La quête d’une réponse à l’impunité des crimes internationaux a connu un pas de géant avec l’adoption par un grand nombre d’États du Statut de Rome créant la Cour pénale internationale. Néanmoins, toujours jaloux de leur souveraineté, ces États ont fait de cette dernière une juridiction complémentaire. Cette Cour n’agit que lorsque des crimes relevant de sa compétence, commis par de hautes autorités, ne font pas l’objet d’enquêtes ou poursuites sérieuses sur le plan national. Mais aussi, dans une approche proactive de sa complémentarité, elle est appelée à catalyser l’organisation des enquêtes ou poursuites au niveau national en assistant ou en encourageant les instances nationales. Cette complémentarité de la CPI par rapport aux systèmes judiciaires nationaux constitue le seul moyen par lequel cette cour lutte contre l’impunité des crimes internationaux. Cependant, au lieu de constituer un remède à l’impunité, la mise en œuvre de ce principe et la manière dont il est libellé dans le Statut de Rome, en serait plutôt, dans la plupart des cas, la source. Pour étayer ces propos, cette étude met en exergue la politisation et l’instrumentalisation qui entachent la mise en œuvre de ce principe ainsi que l’exploitation insuffisante de la complémentarité positive. Après avoir interrogé l’évolution de la justice pénale internationale pour dégager son caractère complémentaire, ce mémoire décortique le sens et la portée du principe de complémentarité. Il vérifie ensuite notre hypothèse par l’analyse de la mise en œuvre de ce principe dans les situations en Côte d’Ivoire et en Libye. Au final, il suggère la révision de la base juridique de ce principe et l’optimisation de la complémentarité positive comme véritable rempart contre l’impunité des crimes internationaux les plus graves. / Many States have ratified the Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (ICC). In response to the issue of international crimes which usually go unpunished, this represents a giant step forward. However, by exercising much of their sovereignty, these States have made the ICC a supplementary jurisdiction which only acts when crimes within its jurisdiction committed by high authorities, are not subject to serious investigations or prosecutions at the national levels. As a proactive approach to its complementarity, it is required to catalyze the organization of investigations or prosecutions at the national levels by assisting or encouraging local authorities. This complementarity of the ICC to the national judiciary systems constitutes the only way this court has available to fight against international crimes impunity. However, the implementation of this principle and the way it is worded in the Rome Statute, constitute, in most cases, the source of impunity rather than its remedy. In order to do so, this study first highlights the politicization and instrumentalisation that plagued the implementation of this principle and the insufficient exploration of positive complementarity. It secondly gives an overview of the evolution of international criminal justice stressing its complementary nature. The meaning and scope of the principle of complementarity will be then scrutinized which will allow for testing our hypothesis; taking Ivory Coast’s and Libya’s contexts as cases in point. In light of the results, suggestions in terms of revisions of the legal basis of this principle and the optimization of positive complementarity as a true weapon against impunity of such unheard of crimes are discussed.

