est limité. Dans ce cadre d'analyse, l'intégration verticale n'est pas profitable à l'exception des cas où, une seule firme est susceptible d'acquérir une licence sur le marché homogène, ou lorsque la demande pour le produit final est incertaine. Par ailleurs, les royalties unitaires perçus sur le nombre de produits vendus en aval ne sont utilisés que dans la structure de l'industrie la plus concurrentielle et lorsque la valorisation pour le bien final est élevée. Enfin, nous montrons que lorsque la demande est incertaine et que les acquéreurs de la technologie sont réticents à la prise de risque, l'innovateur préfère utiliser des royalties ad valorem qui portent sur les revenus issus des ventes de produits finals. Nos résultats montrent que les relations de complémentarité entre les marchés finals influent sur la manière dont sont transférées les technologies et que les fusions verticales et conglomérales ne semblent pas générer de comportements de forclusion. / IT industries are characterized by strategic patent agreements such as patent licensing or patent pools. Products and services frequently have strong potential complementarity relations in this industry. To guarantee a satisfactory level of interoperability to users, the exchange of technical information is required between complementary producers. This dissertation aims at taking into account these two dimensions of the IT sector in order to provide new insights on competition policy cases involving high technology complementary products (e.g Intel/McAfee, Google/Motorola). We extend the literature on patent licensing by explicitly modeling downstream differentiated complementary goods. Using industrial organization methods, we characterize the profitable strategies of a monopoly innovator with respect to the number of licenses, the pricing instruments as well as vertical and conglomerate mergers. We show that the number of licenses delivered in equilibrium can differ from the standard model with a single downstream market. In particular, we consistently find, for various forms of licensing contracts that more licenses are issued in niche markets when the number of potential licensees is capped. Overall vertical integration and conglomerate mergers are found to be unprofitable except when there is only one firm likely to acquire the technology or when there is demand uncertainty. On the other hand, per unit royalty rates are only used in the most competitive structure of the industry for high valuations of the final good. Finally, sales revenue (i.e ad valorem) is found to be a more profitable royalty base than the number of sales (i.e per unit royalties) when demand is uncertain and licensees are risk averse. Our results show that complementarity influences the way in which technologies are transferred and that vertical mergers do not generate foreclosing behaviors in this framework.

The main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate directional constraint qualifications and necessary optimality conditions for nonsmooth set-constrained mathematical programs. First, we study sufficient conditions for metric subregularity of the set-constrained system. We introduce the directional version of the quasi-/pseudo-normality as a sufficient condition for metric subregularity, which is weaker than the classical quasi-/pseudo-normality, respectively. Then we apply our results to complementarity and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker systems. Secondly, we study directional optimality conditions of bilevel programs. It is well-known that the value function reformulation of bilevel programs provides equivalent single-level optimization problems， which are nonsmooth and never satisfy the usual constraint qualifications such as the Mangasarian-Fromovitz constraint qualification (MFCQ). We show that even the first-order sufficient condition for metric subregularity (which is generally weaker than MFCQ) fails at each feasible point of bilevel programs. We introduce the directional Clarke calmness condition and show that under the directional Clarke calmness condition, the directional necessary optimality condition holds. We perform directional sensitivity analysis of the value function and propose the directional quasi-normality as a sufficient condition for the directional Clarke calmness. / Graduate / 2021-07-07

Quantum mechanics has played a big role in the development of our understanding of the smallest things in the universe. It has provided descriptions for phenomena like single electrons or single photons, which are single particles of light. One of the most mysterious properties of quantum systems is the ability to behave as a particle or a wave. In 1978, J. A. Wheeler devised an experiment to investigate if a quantum system knows in advance if it should propagate as a wave or as a particle through an experiment, by changing the experiment after the quantum system has entered the experimental set-up.  Here an optical all-in fiber platform for a Wheeler's delayed choice experiment is modeled, constructed and tested using commercially available fiber optic components. This is in contrast to previous delayed choice experiments, which have used free-space components in some parts of their experimental set-up. The optical set-up was modeled and simulated using a quantum formalism, with future work in mind if the platform is used to perform a quantum delayed-choice experiment. The platform used a Sagnac interferometer as the second beamsplitter in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, to perform the choice of measuring either particle or wave properties. Using a fiber platform, the length of the platform can easily be extended with more fiber to accommodate a large separation between the beamsplitter in the beginning of the set-up, and the Sagnac interferometer at the end of the set-up. The result was a stable platform to measure particle behavior of light with good performance, and the ability to switch between these measurements on the fly. The system was tested with classical light, but the light source can be changed from a laser, to for example an attenuated laser, to enter the quantum domain for performing a quantum delayed-choice experiment using the platform. / Kvantmekaniken har inneburit stora genombrott i vår förståelse av de allra minsta tingen i universum. Kvantmekaniken har gett oss beskrivningar av fenomen som enstaka elektroners beteende eller enstaka ljuspartiklar, så kallade fotoner. En av de märkligaste egenskaperna som finns hos subatomära partiklar är förmågan att upptärda som en våg eller som en partikel, beroende på sammanhanget. År 1978 beskrev J. A. Wheeler ett experiment för att undersöka om en kvantmekanisk partikel, till exempel en foton, vet i förväg om den skall färdas som en partikel eller som en våg genom en experimentuppställning. Undersökningen av detta görs genom att ändra experimentuppställningen samtidigt som den kvantmekaniska partikeln färdas genom uppställningen.  En fiberoptisk plattform för Wheelers experiment med sent val modelleras, byggs med kommersiella fiberoptiska komponenter och testas i denna uppsats. Detta skiljer sig från tidigare experiment som har använt frirymds optik i någon del av experimentuppställningen. Den optiska kretsen modelleras med kvantmekanikens formalism, detta för att underlätta för framtida experiment som använder plattformen för att genomföra den kvantmekaniska varianten av Wheelers experiment med sent val.  Plattformen består av en Sagnac interferometer som ersätter den andra stråldelaren i en Mach-Zehnder interferometer, och därmed ger funktionen att kunna byta mellan mätning av partikelegenskaper och mätning av vågegenskaper. Den fiberoptiska plattformen är enkel att förlänga för att skapa ett långt avstånd mellan den första stråldelaren och Sagnac interferometern. Resultatet var en stabil plattform med god förmåga att mäta partikelegenskaper respektive vågegenskaper hos ljus och byta mellan dessa mätlägen under experimentets gång. Systemet testades med klassikt laserljus men denna ljuskälla kan enkelt bytas ut mot en dämpad laser för att komma ned på ljusnivåer med enstaka fotoner, och därmed kunna genomföra den kvantmekaniska varianten av Wheelers experiment med sent val.