Cette étude revisite la question de la gouvernance concernant la politique économique. Les agents au sein de l’économie politique cherchent à produire la stabilité politico- économique à travers la création de complémentarités institutionnelles. C’est le cas lors de moments de reconfiguration de la politique économique alors que ces changements défient des intérêts établis. La complémentarité institutionnelle est comprise comme une situation dans laquelle une institution profite de la présence d’une autre institution afin de remplir son rôle structurant dans l’économie politique. Nous démontrons que la gouvernance économique est crucialement affectée par la crainte de répéter des traumatismes institutionnels passées qui ont perturbé la stabilité économique et politique et les routines des processus des politiques publiques. L’hypothèse est que la menace de reproduire les conditions des traumatismes institutionnels passés conduit les acteurs à mettre en œuvre des réformes institutionnelles qui s’appuient sur la présence d’autres institutions afin de structurer la stabilité de l’économie politique, c’est à dire qu’ils créent des complémentarités institutionnelles. Cette thèse examine trois cas de processus de libéralisation en Amérique Latine ; le Brésil, le Chili, et le Mexique. Ces pays ont connu des crises économiques profondes dans les années 1980, en partie comme conséquence de la disparition définitive du modèle précédent. Ensuite, les trois pays ont mis en œuvre des réformes de libéralisation dans les décennies qui ont suivi. Dans les processus des réformes, la menace de l’instabilité est apparue dans ces trois pays avec une intensité différente. Lorsque la menace était imminente, la complémentarité institutionnelle était consolidée, alors que lorsqu’elle a disparu, aucune complémentarité institutionnelle n’a été effectivement constituée. La méthodologie utilisée est une comparaison croisée d’études de cas qui emploiera le traçage de processus visant l’élaboration d’une théorie puisque ceci est suggéré lorsque les causes menant à un résultat donné ne sont pas connues, mais qui peuvent être généralisées par la suite. Bien que le concept de complémentarités institutionnelles ait été largement utilisé en économie politique comparée, peu d’études ont été faites pour comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles elles sont créées. / This study revisits the question of governance regarding economic policy. Agents within the political economy will seek to produce political-economic stability through the creation of institutional complementarities. This is specially the case in moments of reconfiguration of economic policy when such changes challenge significant vested interests. Institutional complementarity is understood as the situation in which one institution takes advantage of other institution’s presence to fulfill its structuring role in the political economy. We demonstrate that economic governance is crucially affected by the fear of repeating past institutional traumas that disrupted economic and political stability and policymaking routines. The central hypothesis is that the threat of reproducing the conditions of past institutional traumas leads actors to carry institutional reforms that take advantage of other institutions’ presence to structure stability in the political economy, that is, they create institutional complementarities. The dissertation examines three cases of liberalization processes in Latin America: Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. These countries suffered profound economic crises in the 1980s partially as a consequence of a final demise of the previous model. Subsequently all implemented liberalizing reforms for the next decades. In the process of reform, the threat of instability appeared in those countries with a different intensity. When the threat was imminent the institutional complementarity consolidated, whereas when it disappeared no institutional complementarity was effectively constituted. The methodology used is a cross- comparison of case studies within which theory-building process tracing will be used in so far as this method is used when we do not know the causes leading to a given outcome, which in turn can be generalizable. While the concept of institutional complementarities has been used extensively in comparative political economy, not much has been done yet to understand why in some cases institutional complementarities appear, yet not in others.

Construit sur un réseau de contrastes, le monde romanesque de Fred Vargas arbore le masque de la fiction policière. Les meurtres au présent cachent les meurtrissures de l’amour au passé. Médiateur entre ces pôles diégétiques, la passion du personnage vargassien fait faillir les règles du jeu que lui impose le monde. Car derrière les apparences civilisées perdure l’ordre originel de Nature : la prédation. Face à son échec, le personnage doit relever un défi qui transforme son enquête sur le crime en une quête identitaire. Choisir la transgression ou le sacrifice de soi décide de sa chute ou du resurgissement de sa dignité. Superposant l’intrigue et l’Histoire, le hic et nunc diégétique confère au personnage le rôle de trait d’union entre les Ici et les Ailleurs identitaires adverses. L’enquête approche la psyché du meurtrier et de l’enquêteur, reconstituant l’interaction de l’individu et du monde précisé en tant que son chronotope synchronique et diachronique. La relation entre l’homme et ses Autres révèle la personne derrière le personnage. La confrontation de l’animal humain aux animaux réels et mythifiés, remet en question les frontières entre l’identité et l’altérité. Le réel meurtrier s’avère incarner un des masques de l’imaginaire, tandis que l’imaginaire, érigé en idéal de l’humanité, devient une réalité à conquérir au prix du sacrifice de soi, et dévoile la polyvalence des réalités de l’échec et l’accomplissement. L’analyse du jeu de miroirs entre l’opposition et la complémentarité conclut à l’union des contraires qui fait coexister l’horreur et le sublime, l’amour et la mort dans le couple d’opposés que forment l’homme et le monde. / Built on a network of contrasts, the romantic world of Fred Vargas bears the mask of detective fiction.The murders of the present hide the bruises of love in the past.Mediator between these diegetic poles,the passion of Vargas’s character breaches the rules of the game that is imposed on him by the world.For behind these civilized appearances ,the original order continues:predation. Confronted by his failure,the character must take up a challenge that will transform his investigation in a quest for identity. Selecting either transgression or self-sacrifice will determine whether he collapses or reappears with his dignity.Converging the plot and the Story, the diegetic here and now bestows upon the character the role of linking the Here and Elsewhere, and adverse identities. The enquiry approaches, the psyche of the murderer and the investigator, reconstituting the interaction between the individual and the world, defined as its synchronic and diachronic chronotope. The relationship between humans and their Others reveals the person behind the character.The confrontation between the human animal and real and mythologized animals challenges the borders between identity and otherness.The real murderer turns out to embody one of the masks of the imagination, while the imagination, established as an ideal of humanity, becomes a reality to conquer at the price of self-sacrifice, and reveals how flexible the realities of failure and fulfillment can be. Analysing the mirror effect between opposition and complementarity accentuates the union of opposites that create the coexistence of horror and the sublime, and love and death in the dichotomy that make up mankind and the world.

Magister Legum - LLM / The first part of this study evaluates the historical events that led to the referral of the DRC situation to the ICC. This includes the background of the conflict and the extent to which international crimes have been committed. Both regional and domestic attempts and initiatives to address the conflict are discussed, with specific reference to peace agreements and restorative justice mechanisms. The second part of the study deals with the prosecution of the perpetrators by the ICC. It examines the approach of the Pre- Trial Chamber to two legal issues, the principle of complementarity and modes of criminal participation as part of the ICC Statute. In this regard, the study makes a critical evaluation of two preliminary decisions confirming the charges against Lubanga, Katanga and Chui before the cases proceeded to the trial stage. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / With regard to the establishment of legislative frameworks for investigating and prosecuting genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes at both national and international level, a number of pertinent issues come up concerning the Court which should have primacy to deal with a particular case. States have had a variety of options at their disposal, such as complementarity, exclusivity, subsidiarity and concurrent jurisdiction principles. As a rule, these experiences find their limits in the full criminalisation of conduct that is also punishable before the international criminal tribunals under international law, ignoring the fact that international law does not provide definite guidance with respect to a number of questions in relation to interaction between national and international jurisdiction vis-à-vis the ‘core crimes.’ In addition,a considerable increase in the content of international law and divergences in various legal systems in criminal law, both general and special, since the end of World War II, influence the effective prosecution of ‘core crimes.’ Against this background; this work is organised into five chapters. Chapter one gives a general introduction and background to the study. Chapter two will set out the present international legal framework governing the prosecution of ‘core crimes’ in national courts and a description of the relevant practice in various states. Chapter three will examine critically the jurisdiction and overlaps of the international courts and ad hoc tribunals,along with the corresponding models of international criminal justice of exclusivity, subsidiarity, complimentarity and concurrent jurisdiction. Chapter four seeks to discuss the optimal relationship based on interactions between national and international jurisdictions. It will also include the merits and limits of both jurisdictions, basing on existing precedents and legislation.Finally, Chapter five contains a summary of conclusions drawn from the whole study and winds up with a set of recommendations.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The 20th century witnessed several wars and genocides worldwide. Notable examples include the Armenian and Jews genocides which took place during World War I and World War II respectively. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is a more recent example where a large number of the population was affected, either as victims or perpetrators. Over 800,000 Tutsis were dead, and more than 120,000 suspects were in prison for the genocide. The present study focuses on the Rwandan genocide against Tutsi where the scale of the crimes simultaneously dictated the overwhelming need for justice at both international and national level. At the international level, the ICTR was set up by the United Nations to deal with the organisers of the genocide while the Rwandan national courts were left to deal with the remaining suspects. Yet it became increasingly clear that the national courts lacked themselves the capacity to deal with the vast majority of alleged perpetrators. If their impact was to be enhanced, they needed to rely on the support of alternative justice mechanisms. So Rwanda introduced a modern version of the traditional Gacaca courts as an attempt to deal with the huge backlog of cases in order to combat the culture of impunity. However, having different courts for one and the same situation has had its own limitations. One of these issues is the legal and practical disparities that exist between the ad hoc International Tribunal and national justice mechanisms in the process of prosecuting perpetrators, such as the unequal treatment of the accused. This study therefore attempts to show these discrepancies and their impact on the process of accountability and reconciliation. Thus, the study analyses the relationship between the ICTR, national courts and Gacaca in prosecution of genocide suspects as well as lessons from the adopted ‘multifaceted approaches’ to deal with the crime of genocide.