The demand for electrical power is growing due to factors such as population growth, urbanisation, and the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. To be able to keep up with the changes in electricity demand, the Swedish power grid must connect more renewable power generation, but also  increase its transmission capacity. Traditionally, power grids are expanded to increase the transmission capacity which requires a lot of time and investments. In order not to hinder the electrification of society, it is important to adequately estimate the current transmission capacity and plan the expansions accordingly. In the past, the generation of electrical power was primarily based on dispatchable energy sources, and the planning of new connections to the grid was assessed according to the stable and controllable nature of the electricity supply. However, renewable sources like solar and wind power are affected by weather variations. Therefore, the traditional methods of planning the power grid are no longer sufficient. Instead, there is a need to develop and implement new methods that account for the variable nature of renewable energy sources, and also the possible complementarity between different renewable power sources. This can possibly allow more connection of renewable power generation to the grid, without the need of expanding it. The aim of this thesis is to investigate two different methods for analysing how much renewable power generation that can be connected to the power grid, so-called hosting capacity methods. The first method is a deterministic method which is traditionally used in power system analyses since it is a fast, simple and conservative method. This method does neither consider the intermittent nature of solar and wind power, nor any complementarity. The second method is a time series method which considers the complementarity and intermittency of solar and wind power but requires much data. The methods are compared in regards to assessed hosting capacities, risks and reliability of results. The study is performed on a regional grid case in the middle of Sweden. Solar and wind power plants with different capacities are modeled at ten buses in the power grid. The power grid is analysed in PSS/E with loading of lines and voltage levels determining the assessed hosting capacities. A correlation map presenting the temporal correlations of solar and wind power over the grid case area is also created in order to evaluate the complementarity in the area and its possible effects on the assessed hosting capacities.  The results show that the time series method is more reliable than the deterministic method. This is due to the difficulties in identifying accurate worst case hours that are used for the deterministic method. The time series method is also preferred as it considers complementarity between solar and wind power. However, the correlation map argues that the grid case area has weakly positive correlations, meaning low complementarity between solar and wind power. This suggests that the differences in hosting capacity between the two methods are more likely dependent on the temporal variations in existing load and power generation. The differences in assessed hosting capacity between the ten buses in the power grid are probably not due to the local complementarity either, but rather the structural differences of the grid in terms of components, local loads and existing power generation.

[pt] A presente dissertação explora a sombra que o Tribunal Penal Internacional faz sobre a Colômbia, por meio de sua persistente não-decisão. Usa do trabalho de Koskenniemi para analisar a abordagem positiva do Gabinete da Procuradoria à complementariedade, identificando-a como uma manifestação da cultura do formalismo. Em seguida, analisa como atores representam o envolvimento do Tribunal com principais figuras nacionais no caso colombiano, durante o longo período de tempo desde a abertura de um exame preliminar. Partindo da teoria crítica e de estudos de assombração, a autora então pergunta: Como o/a impacto/sombra da não-decisão da Procuradoria (sobre a abertura de uma investigação) é representada/sentida na Colômbia? Argumenta, a partir de uma análise estética de documentos, charges políticas e do filme Manos Súcias, por uma abordagem alternativa na política do direito internacional. Por fim, oferece uma crítica das Relações Internacionais enquanto prática. / [en] This thesis explores the shadow cast by the International Criminal Court over Colombia through the means of a persisting non-decision. It uses the work of Koskenniemi to characterize the Office of the Prosecutor s positive approach to complementarity as an attempt to employ a culture of formalism. It then analyzes how actors involved represent the Court s engagement with key figures the country during the long time it has been under preliminary examination. Taking critical theory and hauntology studies as a starting point, the author then proceeds to ask: How is the impact of the impact/shadow of the Prosecutor s nondecision (pursuant to the opening of an investigation) portrayed/felt in Colombia? How does it come to be? She argues, departing from an aesthetic analysis of documents, political cartoons and the movie Manos Sucias, for a different approach on the politics of international law. Finally, she offers a critique of International Relations as a practice.