In this thesis, we derive necessary optimality conditions for bilevel programming problems (BPPs for short) in Banach spaces. This rather abstract setting reflects our desire to characterize the local optimal solutions of hierarchical optimization problems in function spaces arising from several applications. Since our considerations are based on the tools of variational analysis introduced by Boris Mordukhovich, we study related properties of pointwise defined sets in function spaces. The presence of sequential normal compactness for such sets in Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces as well as the variational geometry of decomposable sets in Lebesgue spaces is discussed. Afterwards, we investigate mathematical problems with complementarity constraints (MPCCs for short) in Banach spaces which are closely related to BPPs. We introduce reasonable stationarity concepts and constraint qualifications which can be used to handle MPCCs. The relations between the mentioned stationarity notions are studied in the setting where the underlying complementarity cone is polyhedric. The results are applied to the situations where the complementarity cone equals the nonnegative cone in a Lebesgue space or is polyhedral. Next, we use the three main approaches of transforming a BPP into a single-level program (namely the presence of a unique lower level solution, the KKT approach, and the optimal value approach) to derive necessary optimality conditions for BPPs. Furthermore, we comment on the relation between the original BPP and the respective surrogate problem. We apply our findings to formulate necessary optimality conditions for three different classes of BPPs. First, we study a BPP with semidefinite lower level problem possessing a unique solution. Afterwards, we deal with bilevel optimal control problems with dynamical systems of ordinary differential equations at both decision levels. Finally, an optimal control problem of ordinary or partial differential equations with implicitly given pointwise state constraints is investigated.

This thesis attempts to address perennial concerns, mostly raised in some quarters in Africa, pertaining to the development of the complementarity regime established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It grapples with a very important question, whether the principle of complementarity, embodied in article 17 of the Rome Statute, was formulated and is being applied by the ICC in a manner that upholds the ideals and theories upon which the regime was founded. The principle of complementarity is designed to mediate the imperatives of State sovereignty and a legitimate international criminal justice system. Essentially, complementarity gives States latitude to try genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression nationally, with the ICC only intervening where States are either unable or unwilling to prosecute genuinely. Africa constitutes the biggest regional block of membership to the Rome Statute, however, over the years; support for the ICC on the African continent has waned. It has been argued in some quarters that the ICC is anti-African and that it has interpreted and applied complementarity in a manner that diminishes State sovereignty. The thesis argues that this tension may also be due to textual deficiencies inherent within the Rome Statute, in the provisions that embody this principle. It therefore examines complementarity from a theoretical perspective to provide a comprehensive account of the system contemplated by the drafters of the Rome Statute. In this regard, the thesis argues for expansion of States’ ability at the national level to deal with international crimes without compromising international criminal justice processes or threatening State sovereignty. This is suggested as a way of relieving the tension that has characterised the relationship between African States and the ICC. The thesis further sketches out some of the complexities inherent in the modalities through which the Court may exercise its complementary jurisdiction, particularly within the African continent, given that legal systems in most African countries are particularly weak. It thus dissects the provisions that outline the principle of complementarity in tandem with the Court’s interpretation and application of complementarity in practice. Furthermore, through an exploratory survey of the referral of the Situation in Uganda, and the ICC Prosecutor’s proprio motu investigation of the Situation in Kenya, the thesis illustrates how a positive approach to complementarity can help establish a healthy cooperative synergy between the ICC and States, thereby promoting a functional expeditious criminal justice system. This will go a long way towards assuaging State’s fears that the ICC merely pays lip service to complementarity and arbitrarily supersedes national jurisdiction.

In der beruflichen Bildung stellt sich in besonderer Weise die Frage nach dem Verhältnis der idealtypischen Lernorte Betrieb und Berufsschule. Obwohl dieser Duplizität der Lernorte offenbar eine besondere bildende Kraft innewohnt, reichen die Forderungen, diese Zweiheit zu gestalten von der radikalen Trennung bis hin zur vollständigen Abstimmung der jeweiligen Aktivitäten von Lehren und Lernen. Richtigerweise wurden von Tenberg, Aprea und Pittich (2012) in einem grundlegenden Positionspapier diese instrumentellen Vorschläge als empirisch gehaltlos kritisiert. Zwischenzeitlich gibt es eine nähere Untersuchung der faktischen Verhältnisse. Dafür wurde an der TU Chemnitz im Rahmen der von eben diesen Autoren federführend lancierten europäischen ConVet-Studie zunächst eine Dokumentenanalyse durchgeführt. Dieses wurde um eine Befragung von Auszubildenden/ Schülerinnen und Schülern sowie von deren Ausbildern und Lehrkräften erweitert. Als ein erster wesentlicher Hinweis ist diesen Untersuchungen zu entnehmen, dass die eine Konnektivität höherer Ordnung bzw. eine abgeschwächte Hypothese der Komplementarität Anspruch auf Gültigkeit besitzen könnten. Die Dokumentenstudie und die Pilotbefragung sollen Grundlage für weitere Studien quantitativer Ausrichtung sein, die einen quantitativ deutlich weitergesteckten Probandenrahmen umfassen sollen.

Des liens étroits se développent entre les droits de l’Homme et l’environnement, du fait de leur rencontre et de leur coexistence en droit international. Cette recherche veut mettre en évidence les articulations qui les caractérisent dans cet ordre juridique. Les rapports qui en découlent trouvent dans la contexture et le rôle des normes y constituent le produit des sources juridiques, le fil conducteur de leur double conception structurelle et fonctionnelle telle qu’elle résulte de l’analyse des normes concernées ainsi que de celle de la jurisprudence pertinente. La conception structurelle des rapports articule les liens résultant de l’aspect d’ensemble des normes considérées, pendant que la conception fonctionnelle réunit les liens découlant du fonctionnement ou de l’utilisation desdites normes. Dans cette perspective, les rapports entre les droits de l’Homme et l’environnement s’inscrivent dans une logique relationnelle dialectique, permettant de dégager la cohérence de leur évolution de la différenciation vers la complémentarité. Ainsi, en dépit des distinctions fondamentales qui résultent des rapports formels, les droits de l’Homme et l’environnement développent d’un point de vue fonctionnel, des relations de fertilisation mutuelle. L’environnement y gagne en termes de renforcement de son régime de protection, tandis que les droits de l’Homme en tirent profit par la reconnaissance de nouveaux droits. / Links between human rights and the environment are developing, because of their meeting and their coexistence in international law. This research aims to highlight the joints that characterize this law. The resulting reports are in the texture and the role of standards there are the product of the legal sources, the driver of their structural and functional design that doubles as a result of the analysis of relevant standards as well as over that of the relevant case law. Structural design reports based links resulting from the overall appearance of the standards considered during the design meets functional linkages arising from the operation or use of such standards. In this perspective, the relationship between human rights and the environment are part of a dialectical relational logic, to generate coherent evolution of differentiation towards complementarity. Thus, despite the fundamental differences that result from formal reports, human rights and the environment develop a functional point of view, relations of mutual fertilization. The environment wins in terms of strengthening its protection scheme, while human rights in benefit for the recognition of new rights.